In this thesis we use pulse shaping system to generate pulse train. Using empirical mode decomposition(EMD) and short-time Fourier transform(STFT) to analyze the signal of terahertz radiation. we use pulse shaping system to modulate the amplitude and phase of light which provide for pulse train generation. Compare with other method, first, our method will improve the stability of time delay control. Second this method is easier to control the time delay and number of pulse in the pulse train. In the past, people find the occur time of high frequency by observed the time domain of terahertz radiation directly, but if the occur time near the time of the peak power of terahertz radiation, we can¡¦t find out the occur time of high frequency. Using STFT can find out the relationship between intensity and time, but if the modes in signal have different width of frequency STFT have to use different time window to get the best frequency resolution and time resolution. However the time window with different width will have different frequency resolution, and the relationship between intensity and time will change with different frequency resolution, therefore using different frequency resolution will get different result, so we need a new signal analysis method. To solve this problem we use EMD to decompose different mode in the signal of terahertz radiation into different intrinsic mode function(IMF), and analyze the signal of terahertz by STFT to find the occur time of high frequency of terahertz radiation. Because the modes are separated in to different IMF, we can use STFT with the same time window. We expect this method applied to narrow-band frequency-tunable THz wave generation will be better.

In this thesis a buck converter has been developed to be used as a test bench in power electronics laboratory. For this purpose, first, steady-state and small-signal analyses of a buck converter is carried out, then open-loop and closed-loop control of the converter are developed and simulated. Then, the circuit is manufactured and tested. The test results are compared with the simulation results. Finally, an experimantal procedure is prepared to enable the students to perform the experiment in the laboratory with the test bench developed.

In this thesis a boost converter is developed to be used as a test bench in power electronics laboratory. For this purpose, first, steady-state and small-signal analyses of a boost converter are carried out, then closed loop control of the converter is developed and simulated. Then, the circuit is designed and manufactured. The test results are compared with the simulation results. Finally, an experimantal procedure is prepared to enable the students to perform the experiment in the laboratory with the test bench developed.

This thesis presents an investigation into the power transmission limitations imposed on a VSC-HVdc converter by ac system strength and ac system impedance characteristics, quantified by the short circuit ratio (SCR). An important result of this study is that the operation of the converter is not only affected by the SCR’s magnitude, but is also significantly affected by the ac system’s impedance angle at the fundamental frequency. As the ac impedance becomes more resistive, the minimum SCR required at the rectifier side increases from that required for ideally inductive ac impedance, but it decreases at the inverter side. The finite megavolt ampere (MVA) limit of the VSC imposes a further limitation on power transfer, requiring an increase in the value of the minimum SCR. This limitation can be mitigated if additional reactive power support is provided at the point-common-connection. A state-space VSC model was developed and validated with a fully detailed non-linear EMT model. The model showed that gains of the phased-locked-loop (PLL), particularly at low SCRs greatly affect the operation of the VSC-HVdc converter and that operation at low SCRs below about 1.6 is difficult. The model also shows that the theoretically calculated power-voltage stability limit is not attainable in practice, but can be approached if the PLL gains are reduced. The thesis shows that as the VSC-HVdc converter is subject to large signal excitation, a good controller design cannot rely on small signal analysis alone. The thesis therefore proposes the application of optimization tools to coordinate the controls of multiple converters in a dc grid. A new method, the "single converter relaxation method", is proposed and validated. The design procedure of control gains selection using the single converter relaxation method for a multi-converter system is developed. A new method for selecting robust control gains to permit operation over a range of operation conditions is presented. The coordination and interaction of control parameters of multi-terminal VSC are discussed. Using the SCR information at converter bus, the gain scheduling approach to optimal gains is possible. However, compared to robust control gains setting, this approach is more susceptible to system instability.

This thesis presents an investigation into the power transmission limitations imposed on a VSC-HVdc converter by ac system strength and ac system impedance characteristics, quantified by the short circuit ratio (SCR). An important result of this study is that the operation of the converter is not only affected by the SCR’s magnitude, but is also significantly affected by the ac system’s impedance angle at the fundamental frequency. As the ac impedance becomes more resistive, the minimum SCR required at the rectifier side increases from that required for ideally inductive ac impedance, but it decreases at the inverter side. The finite megavolt ampere (MVA) limit of the VSC imposes a further limitation on power transfer, requiring an increase in the value of the minimum SCR. This limitation can be mitigated if additional reactive power support is provided at the point-common-connection. A state-space VSC model was developed and validated with a fully detailed non-linear EMT model. The model showed that gains of the phased-locked-loop (PLL), particularly at low SCRs greatly affect the operation of the VSC-HVdc converter and that operation at low SCRs below about 1.6 is difficult. The model also shows that the theoretically calculated power-voltage stability limit is not attainable in practice, but can be approached if the PLL gains are reduced. The thesis shows that as the VSC-HVdc converter is subject to large signal excitation, a good controller design cannot rely on small signal analysis alone. The thesis therefore proposes the application of optimization tools to coordinate the controls of multiple converters in a dc grid. A new method, the "single converter relaxation method", is proposed and validated. The design procedure of control gains selection using the single converter relaxation method for a multi-converter system is developed. A new method for selecting robust control gains to permit operation over a range of operation conditions is presented. The coordination and interaction of control parameters of multi-terminal VSC are discussed. Using the SCR information at converter bus, the gain scheduling approach to optimal gains is possible. However, compared to robust control gains setting, this approach is more susceptible to system instability.

Condition monitoring of critical machine tool components and machining processes is a key factor to increase the availability of the machine tool and achieving a more robust machining process. Failures in the machining process and machine tool components may also have negative effects on the final produced part. Instabilities in machining processes also shortens the life time of the cutting edges and machine tool. The condition monitoring system may utilise information from several sources to facilitate the detection of instabilities in the machining process. To avoid additional complexity to the machining system the use of internal sensors is considered. The focus in this thesis has been to investigate if information related to the machining process can be extracted directly from the internal sensors of the machine tool. The main contibutions of this work is a further understanding of the direct response from both linear and angular position encoders due the variations in the machining process. The analysis of the response from unbalance testing of turn tables and two types of milling processes, i.e. disc-milling and slot-milling, is presented. It is shown that operational frequencies, such as cutter frequency and tooth-passing frequency, can be extracted from both active and inactive machine axes, but the response from an active machine axis involves a more complex analysis. Various methods for the analysis of the responses in time domain, frequency domain and phase space are presented. / QC 20100518

Στην εργασία εξετάζονται εφαρμογές της πρόσφατα αναπτυχθείσας τεχνικής επεξεργασίας σήματος με βάση τα κυματίδια. Εισάγεται η μεθοδολογία κυματιδίων, και παρουσιάζεται μια πλήρης διαδικασία μεθόδων ανάλυσης ακουστικής εκπομπής (ΑΕ) με βάση τα κυματίδια. Σε μία μελέτη συμπεριφοράς της θραύσης υλικών καταδεικνύεται το πλεονέκτημα των τεχνικών ΑΕ που βασίζονται στα κυματίδια, καθώς παρέχεται επίσης η συμβατική ανάλυση ΑΕ παράλληλα για σύγκριση. Σήματα ΑΕ από ενισχυμένα με ίνες γυαλιού (GFR) σύνθετα υλικά συλλέγονται κατά τη διάρκεια των τυπικών οιονεί στατικών δοκιμών εφελκυσμού και μετασχηματίζονται από τα διακριτά κυματίδια Daubechies. Τα αποτελέσματα επαληθεύουν ότι η μέθοδος που βασίζεται στα κυματίδια προσεγγίζει καλύτερα την παραμένουσα αντοχή σε σχέση με τις κλασσικές τεχνικές ΑΕ. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζεται μια νέα προσέγγιση για την ανάλυση των μεταβατικών κυμάτων διασποράς πλάκας που διαδίδονται σε σύνθετα ελάσματα βασισμένη επίσης στα κυματίδια. Δείχνεται ότι οι κορυφές του μεγέθους του WT του κυματιδίου Gabor στο πεδίο χρόνου-συχνότητας σχετίζονται με τους χρόνους άφιξης της ταχύτητας ομάδας. Παρουσιάζονται πειράματα πραγματοποιημένα σε ελάσματα γραφίτη/εποξειδίου των οποίων τα αποτελέσματα συγκρίνονται με τη θεωρία των πλακών Mindlin. Τέλος, εξετάζεται το πρόβλημα του εντοπισμού της θέσης της επίπεδης πηγής για ανισότροπα ελάσματα, χρησιμοποιώντας τους εξαρτώμενους από τη συχνότητα χρόνους άφιξης και την κατευθυντική εξάρτηση των ταχυτήτων καμπτικής κατάστασης. / --

Les signaux transitoires, de par leur unicité, sont très difficiles à caractériser. Ils se rencontrent partout et sont généralement le reflet d'un phénomène physique très complexe traduisant de nombreuses informations telles que le signal à l'origine, les effets de la propagation dans le milieu considéré et aussi les effets induits par les capteurs. Ils peuvent aussi bien correspondre à un phénomène de communication entre animaux, qu'être le reflet d'un défaut dans un système électrique ou hydraulique par exemple. Tout ceci rend leur étude très difficile, mais aussi primordiale. De nombreuses techniques en traitement du signal ont été développées ces dernières années pour les étudier: elles reposent souvent sur des approches statistiques, des approches projectives sur différents dictionnaires et des techniques auto-adaptatives. Toutes ces méthodes présentent des avantages et des inconvénients, puisqu'elles permettent souvent de les détecter correctement, néanmoins leur caractérisation à des fins de classification et de discrimination reste compliquée. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans cette optique et propose de nouvelles approches d'étude des transitoires. Après un rapide descriptif des techniques d'étude des signaux transitoires, ce travail s'intéressera dans un premier temps à la représentation des signaux ayant des composantes fréquentielles variant très rapidement. De manière générale l'utilisation des distributions généralisées à temps complexe présente un cadre d'analyse adéquat, mais il est limité aux signaux possédant une bande passante étroite, nous proposons dans une première partie d'étendre cette utilisation à des signaux possédant une bande passante plus large en appliquant un changement d'échelle des signaux. Une deuxième partie s'intéressera davantage à l'extraction de signaux à modulation de phase dans le contexte d'un mélange de bruit non-stationnaire et d'autres signaux cohérents. Ceci sera effectué par des opérateurs de warping couplé à des techniques de débruitage basée sur la compression de données. Le troisième chapitre s'intéressera aux techniques guidées par les données basées sur la représentation des signaux en diagrammes de phase. La contribution principale porte sur la diversité des lags qui permet en effet de mettre en évidence les effets des opérateurs de temps-échelles, mais aussi de modification d'amplitude entre des signaux. Nous développerons donc des méthodes permettant de mettre en évidence ces propriétés. Finalement, les travaux présentés dans les premiers chapitres seront développés dans le cadre de quatre domaines applicatifs qui sont : la segmentation d'ECG, la caractérisation de transitoires électriques, un cas d'acoustique passive et l'étude de signaux acoustiques en milieu immergé. Nous terminerons enfin par une conclusion et quelques perspectives de travail. / For their uniqueness, transient are really difficult to characterize. They are met everywhere and are generally the result of very complex physical phenomena that contain a lot of information such as the transient at its origin, the effect of the propagation through the medium and the effects induced by the transducers. They can correspond to communication between mammals as well as being the reflection of a fault in electrical or hydraulic networks for instance. Hence their study is of great importance even though it is quite complicated. Numerous signal processing methods have been developed in the last decades: they often rely on statistical approaches, linear projections of the signal onto dictionaries and data-driven techniques. All those methods have pros and cons since they often provide good detections, nevertheless their characterization for classification and discrimination purposes remains complicated. In this spirit, this thesis proposes new approaches to study transients. After a brief overview of the existing methods, this work first focuses on the representation of signals having tight-varying time-frequency components. Generally, general complex-time distributions present a proper framework to study them but remain limited to narrow band signals. In a first part, we propose to overcome this limitation in the case of signals with a spread time-frequency variation. This method is based on the compression of the signal's spectrum to a bandwidth that ensures the efficiency of the technique. A second part then focuses on the extraction of nonlinear modulation phase signals in the context of nonstationary noise and other coherent signals. This is performed with warping operators and compressive sensing reconstruction techniques. The third chapter then focuses on data-driven methods based on the representation of the signal in phase space. The main contribution takes advantage of the lag diversity that enables to highlight time scale transformations as well as amplitude modifications between transients. Hence, we develop different techniques enabling to highlight those properties. Finally, works presented in the first chapters are developed in applicative contexts such as: ECG segmentation, electrical transient characterization, a passive acoustic configuration and the study of acoustic signals in an immerse environment. We then end up by some conclusions and perspectives for future works.

O controle de perdas em sistemas de distribuição de água para abastecimento é uma preocupação constante, e uma tarefa fundamental para a solução do problema é a detecção rápida e confiável dos vazamentos que frequentemente iniciam em qualquer ponto da rede. Uma abordagem promissória é a detecção de vazamentos baseada na análise de sinais adquiridos pelo monitoramento das redes durante sua operação, e dentro dela se enquadra este trabalho. É desenvolvido um sistema de reconhecimento de padrões para análise de sinais de pressão e vazão que permite identificar se durante a aquisição do sinal aconteceu um vazamento ou não. Para a conformação desse sistema diversas técnicas são exploradas, incluindo a extração de características no domínio do tempo (energia, entropia, número de cruzamentos por zero) e na decomposição wavelet (distribuição da energia nas componentes). Também é explorado o uso de algoritmos para classificação de diferentes tipos (vizinhos mais próximos, árvore de decisão, regra de decisão, Naive Bayes, máquina de vetor suporte e rede neural artificial com funções de base radial). Sinais são adquiridos junto ao circuito hidráulico experimental, que permitiu a simulação da ocorrência de um vazamento na rede, para constituir uma amplia base de dados com sinais de exemplo. Além da revisão bibliográfica e os conceitos relativos às metodologias exploradas, são apresentadas neste documento as análises que conduzem à criação do sistema de reconhecimento de padrões mais apropriado para o problema. Das análises dos diferentes métodos considerados é definido o sistema de reconhecimento de padrões, em suas etapas de segmentação e padronização, extração de características e classificação. A avaliação do sistema proposto mostra um desempenho totalmente satisfatório, com reconhecimento acertado de sinais vinculados ou não a um vazamento em mais de 95% dos testes. / Control of losses in water supply systems is a constant concern, and a key to the solution of this problem is the rapid and reliable detection of leaks that often begin anywhere on the network. A promising approach to solve the problem is the leak detection based on the analysis of signals acquired by monitoring the network in operation, and this research fits with that approach. Its developed a pattern recognition system for the analysis of pressure and flow signals, which identifies whether a leak happened during signal acquisition. Several techniques are exploited for forming this system, including the feature extraction in the time domain (energy, entropy, zero crossings count) and in the wavelet decomposition (energy distribution in the components). Also, the use of different types of algorithms for classification (nearest neighbors, decision tree, decision rule, Naive Bayes, support vector machine and artificial neural network with radial basis functions) is explored. Signals are acquired from the experimental hydraulic circuit, allowing the simulation of the onset of a leak in the network, to form a big database of example signals. Besides the literature review and the concepts relating to the considered methods, in this document are shown the analyses leading to the creation of the pattern recognition system most appropriate for the problem. The analysis of the methods considered allows defining the pattern recognition system, which is composed by segmentation and standardization, feature extraction and classification. The evaluation of the proposed system shows a completely satisfactory performance, recognizing rightly the signals as linked or not to a leak in more than 95% of the tests.

Master’s thesis deals with the measurement of biological signals for the effect of psychological burden. To monitor this effect was elected Stroop test, which is in the psychology used to detect disorders of attention and concentration. EEG and ECG signals during Stroop test were obtained using the EEG recording systém, in the context of research evoked potentials. As a part of the work it has been designed custom application for analyzing and interpreting data and statistical analysis by t-test.