Protein synthesis is an essential process for all living organisms and is an effective major target for current antibiotics. Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) is a highly conserved and essential protein that functions during protein synthesis. EF-Ts interacts with EF-Tu to help maintain a functionally active state of EF-Tu required for cell growth. Although EF-Ts is essential for Escherichia coli, its sequence is poorly conserved. LepA is a highly conserved protein within bacteria and has a similar structure to EF-Tu. In spite of this, LepA has been shown to be non-essential under ideal conditions and the function of LepA still remains elusive. An analysis on the structurally unique aspects of LepA, EF-Tu and EF-Ts was performed here in an effort to gain an understanding on the functions of these proteins. This knowledge, in combination with their unique structural components will provide important tools in developing new and effective antibiotics. / xiii, 177 leaves : col. ill. ; 29 cm

The translational GTPases elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and LepA modulate the dynamics of tRNA on the ribosome. EF-Tu facilitates the delivery of aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) to the translating ribosome and LepA catalyzes the retro-translocation of tRNA•mRNA from the E- and P-sites of the ribosome back to the P- and A-sites. Although an increasing body of structural and biochemical information is available, little is known about the functional cycle of LepA during retro-translocation, the kinetics of EF-Tu dissociation from the ribosome and the rate of EF-Tu conformational change during aa-tRNA delivery. This thesis reports the successful construction and biochemical characterisation of a mutant form of EF-Tu from Escherichia coli ideal for the specific incorporation of fluorescent labels, enabling measurements pivotal for uncovering the rate of EF-Tu conformational change and dissociation from the ribosome. Furthermore, to determine structural components critical for LepA’s function, mutant versions of the protein were constructed and biochemically characterised. / xii, 127 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-127).

A major obstacle to the development of dengue virus (DENV) vaccines has been the need to immunise concurrently against each of the four DENV serotypes in order to avoid sensitising recipients to developing severe DENV infections. A problem already encountered with live attenuated tetravalent DENV vaccines has been the difficulty in eliciting adequate immune responses against all four DENV serotypes in human hosts. This could have been due to variations in the antigenicity and/or the replication rates of the four DENV serotypes. Non-replicating DNA vaccines avoid the issue of different replication rates. Currently, only DENV-1 and DENV-2 DNA vaccines have been evaluated. In this study, a number of DNA vaccines for each of the four DENV serotypes were developed and their immunogenicity was evaluated in outbred mice. These vaccines included DNA vaccines encoding the DENV prM-E protein genes derived from the four DENV serotypes (pVAX-DEN1, -DEN2, -DEN3 and -DEN4), and DNA vaccines encoding DENV prM and hybrid-E protein genes derived from multiple DENV serotypes. The hybrid-E protein genes were constructed by substituting either domains I and II, domain III, and/or the stem-anchor region from the E protein of one DENV serotype with the corresponding region from another DENV serotype. A number of superior DNA vaccines against each of the four DENV serotypes were identified based on their ability to elicit high titres (≥40, FFURNT50) of neutralising antibodies against the corresponding DENV in mice. The superior DNA vaccines against DENV-1 were pVAX-DEN1, pVAX-C2M2E211, pVAX-C2M2E122 and pVAX-C2M1E122. The superior DNA vaccine against DENV-2 was pVAX-C2M1E122 and the superior DNA vaccines against DENV-3 were pVAX-DEN3 and pVAX-C2M3E344. The superior DNA vaccines against DENV-4 were pVAX-C2M3E344, pVAX-C2M4E434 and pVAX-C2M4E433. Each of these DNA vaccines could provide effective protection against infection by the corresponding DENV serotypes. This is the first study to describe the development of DNA vaccines against DENV-3 and DENV-4. However, mice immunised with a tetravalent DENV DNA vaccine, composed of a DNA vaccine encoding the prM-E protein genes from each of the four DENV serotypes (pVAX-DEN1-4), elicited high titres of neutralising antibodies against DENV-1 and DENV-3 only. Nevertheless, the results from this study suggested that a tetravalent DENV DNA vaccine, composed of pVAX-DEN1, pVAX-C2M1E122, pVAX-DEN3 and pVAX-C2M4E434, may provide effective concurrent protection against infection by each of the four DENV serotypes. In addition, mice immunised with pVAX-C2M1E122, which encoded a hybrid-E protein gene derived from DENV-1 and DENV-2, elicited high titres of anti-DENV-1 and anti-DENV-2 neutralising antibodies, and mice immunised with pVAX-C2M3E344, which encoded a hybrid-E protein gene derived from DENV-3 and DENV-4, elicited high titres of anti-DENV-3 and anti-DENV-4 neutralising antibodies. This result suggested that the co-immunisation of these two hybrid-E DNA vaccines also may provide effective concurrent protection against infection by each of the four DENV serotypes. Extracellular E proteins, believed to be in the form of recombinant subviral particles (RSPs), were recovered from the tissue culture supernatant of all DNA vaccine-transfected mammalian cells by ultracentrifugation, except for cells transfected with the pVAX-C2M2E122 hybrid-E DNA vaccine. Western blotting with the monoclonal antibody 4G2 (flavivirus cross-reactive) demonstrated that the extracellular E proteins expressed by the DNA vaccines were synthesized and cleaved in a manner similar to that of native DENV E proteins. In addition, mammalian cells transfected with pVAX-DEN1, pVAX-DEN2 or pVAX-DEN3 secreted higher amounts of extracellular E proteins than cells transfected with pVAX-DEN4. The amount of extracellular E protein secreted by pVAX-DEN4-transfected cells increased when the c-region of the prM/E signal peptidase cleavage site was made more polar. In contrast, decreasing the polarity of the c-region of the C/prM signal peptidase cleavage site of pVAX-DEN4 resulted in no detectable extracellular E proteins from pVAX-DEN4-transfected cells. This result suggested that the amount of extracellular E proteins secreted by cells transfected with DNA expressing the DENV prM-E protein genes may be dependent of the efficiency of C/prM and prM/E protein cleavages by host-derived signal peptidases. Mice immunised with the mutated pVAX-DEN4, which was capable of expressing large amounts of extracellular E proteins in vitro, produced significantly higher concentrations of Th1-type anti-DENV-4 antibodies than mice immunised with the unmodified pVAX-DEN4, but failed to produce detectable levels of anti-DENV-4 neutralising antibodies. In contrast, increasing the ratio of CpG-S to CpG-N motifs in the pVAX-DEN2 DNA vaccine by incorporating either an additional CpG-S motif, or an antibiotic resistance gene with a high ratio of CpG-S to CpG-N motifs, resulted in a significant increase in both the concentration of Th1-type anti-DENV-2 antibodies and the titres of anti-DENV-2 neutralising antibodies in immunised mice. This result suggested that increasing the amount of CpG-S motifs in DENV DNA vaccines may present an simple and effective approach to increasing the immunogenicity of the DENV DNA vaccines.

Listeria monocytogenes est une bactérie pathogène impliquée dans la toxi-infection alimentaire à l’origine de la listeriose, une maladie peu fréquente mais avec un taux de mortalité de 25 % chez l’homme. Cette bactérie est capable de former un biofilm lui permettant de mieux résister aux stress environnementaux ainsi qu’aux traitements de décontamination. Une nouvelle stratégie d’analyse génomique a été développée et a permis de cibler des systèmes de sécrétion et des protéines potentiellement impliqués dans la formation de biofilm. L’inactivation de la voie SecA2 entraîne la formation d’un biofilm aérien et par conséquent fragile. Ce morphotype est capable de croître de façon sessile à 20°C sur du polystyrène alors que ce n’est pas le cas pour la souche sauvage. De nouvelles protéines sécrétées de façon SecA2 dépendante ont été identifiées par l’étude de l’exoprotéome du mutant ΔsecA2 en comparaison avec celui de la souche sauvage. Le rôle des lipoprotéines dans la formation de biofilm ainsi que leur maturation par les peptidases signal de type II, LspA et LspB, a également été abordé. La combinaison d'une analyse de l’expression des gènes codant les lipoprotéines au cours de la formation de biofilm avec l’analyse génomique basé sur le sécrétome a permis de cibler trois lipoprotéines, dont LpeA qui serait impliquée dans les phases tardives de formation de biofilm. Enfin, l’importance majeure de LspA dans la maturation des lipoprotéines, a été mise en évidence par l’étude de l’exoprotéome des doubles mutant ΔlgtΔlspA et ΔlgtΔlspB en comparaison avec celui de Δlgt. / Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogenic bacteria responsible for listeriosis, a rare but high mortality rate disease in humans (25 %). This bacterium can form biofilm allowing a better resistance to environmental stresses as well as decontamination treatments. A new strategy for genomic analysis was developed and allowed to target secretion systems and proteins potentially involved in biofilm formation. Inactivation of the SecA2 pathway leads to the formation of an aerial and fragile biofilm. This morphotype is able to grow in a sessile mode at 20 °C on polystyrene whereas this is not the case for the wild type strain. New proteins secreted in a SecA2 manner were identified by comparing the ΔsecA2 exoproteome to the one of the wild type. The role of lipoproteins in biofilm formation and their maturation by the signal peptidase II, LpsA and LspB, was also tackled. Combining expression analysis of genes encoding lipoproteins during biofilm formation with genomic analysis based on the secretome allowed targeting three lipoproteins, including LpeA, which appeared to be involved in the later stages of biofilm formation. Finally, the importance of LspA in the maturation of lipoproteins,was highlighted by comparing of the double mutant ΔlgtΔlspA and ΔlgtΔlspB exoproteomes to the one of Δlgt.