The Viking Age (800–1050 A.D.) is also called the “Silver Age”. Despite the fact that no silver mines were in use in Sweden at that time, most of the landowners for one reason or another had a lot of precious metal stored in their homes. Alone the Island of Gotland has found over 700 different hoards of which around 400 of these hoards have been excavated over the last 100 years. Archeologists are debating whether all this precious metal had been brought to the island by traders from the east, or if it came from the Viking raids in the west. Besides the coins, thousands of pieces of silver have been recorded. The intention of this essay is to attempt to clarify if it is possible to find differentiating factors between the hoards and to classify categories of these precious metal deposits. I indeed, such classifications and categorizations are achievable in the research findings in this paper.

Gong Yibing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-121). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter I. --- Basic Monetary Terms --- p.9 / Basic Functions of Money --- p.10 / China´ةs Bimetallism --- p.16 / The Terminology --- p.19 / Chapter Chapter II. --- The Influx of Foreign Silver Coins into China --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter III. --- The Circulation of Foreign Silver Coins --- p.39 / The Spread of Foreign Silver Coins in China --- p.39 / Case Study I: Fujian --- p.46 / Case Study II: Guangdong --- p.65 / Case Study III: Jiangsu and Zhejiang --- p.82 / Conclusion --- p.101 / Bibliography --- p.108

The aim of this study is to examine the possibility of calculating the total weight of coins in poorly documented Viking Age silver hoards found on Gotland. A method for calculating the total weight of the silver coins in the hoards, and thus the weight relationship between minted and un-minted silver, would facilitate further and deeper studies using the hoards from Gotland. The method will be based on the average coin weights obtained from numismatic sources. Two calculations, one of Arabic coins and another with mixed coin, is attempted. Apart from the calculations of the Viking Age coins, earlier studies of the relation between silver coins and silver object will be discussed in the earlier research. The different Viking Age coins in the calculation and the development of the Viking age minting will also be discussed in earlier research. The result of the study demonstrate that an estimated total weight could be calculated for the Arabic silver coins. Unfortunately the mixed coin hoards could not achieve a calculation that could estimate an equivalent total weight of the silver coins

The purpose with this work is to try and see an economic development on Gotland during the Viking Age, where society went from a weight-based economy, to a monetary economy with its own coins. The aim is to try and distinguish a pattern in the investigated depots. How has the deposit structure changed during the Viking era when it comes to the minted and unminted silver?   The research about the silver deposits aim on the dating of the coins in order to create an approximate closing period for the contents of the depots.   The development of the silver structural change in the silver depots during the Viking Age makes it possible to study how the dominance of the early Islamic coins, in both coin and fragmented form, is phased out to be replaced by mainly English and German coins. The English and German coins that are found on Gotland could be seen as a model for the coins and the minting that began at the end of the Viking Age on the island.

Cette étude est consacrée aux monnaies d’or et d’argent lagides comme moyen de l’action des rois d’Alexandrie entre l’avènement de Ptolémée V en 204 et la mort de Ptolémée IX en 81. Ce grand deuxième siècle est habituellement considéré comme un temps de crise profonde du pouvoir royal, alors aux prises avec des révoltes en Égypte, des luttes dynastiques et affaibli par la perte de la plupart des territoires extérieurs hormis Chypre et Cyrène. Dans ce contexte, la place et le rôle des émissions ptolémaïques dans la gestion du royaume par les Ptolémées peuvent être questionnés. Pour cela, nous avons répertorié 6 413 pièces au sein d’un catalogue dans le but de collecter un maximum d’informations ainsi que pour réaliser une étude des niveaux de production tout au long de la période. A cela s’ajoute l’établissement d’un catalogue des trésors et trouvailles isolées remis à jour. Une deuxième partie est dédiée à l’importance ainsi qu’aux classements de ces émissions qui sont discutés et parfois révisés au regard des informations réunies. Pour cela, les 380 analyses élémentaires de monnaies d’or et d’argent réalisées à l’IRAMAT fournissent une somme d’informations inédites. Enfin, nous tentons d’insérer les nouvelles données produites dans les connaissances générales de l’histoire du royaume des Ptolémées au IIe siècle. L’enjeu est de déterminer dans quelle mesure l’usage de la monnaie peut être un révélateur des politiques royales. Il convient également de définir l’importance de ce moyen de paiement et dans quels cas il est employé. Ainsi, le témoignage des monnaies permet d’analyser certains aspects de la réaction du pouvoir royal lagide face aux difficultés rencontrées au IIe siècle. / This study is dedicated to the Ptolemaic gold and silver coins as means of action of kings of Alexandria from the advent of Ptolemy V in 204 until the death of Ptolemy IX in 81. This expanded second century is usually considered as a time of deep crisis of the royal power, then battling against internal revolts in Egypt, dynastic fights and weakened by the loss of most of the foreign territories except Cyprus and Cyrene. In this context, the place and the role of the Ptolemaic issues in the management of the kingdom by the Ptolemies can be questioned. We listed 6 413 coins within a catalog to collect a maximum of information there as well as to realize a study of the levels of production throughout the all period. Then, an updated catalog of hoards and isolated finds is added. The second part is dedicated to the whole importanceas well as to the classifications of these broadcast issues which are discussed and sometimes revised with regards to the information gathered. For that purpose, the contribution of 380 elemental analysis of gold and silver coins achieved in the IRAMAT laboratory supplies a sum of new information. Finally, we try to insert the new data produced intothe general knowledge of the history of the Ptolemaic kingdom in the second century. The stake is to determine to what degree the use of coins can reflect the royal policies. It is also advisable to define the importance of this means of payment and in which cases it is used. In the end, the testimony of coinage allows us to analyze certain aspects of the reaction of the Ptolemaic royal power confronting difficulties met in the second century.