At the centre of our urban areas, there is the market spaces, arcades and department stores, which have always been the driving force for urban design and central spaces for socialisation. In the 21st century, the enclosed shopping mall concept, an initial American architectural invention, spread to metropolitan areas across the world, where it is an unparalleled engine of commerce. The problem with shopping malls, is that they, as Michael Beyard explains, suffer from island syndrome and tend to be oversized boxes with blank facades (Beyard et al. 2006: 5). The fundamental problem retail space produce in our urban context is that they are turned inwards towards vast climatic controlled spaces. This creates borders and a social space that has no interaction with the community it intends to serve. This dissertation investigates the manifestation of an alternative retail typology in the neighbourhood of Silverton, East of Pretoria. The proposal does not intend to recreate the mall in essence, but to follow the theoretical premise as guideline in order to produce an appropriate retail typology that is representative of the context of Silverton. Intending to produce an architecture that is contextual and inclusive the theoretical premise is a critical analysis of the "box-typology" that explores method of rethinking retail Architecture in the context of South Africa. / Markte, arkades en afdelingswinkels word oor die algemeen in die middel van stedelike gebiede aangetref en dien as die dryfveer vir stedelike ontwerp en sosialisering. Die oorspronklik Amerikaans geinspireerde "ingeslote inkopiesentrum" argitektoniese konsep, het verder spoedig deur metropilitaanse gebiede reg deur w?reld versprei, waar dit 'n onvergelykbare dryfveer van handel geword het. Volgens Michael Beyard (2006:5) is die probleem met inkopiesentrums agter dat hulle mank gaan aan diev sogenaamde eiland sindroom en geneig is om oorgrote dose met le? fasades te wees. Die onderliggende probleem met kleinhandelspasies in stedelike gebiede is verder dat hulle inwaarts neig met streng beheerde klimaststoestande wat grense en 'n sosiale ruimte skep waar geen interaksie met die gemeenskep wat dit poog om te dien, kan plaasvind nie. Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die manifestasie van 'n alternatiewe kleinhandel tipologie in die voorstelike gebied van Silverton, oos van Pretoria. Die voorstel wat gemaak word poog nie om 'n winkelsentrum te herskep nie, maarvolg die teoretoiese uitgangspunt as riglyn om 'n kleinhandel tipologie te skep wat verteenwoordigend is van die konteks van Silverton. Dit poog verder om 'n argitektuur te skep wat beide kontekstueel en inklusief is binne dieteoretiese uitgangspunt van 'n kritiese ontleding van die "boks-tipolgie wat alternatiese denke en metodes vankleinhandel Argitektuur binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks tot gevolg het. MALL- STAD - SILVERTON- HANDEL - PUBLIEK / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

Epithermal vein and carbonate replacement deposits in Cunningham Gulch are located within the western San Juan Tertiary volcanic field in southwestern Colorado. The Pride of the West epithermal vein system is hosted within the intracaldera facies of the Sapinero Mesa Tuff, a voluminous ash-flow tuff that erupted from and resulted in the formation of the San Juan Caldera at 28 mybp. The Pride of the West vein system is developed along a radial fracture formed during resurgence of the San Juan Caldera prior to eruption of the Crystal Lake Tuff (27.5 mybp). This eruption led to the concomitant collapse of the Silverton Caldera, nested within the larger San Juan Caldera. The Pride of the West, Osceola, and Little Fanny mines are positioned near the intersection of the Pride radial fracture system and the buried structural margin of the San Juan Caldera, suggesting that ore concentration was controlled by this structural setting. Large limestone blocks of the Mississippian Leadville Formation are incorporated into the intracaldera fill volcanics in the mine area. These blocks appear to have been engulfed within mudflow breccias of the Tertiary San Juan Formation (32.1 mybp). They were then emplaced in their present structural position within a caldera-collapse breccia which caved from the oversteepened margin of the San Juan Caldera. Regional propylitic alteration of the hosting volcanics to a chlorite-calcite-pyrite assemblage preceded vein-associated alteration and mineralization. The veins are enveloped by a narrow phyllic alteration assemblage of quartz, sericite, illite, kaolinite, and pyrite. The veins are comprised of sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, hematite, magnetite, quartz, pyroxmangite, calcite, and minor barite. Substantial bodies of replacement ore are present where the vein structures intersect the limestone blocks; the mineral assemblages of the replacement deposits are identical to those of the feeding vein structures. Commonly, replacement textures are spectacular concentrations, especially the "zebra ore" which primarily consists of regularly spaced, alternating bands of sulfides and quartz. These "zebra" laminations are stratigraphically controlled and appear to represent replacement of a depositional or diagenetic fabric. Main ore-stage mineralization began with widespread deposition of quartz with or without pyrite, followed by sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and galena. Post ore-stage brecciation and silicification events are evident and were followed by deposition of calcite and minor barite during the waning stages of the hydrothermal system. The distributions of Fe, Mn, Pb, and Ca suggest a lateral component of fluid flow from northwest the southeast, away from the structural margin of the Silverton Caldera. Fluid inclusion data from both vein and replacement-type sphalerite and quartz indicate that mineral deposition occurred over a range of 200 to 312°C (mean 243°C) from solutions containing 1 to 5% total salts. The high base metal to precious metal content of the ore, the phyllic alteration assemblage, and the temperature and composition of the ore-forming fluid indicate that the mine workings are within the lower portion of a fossil geothermal system. / text

The 2.06 to 2.054 Ga Bushveld Igneous Complex intruded into the sedimentary rocks of the Transvaal Supergroup and generated an extensive contact metamorphic aureole mainly developed in the upper Pretoria group. The studied samples represent the Silverton Daspoort and Timeball Hill formations and are divisible into garnet bearing hornfels (DY918, DY954 and DY956) and garnet-free staurolite-bearing metapelites (DY916, DY982 and DY987). The garnet-bearing hornfelses marks the garnet zone within the aureole and the garnet formation is controlled by different reactions forming from 490 to 630 0C. On the other hand, the garnet free staurolite-bearing Fe-Al rich metapelites define the staurolite zone restricted to the Timeball Hill formation. The recorded P-T conditions in G0 and G1 garnets of the DY954 hornfels imply that the two garnets formed under different conditions indicating two stages of metamorphism. However, the Lu-Hf isotope systematics of these garnets records a 2061 Ma age for all garnet porphyroblasts in both the DY918 and DY954 hornfelses, which support co-genetic garnet growth regardless of their stratigraphic positions. Therefore, the 2061 Ma garnet age denote the emplacement age of the Lower Zone and Critical Zone magmas which was synchronous with the extrusion of the Rooiberg Group volcanics. The fact that all analysed garnets do not record the 2059 – 2054 intrusion of the Main Zone and Upper Zone magmas probably means that the crystallisation temperatures of the later magma pulse was not significant enough to shift the Lu-Hf isotopic signatures. Euhedral staurolites are widespread within the Fe-Al rich metapelites with grain sizes of up 4mm; texturally the majority of them have been altered or overgrown by biotite and chloritoid. The alteration or of these staurolite porphyroblasts is due to isobaric cooling during uplift, and the St-Bt assemblage represent the peak equilibrium conditions and marks the upper stability limit of the Chl-Ctd assemblage. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Geology / unrestricted

In humanity’s current condition, the advantages of organic material sources are supplanted by the qualities of synthetics that allow for rapid growth and altered capabilities, whilst man becomes further removed from his natural existence as a being that once possessed the aptitude to understand and work with these materials. Prior to our industrial, mechanised and materialist consumer culture, the direct interaction with the natural world provided humanity with more comprehensive and experiential ground for growth and learning. As we are connected to the world through our senses, space becomes the primary enabler of such a platform. Relying on the haptic qualities of materials and the body’s ability to experience and embody its immediate surroundings, architecture’s role in the integration between man, nature, and industry is explored. As a natural industry with a significant public interface, architecture acts as a mediator between man’s “constructed nature” and his “first nature” – referring to man’s estrangement from his environment. This dissertation investigates the adaptation of industrial buildings to accommodate public interaction whilst responding to the environmental impact that the production of building materials has on the environment. Alternatives to commonly used materials such as glass, steel and carbon fibres were researched, and so hemp, flax and bamboo became the primary elements used in the making of the architecture. / Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted