Esta tesis se centra en el estudio de la influencia del solvente en la estructura y dinámica del ADN mediante técnicas de simulación por ordenador.En la misma se han realizado dos bloques diferenciados, cuyos objetivos concretos serían: 1- El estudio de una secuencia de ADN en solución con diferentes fuerzas iónicas con el objetivo de racionalizar cómo los contraiones modulan las propiedades estructurales y dinámicas de la molécula. 2- El estudio de diversos ácidos nucleicos canónicos y no canónicos en ausencia de solvente, bajo condiciones similares a las que tienen lugar en los experimentos de espectrometría de masas por ionización con electrospray (ESI-MS). Este bloque, a su vez, está dividido en tres trabajos: i/-estudio de la doble hélice de ADN en condiciones de vacío propias de los experimentos de ESI-M, ii/-estudio de la naturaleza de complejos no covalentes entre minor groove binders (mG-binders) y ADN de doble cadena en condiciones de vacío, iii/-análisis del comportamiento de estructuras de ADN formadas por cuatro cadenas (G-cuadrúplex) en condiciones de vacío.La técnica utilizada para este propósito ha sido la Dinámica Molecular, la cual permite la descripción rigurosa a nivel atómico de las propiedades estructurales, energéticas y dinámicas de la molécula. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis complementan la información disponible en la actualidad sobre la estructura y conformación del ADN en dichas condiciones extremas. / This thesis is centered in the theoretical study of the influence of the solvent in the structure and dynamics of the DNA. First, there is a study of 12-mer sequence of DNA under different ionic strengths with the objective of elucidate how the molecule is influenced by the ionic atmosphere. Later on, different nucleic acids are studied with the absence of solvent under similar conditions to the Electrospray Ionization Mass spectrometry technique with the objective of study the structural, energetic and dynamics properties of DNA in the gas phase. The systems studied are:-Double helix of DNA.-Non covalent complexes between minor-groove binders and double stranded DNA.-G-quadruplexes of DNA.The main computational approach used has been the Molecular Dynamics technique. This powerful method allows to study at atomistic level the Nucleic Acids under those extreme conditions mentioned. The results obtained in this thesis complement the experimental information available about the structure and conformation of DNA in vacuum.

Theoretical methods to compute accurate x-ray spectra emitted from targets bombarded with kV electrons are required for quantification in Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), especially for the analysis of non-homogeneous samples.Monte Carlo simulation has proved to be the most suitable theoretical tool for the computation of x-ray spectra; it can incorporate realistic interaction cross sections and can be applied to complex geometries. Moreover, it allows us to keep track of the evolution of all secondary particles (and their descendants) generated by primary electrons.A Monte Carlo program for the calculation of ionization depth distributions and x-ray spectra produced by kV electron irradiation has been developed. Inner-shell ionization by electron impact is described by means of total cross sections evaluated from an optical-data model. A double differential cross section is proposed for bremsstrahlung emission, which combines a modified Bethe-Heitler DCS with the Kirkpatrick WiedmannStatham angular distribution, and reproduces the radiative stopping powers derived from the partial wave calculations of Kissel, Quarles and Pratt [At. Data Nud. Data Tables 28, 381 (1983)]. These ionization and radiative cross sections have been introduced into the general-purpose subroutine package PENELOPE, which performs simulation of coupled electron and photon transport for arbitrary materials. The underlying electron scattering model combines elastic scattering cross sections calculated by the partial wave method with inelastic cross sections obtained from Liljequist's generalized oscillator strength model. The reliability of the electron trajectory generation algorithm has been verified through a comparison of simulation results with measured backscattering coefficients and spatial dose distributions. To improve the efficiency of the simulation, a variance reduction technique, interaction forcing, has been applied for both ionizing collisions and radiative events.A systematic method for the measurement of ionization cross sections by electron impact, using the electron microprobe, has been proposed and applied. Measurements of ionization cross sections for Ni, er and Cu have been performed, from threshold up to 40 keV, combining the use of wavelength and energy dispersive spectrometers.Our results provide the electron-energy dependence of the ionization cross section to an accuracy of about 3%. The transformation to absolute cross section values increases the global uncertainty to about 12%. These errors include the determination of the target thickness, detector efficiency, solid angle of collection, the number of incident electrons, the fluorescence yield and the line fraction. The comparison between experiment and various theoretical formulas confirms that the optical-data model yields a more reliable energy dependence of the ionization cross section in the energy range of interest in microanalysis. Further work to reduce errors in the determination of the target mass thickness is required to draw a definite conclusion about the accuracy of the theoretical model in absolute magnitude.Simulated depth-distribution of ionizations and surface ionization, for different homogeneous targets and energies, have been shown to be in satisfactory agreement with experimental data taken from the literature. Comparison of simulated data, using various ionization cross sections, confirms again the validity of the optical-data model used.In the case of non-homogeneous samples (e.g. thin layers on substrates or multilayered structures) or special geometries (e.g. oblique incidence) experimental measurements are very rare and there is a real need for experimental data to check the reliability of simulations and/or alternative approximate formulations. Thus, experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulations of the surface ionization have been performed (for Ni KC(o) X-rays) on Cu films of various thickness (40.5, 67, 100 and 196 nm) deposited onto a variety of substrates and for accelerating voltages between 10 keY and 30 keY. Measurements have been performed using the wavelength-dispersive spectrometer. The main difficulties of the measurements have been i) to ensure that tracer films have the same thickness, ii) the large statistical uncertainties due to the smallness of the peak-to-background ratio of the tracer peak, iii) the contribution from the substrate and iv) the surface contamination. In spite of the uncertainties arising from sample preparation and from the smallness of the peak-to-background ratio, the results from the experiments and the Monte Carlo simulations are found to agree to within 5%. These measurements allow us to validate the developed code and to obtain information of interest for the analytical methods of microanalysis. In particular, we have derived a simple analytical formula, based in a new scaling rule, which gives the surface ionization in terms of the bulk values of the substrate and the overlayer. Finally, simulated ionization distributions for different layered targets have been presented, which allow us to study the influence of the substrate on the ionization of the film.The reliability of the simulation code has been globally assessed by comparison of measured x-ray spectra with simulation results. X-ray spectra have been measured using the energy-dispersive spectrometer and converted to absolute units. Measurements in absolute units serve as the most stringent test of the physical parameters used in the simulation algorithm, although they may contain systematic uncertainties. Measurements have been performed for different targets and irradiation conditions, including multilayered targets and oblique incidence. The result of the various experimental sources of error leads to an overall uncertainty of 5-7%. The agreement between simulation and experiment has been shown to be satisfactory in the "meaningful" region of the spectra (say, between 3-15 keY), where the detector efficiency is essentially constant. Comparison of simulated and measured x-ray spectra obtained with the wavelength-dispersive spectrometer allows us to derive the absolute efficiency of the latter as a function of the x-ray incident energy. This information is essential for standardless x-ray microanalysis using wavelength-dispersive spectrometers.In short, we have developed a realistic Monte Carlo code adequate for the simulation of x-ray generation by electron irradiation of samples with complex geometries. We have already demonstrated its usefulness for EPMA of layered specimens. Although further work is required to include L- and M-shell ionization, the code has an evident potentiality for quantitative EPMA of samples with complex geometries.A Monte Carlo program for the calculation of ionization depth distributions and x-ray spectra produced by kV electron irradiation has been developed. The code is based on the PENELOPE subroutine package, which has been suitably modified to extend its range of application to lower energies. It incorporates a new double differential cross section for bremsstrahlung emission, which combines a modified Bethe-Heitler DCS with the Kirkpatrick-Wiedmann-Statham angular distribution. Ionization of inner-shells by electron impact is described by means of an optical-data model proposed by Mayol and Salvat. Interaction forcing is systematically applied to both bremsstrahlung and impact ionization to improve the efficiency of the simulation. The simulation program is applicable to samples with arbitrary geometries (multilayers, particulate samples, etc.).The ionization cross section for Ni, Cr and Cu has been experimentally determined using the electron microprobe. Measurements confirm that the optical-data model yields a more reliable energy dependence of the ionization cross section.Simulated depth-distribution of ionizations and surface ionization, for different homogeneous targets and energies, has been shown to be in satisfactory agreement with experimental data taken from the literature.Systematic measurements of the surface ionization, for a Ni tracer, in Cu films of different thicknesses deposited on a wide variety of substrates have been performed. The results from the experiments and simulations have been found to agree to within 5%. A simple analytical formula is proposed, which gives the surface ionization in terms of the bulk values of the substrate and the overlayer. Simulated ionization distributions for layered targets have been presented.Absolute x-ray spectra have been measured using the energy-dispersive spectrometer, for different targets and irradiation conditions. The agreement between simulation and experiment has been found to be satisfactory in the photon energy region of aprox. 3-15 keY, where the detector efficiency is constant. The absolute efficiency of a wavelength dispersive spectrometer has been obtained.

Los fenómenos arrítmicos afectan a la actividad eléctrica del corazón y son provocados por diversas enfermedades. El estudio de estos fenómenos es de crucial interés debido a que no se conocen con precisión, los mecanismos que los producen. En la presente Tesis Doctoral se estudian mediante modelización matemática y simulación por ordenador dos fenómenos relacionados con la generación anormal y la conducción del impulso cardiaco, producidos por situaciones patológicas: la reflexión en fibras ventriculares y las reentradas en el subsistema Purkinje-ventrículo que tienen lugar durante la fase 1B de isquemia. El fenómeno de reflexión ocurre en tejido ventricular cardiaco, y se produce cuando un impulso que llega a una zona de tejido dañada, provoca otro impulso que se propaga en sentido opuesto al impulso original. Las arritmias provocadas por isquemia se producen en dos fases, fase 1A y fase 1B. Mientras que la fase 1A de arritmias cardiacas ha sido ampliamente estudiada, los estudios sobre las arritmias de la fase 1B son escasos, y es de interés investigar los mecanismos que provocan esta fase de arritmias. Para el estudio de ambos fenómenos arrítmicos se implementaron modelos unidimensionales (1D) y bidimensionales (2D). El modelo 1D de reflexión se compone de dos segmentos de fibra ventricular, uno bajo condiciones normales fisiológicas y el otro bajo condiciones que facilitan la inducción de posdespolarizaciones tempranas (EADs) de fase 2. Los segmentos de fibra del modelo de reflexión se acoplaron mediante una resistencia, cuyo valor se varió en un rango de 5 a 30 ?·cm2. Las reentradas generadas en el subsistema Purkinje-ventrículo isquémico 1B se estudiaron con tres modelos: modelo 1D Purkinje-ventrículo 1B, modelo 1D Purkinje-ventrículo 1B con una estructura de anillo y modelo 2D Purkinje-ventrículo 1B. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el acoplamiento entre las células del tejido ventricular tiene una influencia importante en ambos fenómenos arrítmicos. / Ramírez Islas, EB. (2012). ESTUDIO MEDIANTE MODELIZACIÓN MATEMÁTICA DE FENÓMENOS ARRÍTMICOS GENERADOS POR ACTIVIDAD ECTÓPICA [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/18216 / Palancia

Aquesta tesi tracta de la creació d'un nou programari de codi obert i d'una interfície de programació (API) per realitzar simulacions (bio) moleculars, així com de a la seva aplicació posterior a problemes biològics. El nou programa, Adun, es focalitza en les àrees clau del càlcul d'energies lliures, el desenvolupament ràpid de programari i la productivitat d'alt rendiment. Mètodes com SCAAS, EVB i Born generalitzat han estat implementats per tal d'assolir el primer objectiu. La presencia d'aquestes tècniques, a m´es d'altres, mostra la velocitat de desenvolupament d'Adun. Totes les característiques s´on accessibles mitjanant una interfície gràfica d'usuari avançada que proveeix de noves capacitats, com el tractament de dades integrat o la compartició de dades i de càlculs distribuïts. La capacitat d'Adun de tractar problemes biològics és il·lustrada amb la investigació de la dinàmica de la proteïna Ras i el desenvolupament, implementació i demostració d'un nou mètode per a la determinació de camins de transició. A més, per tal de demostrar el potencial del programa Adun, aquests estudis també proporcionen una visió avançada sobre l'ús de la informació dinàmica en determinar la unció de les proteïnes. L'estat actual del programa i els resultats dels dos estudis és, doncs, discutit, i es donen indicacions dels objectius i direccions futurs. Finalment s'examina el paper dels científics computacionals com desenvolupadors d'eines, per a ells mateixos o per a tota la comunitat científica. / This thesis deals with the creation of a new open-source program and API for biomolecular simulation and its subsequent application to biological problems. The program, Adun, focuses on the key areas of biological free-energy calculations, rapid development and highperformance productivity. Methods such as SCAAS, EVB and switched Generalised-Born have been implemented to realise the first aim. The presence of these techniques, along with a multitude of others, verifies Adun's rapid development potential. All these features are united by an advanced graphical user interface which provides novel capabilities such as inbuilt data management, and distributed datasharing and computation. Adun's ability to tackle biological problems is illustrated with an investigation of Ras dynamics and the development, implementation and testing of a novel method for determining transition paths. In addition to concretely demonstrating Adun's potential these studies also provide insight into the use of dynamic information in elucidating protein function. The current state of the program and the results of the two studies is discussed and indications of future aims and directions given. In addition the role of computational scientists as developers of tools, for themselves and the wider scientific community, is examined.