This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Engineering in Environmental Technology. The degree is awarded for industrially relevant research, based in industry, and supported by a programme of development courses. This project aims to contribute to a reduction in the environmental burdens of vertical transportation systems. The author has carried out an environmental assessment showing that the dominating environmental burdens of vertical transportation systems arise from their use of electricity while in operation in buildings. An assessment of traffic demand has concluded that we are probably over-sizing lifts, and are therefore installing systems that consume more energy than necessary. Traffic planning techniques for single and double deck lifts have been reviewed and developed. The kinematics (motion) of lifts has been studied. New formulae have been derived that allow us to plot travel profiles for any input of journey distance, maximum velocity, maximum acceleration and maximum jerk. Taking these journey profiles as inputs, a mathematical model of a DC Static Converter Drive has been developed. The model can be used to calculate the energy consumption of any individual lift trip. A lift simulation program has been developed. The program uses the research in traffic, kinematics and motor modelling as a basis for developing energy saving lift control strategies.

The main topic of this thesis is to create a simulator for educational purposes, which is able to simulate the traffic situations and to control the compliance of traffic regulations. Modern game engine Unity 3D and development of simulator in C # for this engine are introduced within this thesis. Creating a simulator or computer game in general, imposes multiple requirements in different disciplines, and therefore, this work deals with themes such as the creation of 3D models, work with audio content, design of virtual city model, etc.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the traffic patterns in the mobile data networks. In this work, a simple Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) network was modeled in order to be used in simulations. For the purpose of using in the CDPD model, a synthetic bursty traffic model was produced and using different traffic patterns some performance investigations were made in CDPD network. During the whole work, OPNET simulation tool was used. The CDPD network modeled by OPNET simulation tool was compared with a CDPD model described in the literature and the differences were shown. The new model has some new features: 1) Burst transmission of MAC blocks. 2) Exponential backoff. 3) New packet structures. 4) Frame segmentation and encapsulation into MAC layer frames. Using OPNET, a traffic having higher level of burstiness was produced and applied to the CDPD network model. Under the bursty traffic, some CDPD performance parameters were collected and according to the collected results some suggestions were given.

A garantia de qualidade de serviço (QoS) tem-se demonstrado muito importante em aplicações em tempo real. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre Mecanismos de Policiamento na tecnologia A TM, mais especificamente, sobre o funcionamento do Mecanismo Dual Leaky Bucket, utilizado pela classe de serviço VBR em rede ATM. Para este estudo foi implementado um simulador por software do mecanismo Dual Leaky Bucket. Foram analisados dois tipos de tráfegos de vídeo com compressão MPEG-2, com pouca e muita movimentação. A partir da simulação pôde-se analisar como o erro na definição de parâmetros do contrato de QoS definidos pelo usuário no estabelecimento da conexão pode levar ao aumento na taxa de perda de informações e, conseqüentemente, a degradação da qualidade necessária pela aplicação / The guarantee of quality of service (QoS) has been demonstrating very important in real time applications. This work presents a study on Policing Mechanisms in the ATM technology, more specifically, on the operation of the Dual Leaky Bucket Mechanism, used by the class of service VBR in ATM networks. For this study a Dual Leaky Bucket mechanism simulator by software was implemented. Two kinds of MPEG-2 video traffics were analyzed with a little and a lot of movement. The simulation shows how a mistake in the definition of parameters in the QoS contract, defined by user, during of the connection establishment can leads to increase of information loss rate and, consequently, the degradation of the necessary quality for the application

A garantia de qualidade de serviço (QoS) tem-se demonstrado muito importante em aplicações em tempo real. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre Mecanismos de Policiamento na tecnologia A TM, mais especificamente, sobre o funcionamento do Mecanismo Dual Leaky Bucket, utilizado pela classe de serviço VBR em rede ATM. Para este estudo foi implementado um simulador por software do mecanismo Dual Leaky Bucket. Foram analisados dois tipos de tráfegos de vídeo com compressão MPEG-2, com pouca e muita movimentação. A partir da simulação pôde-se analisar como o erro na definição de parâmetros do contrato de QoS definidos pelo usuário no estabelecimento da conexão pode levar ao aumento na taxa de perda de informações e, conseqüentemente, a degradação da qualidade necessária pela aplicação / The guarantee of quality of service (QoS) has been demonstrating very important in real time applications. This work presents a study on Policing Mechanisms in the ATM technology, more specifically, on the operation of the Dual Leaky Bucket Mechanism, used by the class of service VBR in ATM networks. For this study a Dual Leaky Bucket mechanism simulator by software was implemented. Two kinds of MPEG-2 video traffics were analyzed with a little and a lot of movement. The simulation shows how a mistake in the definition of parameters in the QoS contract, defined by user, during of the connection establishment can leads to increase of information loss rate and, consequently, the degradation of the necessary quality for the application

Multimodality is a main requirement for future Urban Traffic Control (UTC). For cities and traffic engineers to implement multimodal UTC, a holistic, multimodal assessment of UTC measures is needed. This paper proposes a Multimodal Performance Index (MPI), which considers the delays and number of stops of different transport modes that are weighted to each other. To determine suitable mode-specific weights, a case study for the German city Ingolstadt is conducted using the microscopic simulation tool SUMO. In the case study, different UTC measures (bus priority, coordination for cyclists, coordination for private vehicle traffic) are implemented to a varying extent and evaluated according to different weight settings. The MPI calculation is done both network-wide and intersection-specific. The results indicate that a weighting according to the occupancy level of modes, as mainly proposed in the literature so far, is not sufficient. This applies particularly to cycling, which should be weighted according to its positive environmental impact instead of its occupancy. Besides, the modespecific weights have to correspond to the traffic-related impact of the mode-specific UTC measures. For Ingolstadt, the results are promising for a weighting according to the current modal split and a weighting with incentives for sustainable modes.

In AP 1.4 wurde ein Verfahren zur Schaltzeitprognose verkehrsabhängiger Lichtsignalanlagen entwickelt, welches auf eine Vielzahl weiterer Lichtsignalanlagen anwendbar ist. Weiterhin wurden (AP.1.4.5) im Bereich der spurgenauen Ortung, die auf Basis von GPS ermittelten Positionen durch Fusion mit anderen Sensordaten, wie der axialen Beschleunigungen und den Drehraten um die Fahrzeughochachse sowie der Einbeziehung einer digitalen Karte (Digital Enhanced Map), diese hinsichtlich einer Spurdetektion weiterhin verbessert. Im Bereich der Datenübertragung (LSA-Fzg.) konnte die erste Teilstrecke von der Verkehrsmanagementzentrale zum Serviceprovider im Labor untersucht werden. In AP 2.1 wurde eine auf der optimalen Steuerung basierte Methode zum Energiemanagement von seriellen Hybriden entwickelt. Die optimale Ansteuerung von Motor-Start-Stopp, Gangwahl und Momentenaufteilung wird modellprädiktiv unter Beachtung des Kraftstoffverbrauchs und der Schademissionen berechnet. Nach Anpassung auf praktische Randbedingungen, lässt sich diese Methode in zukünftigen Hybridfahrzeugen als optimales Energiemanagement nutzen. Die in AP 3.1 entwickelte Softwareumgebung zur gekoppelten Fahrzeug und Verkehrssimulation wurde an Beispielszenarien getestet. Für ein Modell der Versuchsstrecke wurde umfangreiche Analysen des Ampelassistenzfunktion in komplexen Verkehrsszenarien durchgeführt. Für eine Variation verschiedener Parameter, wie Wirkreichweite, Verkehrsstärke, usw. konnten Aussagen über das Potential getroffen werden. In Zusammenarbeit mit AP 3.3 wurde ein Ampelassistenzsystem und die Ansteuerung des Active-Force-Feedback Pedals im Demonstrator implementiert. In AP 3.3 wurde ein Konzept zur Darstellung von LSA-Daten im Fahrzeug erarbeitet. Dieses wurde in einem Versuchsträger umgesetzt. Dazu wurde der Versuchsträger hardwareseitig ertüchtigt, und für die Untersuchung verschiedener Varianten der Darstellung eingesetzt.:I. Versionsübersicht 4 II. Kurze Darstellung 5 1. Aufgabenstellung 5 2. Voraussetzungen 6 3. Planung und Ablauf des Vorhabens 7 4. Wissenschaftlicher und technischer Stand 8 5. Bekannte Konstruktionen, Verfahren und Schutzrechte 9 6. verwendete Fachliteratur und Informations- und Dokumentationsdienste 9 7. Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Stellen 10 III. Eingehende Darstellung 11 1. Arbeitsinhalte und erzielte Ergebnisse 11 AP 1.4: Datenmanagement 11 AP 2.1: Range-Extender-Betriebsstrategien 40 AP 3.1: Fahrstrategie 63 AP 3.3: Mensch-Maschine-Interface 73 2. Nutzen der Ergebnisse 81 3. Fortschritt bei anderen Stellen 82 4. Veröffentlichungen und studentische Arbeiten 83 Vorträge 83 Publikationen 83 Studentische Arbeiten 84 IV. Literaturverzeichnis 86