Ste2p and Ste3p are well-characterized yeast pheromone G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) those are involved in the signaling of mating responses that lead to cell fusion. Their signaling–associated interactions with G-protein/MAPK signal transduction machinery are well established, homologous to those in mammalian systems, and serve as a simplified model system in GPCR research. While the arrestin- mediated biased signaling mechanism of mammalian GPCR has not been discovered for the pheromone receptors, a recent demonstration of α-arrestins being involved in the internalization of the pheromone GPCR, Ste2p was reported. The present study was designed to reevaluate and extend the alternate functionality for pheromone receptors and to determine the role of yeast arrestins in the yeast mating. Specific residues in the TM6 of Ste2p exhibiting strong mating and constitutive MAPK signaling were combined and investigated in terms of their effect on MAPK signal transduction leading to cell cycle arrest as well as their impact on downstream mating projection formation and zygote formation events. Our findings indicate that Ste2p possess as specific residues that govern its relative bias for mediating MAPK signaling or mating events. Relative dose response experiments accounting for systemic and observation bias for these mutations yielded evidence of mutational-derived functional biases for Ste2p and further validated the alternate pheromone dependent functionalities for Ste2p. Further, arrestin knockout and knock-in studies showed that Art1 (Ldb19) is selectively involved in the regulation of zygote formation but not MAPK signal transduction following the binding of ligand to Ste2p receptors. In addition, ligand stimulated selective localization of Art1 (Ldb19) to the mating projection, implicating it in the regulation of downstream mating functionalities. Overall, while leaving the full mechanism of alternate/biased Ste2p signaling to be elucidated, these results highlight the possibility of continued relevance of the yeast pheromone-mating pathway as a simplified model for GPCR research in the context of arrestin-mediated biased GPCR signaling.

In this study, self-catalytic maturation of heterologously expressed pro-galactose oxidase was analysed in E.coli by altering some amino acids which were supposed to play a crucial role in pro-peptide removal. Galactose oxidase (GOase / EC 1.1.3.9) from Fusarium graminearum / having a molecular mass of 68kDa, is a monomeric, copper containing enzyme with an unusual thioether bond. The enzyme is produced as a precursor with an additional 8 amino acid pre- and a 17- amino acid pro-sequence at the N terminus. Previous work has shown that the pre-peptide is removed possibly by a protease during secretion, whereas the 17 amino acid pro-peptide is removed autocatalytically by the aerobic addition of Cu2+ to the precursor, preceding the formation of the thioether bond at the active site. The pro-gao gene was on ProGON1 and ProGOMN1 constructs which were previously established on pET101/D/lacZ vector in England by directed evolution. ProGON1 contains silent mutations at the N-terminus different from native galactose oxidase whereas ProGOMN1 has six further mutations within the mature enzyme, providing high expression. The cleavage site mutations R-1P/A1P, R-1X/A1X, S2A, and the H522A mutation just against the cleavage site in the three dimensional configuration, were carried out by site-directed mutagenesis. Those and some extra mutations were confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. Next, mutant galactose oxidases were expressed in E. coli BL21 Star (DE3), and were purified by Strep-Tactin&reg / Sepharose&reg / column, operating on the basis of affinity chromatography. Subsequently, SDS-PAGE was performed to analyze self-processing by detecting molecular mass difference of protein bands resulting from pro-sequence removal or existence. When the bands obtained in SDS-PAGE were compared, it was seen that the products of original recombinant plasmids, i.e. ProGON1, ProGOMN1 / and the mutational variants showed no difference in band size, all slightly above 70kDa / indicating pro-sequence presence on all constructs. Non-mutants and some of the mutants showed galactose oxidase activity, signifying proper active site construction by thioether bond formation. ProGOMN1 was submitted for N-terminal amino acid sequencing to be able to assert that a size above 70kDa is not solely due to the existence of a 1 kDa Strep-tag II at C-terminus. Sequencing data affirmed the presence of both the pre-peptide and the pro-preptide showing that processing has not occurred at the N-terminus. Accordingly, in this study, it was shown for the first time that the existence of a pre-pro-peptide at the N-terminus of galactose oxidase does not prevent thioether bond formation at the active site. Furthermore, since the pro-peptide is cleaved autocatalytically, the lack of removal of the pre-peptide in E.coli in the presence of Cu 2+ and oxygen is very likely to be the cause of lack of pro-peptide cleavage. In future studies the region corresponding to the pre-peptide will be deleted to prove this hypothesis.

Orientador: Carlos Henrique Inacio Ramos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T11:57:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regis_WiliamCesarBento_D.pdf: 2288615 bytes, checksum: 63ccd34d93524d993a42e51b4e2f9855 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Os estudos em biologia estrutural avançaram muito nos últimos anos e inúmeras informações, obtidas principalmente por dados cristalográficos, ajudaram no entendimento dos mecanismos de ação e efeito biológico de várias proteínas contudo o caminho que vai da síntese até a estruturação dde uma porteína aidna é pouco conhecido. Uma descrição termodinâmica detalhada de proteínas é fundamental para se entender seu papel biológico e conhecer as interações e forças que determinam o enovelamento. Este é o foco pincipal deste trabalho que utilizou para isso as mioglobinas de baleia e de cavalo. O estudo da apomioglobina se divide quase igualmente entre as proteínas oriundas de espermacete, a qual está clonada, e de cavalo, a qual é obtida comercialmente. Ambas possuem alta homologia e comportamento similar quanto ao enovelamento, assumindo-se em geral que estas proteínas apresentam o mesmo fenômeno no que diz respeito ao enovelamento. Contudo, esta hipótese pode não ser verdadeira, o que torna necessário medir e comparar a estabilidade destas proteínas. Apenas recentemente um método confiável para medir a estabilidade de mioglobina em uma reação reversível foi implantado: análise do desenovelamento por uréia de um derivado ciano de mioglobina em uma faixa de pH limitado. Nossos resultados mostraram que a mioglobina de cavalo é 2,1 kcal/mol menos estável que a mioglobina de espermacete em pH 5,0 e 25 ºC. Além disso, a mioglobina de cavalo agregou em altas concentrações, como medido por experimentos de gel filtração e ultracentrifugação analítica. A alta estabilidade da mioglobina de espermacete foi identificada tanto para a forma apoquanto para a forma holo e se mostrou independente de pH, na faixa de 5 até 8, e da presença de até 200 mM de cloreto de sódio. A substituição dos resíduos de alanina nas posições 15 e 74 por glicina, encontrados na mioglobina de cavalo, diminuiu a estabilidade da proteína em 1,0 kcal/mol. As apoproteínas de mamíferos que mergulham são significativamente mais estáveis do que as apoproteínas de mamíferos terrestres. Este fenômeno pode ser explicado pela suposição de que sob pressão seletiva um acúmulo de mutações que levam a pequenas estabilizações nas características globais de estabilidade das proteínas. Mamíferos que mergulham em grandes profundidades, como a baleia, são expostos a anaerobiose prolongada e conseqüente condições de acidose. Isto pode levar a uma série de acúmulos de mutações que promoverão resistência ao desenovelamento e a perda do grupo heme, fenômenos que podem ocorrer durante a acidose (Tang et al., 1998). Os resultados deste trabalho indicaram que a propensão a formação de hélices é um componente importante para explicar as diferenças de estabilidade entre as mioglobinas de cavalo e de espermacete / Abstract: The work in the literature on the stability and folding pathway of myoglobin is almost equally divided between horse myoglobin, which is available commercially, and sperm whale myoglobin, which must be cloned and expressed. The two proteins share high homology, show similar folding behavior and it is often assumed that all folding phenomena found with one protein will also be found with the other. This assumption may not be true, which makes essential to compare their basic properties, such as stability and dependence on temperature and salt concentration. However, no reliable method have been used to access the precisely difference in stability between these two proteins because it was not possible until recently to measure the stability of holoMb in a reversible unfoldingr efolding reaction. The reversible folding of myoglobin can be measured by using the cyanmet derivative and urea unfolding but only in a limited pH range. We report data at equilibrium showing that horse myoglobin was 2.1 kcal/mol less stable than sperm whale myoglobin at pH 5.0, 25 ºC, and aggregated at high concentrations as measured by gel filtration and analytical ultracentrifugation experiments. The higher stability of sperm whale myoglobin was identified for both apo and holo forms, and was independent of pH from 5 to 8 and of the presence of sodium chloride. We also show that the substitution of sperm whale myoglobin residues Ala15 and Ala74 to Gly, the residues found at positions 15 and 74 in horse myoglobin, decreased the stability by 1.0 kcal/mol, indicating that helix propensity is an important component of the explanation for the difference in stability between the two proteins / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Orientadores: Maricilda Palandi de Mello, Anna Wedell / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T13:24:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soardi_FernandaCaroline_D.pdf: 4267789 bytes, checksum: 80c77e1664dcc041014d42a92bdd435e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A causa mais freqüente de hiperplasia congênita da adrenal (HCA) é a deficiência da enzima CYP21A2 responsável por cerca de 90% dos casos, seguida da deficiência de CYP11B1, a qual é responsável por 5-8%. A deficiência de CYP21A2 apresenta diferentes sintomas clínicos, que podem variar de uma forma leve não clássica (NC) a uma forma grave clássica, dividida em virilizante simples (VS) e perdedora de sal (PS). Enquanto a deficiência de CYP11B1 é classificada nas formas clássica e não-clássica, dependendo da gravidade do fenótipo. As diferentes formas destas deficiências estão associadas a mutações distintas ou a combinação de mutações nos genes, sendo estas mutações provenientes dos genes homólogos ou não. O primeiro objetivo desta tese foi identificar novas mutações em alelos de 31 pacientes. As variantes protéicas novas p.G56R, p.L107R e p.L142P e, as raras p.H62L, p.H62L+p.P453S e p.R408C do gene CYP21A2 foram expressas para comparar as atividades da enzima CYP21A2 nas suas formas normal e mutantes. Foi objetivo, também, estudar através da técnica de mini-genes as possíveis alterações no processo de splicing para as variantes IVS2+5G>A, IVS2-2A>G, IVS4- 15A>C+IVS4-8C>T+p.D183E do gene CYP21A2 e para a variante g.1753G>A do gene CYP11B1. O estudo da atividade enzimática do gene CYP21A2, realizado pela técnica de mutagênese sítio-dirigida, demonstrou que as mutações p.L107R, p.L142P e p.R408C reduziram a atividade enzimática para valores praticamente nulos, classificando-as como responsáveis pela forma PS. A alteração p.G56R apresentou uma quantidade mínima de conversão de progesterona em desoxicorticosterona, quantidade suficiente para evitar a perda de sal, sendo considerada clássica associada à forma VS. A mutação p.H62L foi encontrada no mesmo alelo que a mutação p.P34L, em uma das pacientes da casuística desse trabalho, ambas inseridas num gene quimérico portador da deleção de 30 Kb. A mutação p.H62L também foi encontrada em associação com a mutação p.P453S, em dois pacientes de origem Escandinava. No estudo funcional a mutação p.H62L reduziu parcialmente a atividade enzimática. Os resultados cinéticos classificaram essa mutação como relacionada à forma NC da deficiência de CYP21A2. Em combinação com a mutação p.P453S, observou-se um sinergismo, uma vez que reduziu a atividade da enzima para a faixa limítrofe entre NC e VS. A investigação no processo de splicing utilizando a técnica de minigenes para as alterações no gene CYP21A2 indicou que a variação IVS2+5G>A causa a perda do exon 2 na formação do mRNA, sendo relacionada à forma PS. Da mesma forma, a variação IVS2- 2A>G foi classificada como associada à forma PS, pois inseriu no mRNA 19 bases provenientes do intron 2 na junção exon2-exon3, o que modificou o frame de leitura do mRNA criando um códon de parada prematura. Por outro lado, ficou demonstrado que as variações IVS4- 15A>C+IVS4-8C>T+p.D183E não interferem no processamento normal do mRNA do gene CYP21A2. No caso da alteração g.1753G>A no gene CYP11B1, que foi classificada como responsável pela forma clássica da deficiência de CYP11B1, o estudo de mini-gene indicou a perda dos últimos 45 nucleotídeos do exon 4, criando um códon de parada prematura. A elucidação do papel funcional e estrutural das mutações nos genes estudados permitiu o correto estabelecimento da correlação genótipo-fenótipo na maioria dos pacientes com HCA estudados / Abstract: Deficiency of CYP21A2 enzyme is responsible for more than 90% of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) followed by the deficiency of CYP11B1, which is responsible for 5-8% of the cases. The deficiency of CYP21A2 is normally classified in clinical forms that vary from a mild non-classical (NC) to a severe classical form, which can manifest as salt wasting (SW) or as simple virilizing (SV). Depending on the severity of phenotype, deficiency of CYP11B1 can be classified in classical or non-classical forms. In both deficiencies the clinical forms are associated with different mutations or combination of mutations, which may or may not be originated from the homologous genes. The aim of this study was to identify novel or rare mutations in alleles of 31 patients with CYP21A2 deficiency. Using site-direct mutagenesis strategies, nucleotide variants were introduced into the cDNA and the novel p.G56R, p.L107R and p.L142P and rare p.H62L, p.H62L+p.P453S and p.R408C protein variants of CYP21A2 were expressed to compare the enzymatic activity between the wild-type and mutant proteins. Furthermore, splicing activities were investigated for IVS2+5G>A, IVS2-2A>G, IVS4-15A>C+IVS4-8C>T+p.D183E sequence CTP21A2 variations and for g.1753G>A on CYP11B1 gene by minigene constructions. The analysis of enzymatic conversion of both CYP21A2 substrates, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone, into 11-desoxycortisol and corticosterone, respectively, showed low levels of residual activities for p.L107R, p.L142P and p.R408C, which were classified as SW mutations. Whereas, the result of enzyme activity for p.G56R indicated that it might be a SV-related mutation due a residual activity of 1.4% toward progesterone as substrate. The p.H62L was associated to p.P34L mutation in a chimeric gene present in a 30-kb deletion allele in Brazilian patients. In Scandinavian patients, the p.H62L mutation was found associated to the p.P453S which is known as a NC mutation. The p.H62L itself showed an activity within the range of NC mutations. The apparent kinetic constant confirmed this classification. A synergistic effect was observed for the allele bearing the p.H62L+p.P453S combination as it had caused a significant reduction in the enzymatic activity bringing it to the borderline level between SV and NC mutations. On the minigene analyses for CYP21A2, the IVS2+5G>A variation showed skipping of exon 2, therefore this alteration was classified as SW mutation. Likely, IVS2-2A>G was considered as a SW mutation due to the insertion of 19 nucleotides from intron 2 into the resulting mRNA, which changed the reading frame and created a premature stop codon. Conversely, the group of variations IVS4-15A>C+IVS4-8C>T+p.D183E did not affect the normal splicing of CYP21A2 mRNA. In the CYP11B1 minigene analysis, the g.1753G>A nucleotide variation was classified as responsible for the classical form of deficiency. An alternative splicing due to disruption of the normal donor site was used and the skipping of the last 45 nucleotides of exon 4 was observed. This alteration modified the mRNA reading frame and created a premature stop codon. The elucidation of functional and structural characters of the steroidogenic gene mutations led to the establishment of a correct genotype-phenotype in most patients studied. / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Abstract Human mitochondria contain a circular genome called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It encodes subunits of the respiratory chain enzymes involved in energy conservation in oxidative phosphorylation and the necessary RNA needed for their expression. Errors in these genes have been shown to cause diseases, called mitochondrial diseases, which mainly affect tissues with high energy-demand, such as brain, heart, and skeletal muscle, or to lead to the production of harmful by-products in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cellular respiration. ROS damage lipids, proteins, and DNA, especially mtDNA. Accumulation of mtDNA mutations has also been associated with aging. Mitochondrial complex I is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreduction coupled to the translocation of four protons from the inside of the mitochondrion to the intermembranous space. Bacteria contain a homologous but simpler enzyme, NDH-1, with the same catalytic mechanism and which is therefore considered the catalytical core of mitochondrial complex I. Seven of the conserved membranous subunits in complex I are encoded in the mtDNA and are targets for mutations causing mitochondrial diseases, like MELAS syndrome or Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). We used Paracoccus denitrificans and Escherichia coli NDH-1 enzymes to reveal the role of selected conserved charged residues and MELAS or LHON amino acid substitutions in enzyme catalysis. The growth phenotypes and NDH-1-dependent activities in mutant bacterial membranes were characterized, in addition to the sensitivity to selected complex I inhibitors. In order to enable ROS production measurements in the bacterial model of human mitochondrial diseases, we evaluated the reliability of two superoxide detecting probes, lucigenin and coelenterazine. Elimination of the acidic residue in ND1 (position E228) previously found to cause MELAS, was found detrimental for NDH-1 assembly and activity. Also, elimination of the acidic residue at position E36 in ND4L resulted in an inactive enzyme. ND1-E216A, ND4L-E72Q and -E36Q/I39D/A69D/E72Q substitutions decreased NDH-1 activity somewhat (normal activity in the last mutant), but displayed a negative growth phenotype under NDH-1 dependent conditions, suggestive of impaired energy conservation in these mutants. ND1-Y229, whose substitution causes MELAS, charged residues in loop five of ND1, and ND1-E157, whose substitution causes LHON, were also found important for the enzyme activity. Coelenterazine was found a reliable probe for quantitative superoxide production measurement in mitochondrial or bacterial membranes, and its sensitivity is not affected by the reduction level of the respiratory chain. Therefore, coelenterazine is suitable for quantitative superoxide production measurements.

Phytohormone auxin and its directional distribution plays an essential role in the regulation of numerous processes during vegetative and reproductive plant development. Regulation of the expression, localization and activity of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins is important for proper polar auxin transport in plant tissues. PIN proteins have been described as the major auxin efflux carriers regulating auxin's directional flow to build up gradients that provide information for the coordination of plant development. PIN protein structure topology prediction through bioinformatic analysis is still insufficient to understand their transport mechanism. Experimental analysis of PIN protein domains can provide valuable insight into understanding their role in mediating auxin transport. In this study, the C-terminal part of PINs have been modified by gradual trimming to determine the existence of relevant functional domains, which could be important for auxin transport. Seven modified PIN proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum were prepared. Transiently transformed tobacco cell line Bright Yellow-2 (BY-2) was used to monitor differences in PIN transport activity. This approach allowed indirect monitoring of intracellular auxin levels using the DR5 reporter system. Transiently expressed...

Novel conserved amino acid variations of papaya cystatin (PC) were investigated by amino acid substitutions using oryzacystatin-I (OCI) as a model plant cystatin for comparison. These amino acid residues in the conserved motifs are involved in binding with cysteine proteases, these include the GG (Gly-Gly) in the N-terminal region for both OCI and PC, the (Q)QVVAG (Gln-Val-Val-Ala-Gly) motif for OCI and (Q)AVVEG (Ala-Val-Val-Glu-Gly) motif for PC in the first inhibitory loop, and the PW (Pro-Trp) motif for OCI and LW (Leu-Trp) motif for PC in the second inhibitory loop. Recombinant OCI and PC mutant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and were tested for altered inhibitory activity against commercial cysteine proteases (papain and cathepsin L) and extracts from Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larvae, from banana weevil larvae (Cosmopolites sordidus) and tobacco leaf extracts (Nicotiana benthamiana). In all tests higher amounts of PC had to be used to obtain similar inhibition levels as OCI. Changing the amino acid Q at position 52 to E in OCI in the first inhibitory loop, had lowered the Ki value of the mutant against the commercial proteases. Concurrently the same amino acid string (EQ) in PC had resulted in a significantly decreased Ki value compared to PC wild-type and other mutants. All other OCI mutants were less efficient than the wild-type OCI, whereas all PC first inhibitory loop mutants had improved inhibitory activity against protease activity with the highest improvement against the protease extracts was found for the substitution of E with A at position 55. This study has shown the importance of the three conserved motifs and that it is possible to improve the binding capacity of a plant cystatins to cysteine protease activity by amino acid substitution using site-directed mutagenesis. By mutating individual amino acid residues in the first binding loop of the relatively “weak” papaya cystatin to amino acid residues found in OCI caused a significant improvement in inhibitory potency of PC. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Plant Science / unrestricted

Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is a heme-containing glycoprotein secreted by the marine fungus Caldariomyces fumago. Chloroperoxidase contains one ferriprotoporphyrin IX prosthetic group per molecule and catalyzes a variety of reactions, such as halogenation, peroxidation and epoxidation. The versatile catalytic activities of CPO coupled with the increasing demands for chiral synthesis have attracted an escalating interest in understanding the mechanistic and structural properties of this enzyme. In order to better understand the mechanisms of CPO-catalyzed enantioselective reactions and to fine-tune the catalytic properties of chloroperoxidase, asparagine 74 (N74) located in the narrow substrate access channel of CPO was replaced by a bulky, nonpolar valine and a polar glutamine using site-directed mutagenesis. The CPO N74 mutants displayed significantly enhanced activity toward nonpolar substrates compared to wild-type CPO as a result of changes in space and polarity of the heme distal environment. More interestingly, N74 mutants showed dramatically decreased chlorination and catalase activity but significantly enhanced epoxidation activity as a consequence of improved kinetic perfection introduced by the mutation as reflected by the favorable changes in kcat and kcat/KM of these reactions. It is also noted that the N74V mutant is capable of decomposing cyanide, the most notorious poison for many hemoproteins, as judged by the unique binding behavior of N74V with potassium cyanide. Histidine 105 (H105) was replaced by a nonpolar amino acid alanine using site-directed mutagenesis. The CPO H105 mutant (H105A) displayed dramatically decreased chlorination and catalase activity possibly because of the decreased polarity in the heme distal environment and loss of the hydrogen bonds between histidine 105 and glutamic acid 183. However, significantly increased enantioselectivity was observed for the epoxidation of bulky styrene derivatives. Furthermore, my study provides strong evidence for the proposed histidine/cysteine ligand switch in chloroperoxidase, providing experimental support for the structure of the 420-nm absorption maximum for a number of carbon monoxide complexes of heme-thiolate proteins. For the NMR study, [dCPO(heme)] was produced using 90% deuterated growth medium with excess heme precursors and [dCPO(Phe)] was grown in the same highly deuterated medium that had been supplemented with excess natural phenylalanine. To make complete heme proton assignments, NMR spectroscopy has been performed for high-resolution structural characterization of [dCPO(heme)] and [dCPO(Phe)] to achieve unambiguous and complete heme proton assignments, which also allows important amino acids close to the heme active center to be determined.

Nesse projeto trabalhamos com uma β-glicosidase digestiva da larva da lagarta Spodoptera frugiperda (Sfβgli50, 50 kD - AF052729), expressa na forma de proteína recombinante em E.colli. O nosso objetivo foi estudar o papel de dois resíduos de aminoácidos envolvidos na atividade catalítica da Sfβgli50. O primeiro resíduo estudado foi o Y456, envolvido na afinidade pela porção redutora do substrato (aglicone), o segundo resíduo foi o N329 envolvido na modulação do pH ótimo. Estudo do papel do resíduo Y456 na afinidade pelo aglicone do substrato. O sítio-ativo da Sfβgli50 é formado por quatros subsítios (-1, +1, +2, e +3). O subsítio que acomoda a porção não-redutora do substrato (glicone) recebe numeração negativa (-1), já os subsítios que acomodam a porção redutora do substrato (aglicone) recebem números positivos (+1, +2 e +3). Trabalhando com duas β-glicosidases de plantas (milho e sorgo), Cicek et al. (2000) demonstraram que uma pequena porção da extremidade C-terminal destas β-glicosidases (462SSGYTERF469 - numeração da enzima do sorgo) está envolvida na especificidade pelo aglicone do substrato, sendo que muitos desses aminoácidos são conservados em outras β-glicosidases da família 1. O alinhamento das sequências destas duas enzimas com a Sfβgli50 sugere que Y456 pode fazer parte do sítio de ligação do aglicone nesta β-glicosidase de inseto. Utilizando experimentos de mutação sítio-dirigida, o Y456 foi substituído por uma alanina (mutante Y456A) sendo que este foi expresso na forma de proteína recombinante em bactérias BL21 DE3 utilizando o vetor pT7-7. O mutante Y456A foi parcialmente purificado através de uma cromatografia hidrofóbica em sistema de FPLC, e caracterizado utilizando diversos inibidores competitivos (glucono δ-lactona, celobiose, celotriose, pentilbglicosídeo e octilbtioglicosídeo). Comparando os Kis obtidos para a Sfβgli50 selvagem e mutante Y456A com os inibidores glucono δ-lactona, celobiose e celotriose, foi proposto que Y456 encontra-se no subsítio +1 do sítio ativo da Sfβgli50. Já através da comparação entre os inibidores octilβtioglicosídeo e pentilβglicosídeos constatou-se que Y456 interage com uma porção polar do aglicone do substrato, talvez através de uma ligação de hidrogênio. Baseando-se nestes Kis foi calculada a energia de associação de resíduos de glicose e grupos alquila nos subsítios +1 e +2, indicando que o subsítio +1 do mutante Y456A tem uma especificidade mais ampla frente à ligantes polares (glicose) e apolares (grupos butil) do que a enzima selvagem. Sabendo que este resultado foi obtido removendo-se um resíduo com um grupo polar na cadeia lateral (Y456), estes dados estão de acordo com a hipótese de que a especificidade dos subsítios da região de ligação do aglicone é determinada por um balanço entre resíduos polares e apolares (Marana et al., 2001). Estudo do papel do resíduo N329 na modulação do pH ótimo. O mecanismo de catálise da Sfβgli50 é dependente de dois resíduos de ácido glutâmico: um doador de prótons (E187 - pKa= 7,5) e um nucleófilo (E399 - pKa = 5,0). Sendo o pH ótimo da Sfβgli50 (6,2) uma média aritmética dos pKas destes dois resíduos catalíticos. Uma análise estrutural do sítio ativo da Sfβgli50 mostra que o resíduo N329 forma ligações de hidrogênio com o resíduo E187 (doador de prótons), talvez atuando na modulação do seu pKa. Para estudar o papel do resíduo N329 na atividade da Sfβgli50 foram construídos 3 mutantes, nos quais tal resíduo foi substituído por alanina (N329A), ácido aspártico (N329D) e uma glutamina (N329Q). Os mutantes foram expressos na forma de proteína recombinante em bactérias BL21 DE3 utilizando os vetores pT7-7 e pCal-n-Flag. Entretanto, tentativas de purificação das SfΒgli50 mutantes através de cromatografia hidrofóbica foram infrutíferas, sugerindo uma possível inativação destas enzimas. Esta hipótese foi reforçada pela purificação das Sfβgli50 mutantes e selvagem contendo o peptídeo de fusão CBP (calmodulin binding peptide) através de cromatografia de afinidade. Este experimento demonstrou que as enzimas mutantes eram de fato inativas. Frente à estes resultados não foi possível concluir a caracterização do efeito do pH na atividade catalítica das Sfβgli50 mutantes N329A, N329D e N329Q. Por fim, foi proposto que a inativação da Sfβgli50 devido à mutações na posição N329 pode resultar de uma desnaturação das enzimas mutantes ou do reposicionamento do ácido catalítico devido à perda ou alteração da interação com o resíduo 329. / In this project it was studied the role of two residues (N329 and Y456) in the catalytic activity of a digestive β-glycosidase from Spodoptera frugiperda (SfΒgli50 - AF052729). N329 is believed to modulate the enzyme pH optimum, whereas Y456 may participate in the binding of the substrate aglycone. Role of Y456 The peptide 462SSGYTERF469 of the sorghum β-glycosidase is proposed to be part of the aglycone binding site in that enzyme. Some of those residues are conserved in Sfβgli50, among them Y456. Using site-directed mutagenesis Y456 was replaced by A and this mutant (Y456A) expressed in bacteria. Following that, this mutant enzyme was partially purified using hydrophobic chromatography. Inhibition experiments showed that binding of δ-gluconolactone, which occupies subsite -1, is not affected by that mutation. In contrast, Ki values for cellobiose (that binds to subsites -1 and +1) and cellotriose (that binds to subsites -1, +1 and +2) are two-fold higher than those of wild-type enzyme, indicating that mutation Y456A decrease the interaction with these oligocellodextrins. Moreover, binding of pentyl and octylβglucosides is not affected by mutation Y456A, suggesting that Y456 interacts with aglycone polar groups. Finally, evaluation of glucose and butyl binding energies in subsite +1 revealed that mutant Y456A specificity is broader than that of wild-type enzyme. Role of N329 A structural model of Sfβgli50 active site revealed that catalytic proton donor (E187) may interact with N329. In order to study the role of this interaction in the activity of Sfβgli50, N329 was replaced by A, D and Q (mutants N329A, N329D and N329Q, respectively). These mutants were expressed as recombinant proteins in bacteria and purified through affinity chromatography, revealing that Sfβgli50 was inactivated by those mutations. It was proposed that this inactivation may be due to protein desnaturation or a wrong positioning of the catalytic proton donor.

La neuroglobine humaine (Ngb) est une globine découverte en 2000 dont la fonction principale demeure encore inconnue. Par comparaison avec l’hémoglobine (Hb) et la myoglobine (Mb), les globines les plus étudiées, la Ngb possède une séquence en acides aminés particulière. Il en résulte des caractéristiques structurales propres à la Ngb. L’hème, qui constitue le site actif de la Ngb, est hexacoordiné par l’histidine distale 64 et existe sous deux formes isomères A et B. La Ngb comprend également un pont disulfure Cys46-Cys55 intramoléculaire.La relation entre ces spécificités et d’éventuelles fonctions de la Ngb demeure cependant assez mal explorée. Notre objectif durant la thèse, était de mettre en évidence in vitro l’influence de différents éléments structuraux sur les propriétés et la réactivité de la Ngb. Pour ce faire, les mutations H64V, F106L, A90P et C46G ont été réalisées. Des études expérimentales à l’aide de spectrophotométrie UV-visible, de dichroisme circulaire et de RMN, ont été effectuées pour caractériser les mutants synthétisés, tester leur stabilité en fonction du pH et évaluer leur réactivité vis-à-vis de la fixation du ligand CN.Nous avons ainsi montré que la structure de la Ngb était influencée par la présence de l’histidine distale, du pont disulfure et de l’environnement de l’hème. L’étude, pour la première fois, des coefficients d’extinction molaire des protéines mutées a permis de souligner l’impact des acides aminés au voisinage de l’hème mais aussi du pont disulfure sur l’environnement électronique de l’hème. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence que le pont disulfure et les acides aminés mutés influaient sur la capacité de la forme isomère A de la Ngb à fixer le cyanure. La forme isomère B est en revanche peu impactée par ces deux paramètres. Cela soulève la question de l’existence et de la fonction des deux formes isomères de l’hème in vivo. / The physiological function of Human Neuroglobin (Ngb), discovered in 2000, is still unknown. Compared to other classical globins Haemoglobin and Myoglobin, Ngb has some structural specificities. Its haem, which is its reactive centre, is hexacoordinated by distal histidine 64 and exists under two isomer forms A and B. Moreover, Ngb possesses an intramolecular disulfide bridge between two cysteines 46 and 55.The relationship between its structural characteristics and its functions in vivo does not remain well-understood. The goal of this thesis was to underline the impact of some structural features on the Ngb properties and reactivity in vitro. Thus Ngb variants H64V, F106L, A90P and C46G were produced. Experimental studies were performed by UV-Visible spectrophotometry, circular dichroism and NMR. Variants were characterized : their stability as a function of pH were tested and their reactivity trough the CN binding reaction were evaluated.We have shown that the Ngb structure was strongly dependant on the presence of the distal histidine, the disulfide bridge and the haem environment. The first and unique determination of variants’ molar absorption coefficients underlined the influence of the haem vicinity and disulfide bridge on the electronic haem environment. We have brought some evidence that the disulfide bridge and the mutated amino acids have an impact on the isomer A Ngb ability to bind the cyanide whereas isomer B is poorly affected by those two parameters. This phenomenon raises the issue of the existence and function of the two isomer forms in vivo.