Este estudo retrospectivo revisa os achados radiográficos simples em 201 aves, de espécies e idades variadas, com alterações esqueléticas. Os dados foram obtidos do Serviço de Radiologia do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, durante o período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2004. A distribuição das alterações e das localizações esqueléticas, assim como as suas respectivas espécies e idades, foram estudadas. O sexo não foi considerado neste estudo. Os psitacídeos alcançaram a porcentagem mais elevada (64,68%) entre as diversas ordens, seguidos pelos passeres (16,42%). Neste período de cinco anos, as afecções traumáticas, abrangendo fraturas, luxações e amputações ósseas, foram as mais comuns, perfazendo 46,77% do total de aves (n ? 94), seguidas por 48 aves (23,88%) com doença ósseo-metabólica e 34 (16,92%) com hiperostose poliostótica. Entre as afecções inflamatório-infecciosas, osteomielite foi mais freqüente do que artrite (9,95% e 3,48%, respectivamente). A articulação intertársica foi a única articulação afetada com mudanças artríticas. Osteófitos periarticulares foram identificados em todas as aves com doença articular degenerativa (7,46%). Por fim, algumas aves também exibiram alterações radiográficas de diagnóstico incerto. Assim sendo, observaram-se 6,47% de aves com osteopenia localizada em um ou mais ossos e 4,48% com diversas deformidades ósseas, tais como alterações angulares dos ossos longos e da coluna vertebral, e anquilose óssea das vértebras caudais. Quatro casos (1,99%) com alterações ósseas agressivas foram encontrados, mas nenhuma neoplasia óssea foi diagnosticada. Neoplasias ósseas são, freqüentemente, difíceis de serem distingüidas de osteomielite, e, ainda que o exame radiográfico revele as alterações, biopsia e cultura são necessárias para auxiliar na diferenciação. / This retrospective study reviews the plain radiographic findings in 201 birds of different species and ages, with skeletal alterations. The data were obtained from the Radiology Service of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School Veterinary Medicine of University of Sao Paulo, from January 2000 to December 2004. The distribution of the skeletal alterations and localization, as well as their respective species and ages, were studied. The gender was not considered in this study. Psittacines performed the highest percentage (64.68%) among the diverse avian orders, followed by passerines (16.42%). In this 5-year period, traumatic disorders, including fractures, luxations and amputations, were the most common alterations, adding 46.77% of total birds (94 birds), followed by 48 birds (23.88%) with metabolic bone disease and 34 (16.92%) with polyostotic hyperostosis. Osteomyelitis was more common than arthritis (9.95% and 3.48%, respectively). The tibiotarsal joint was the only affected joint with arthritic changes. Periarticular osteophytes were seen in all the birds with degenerative joint disease (7.46%). Finally, some birds had also shown very vague radiographic alterations, not expressing a diagnostic clearly. Thus being, the radiographic findings had shown the presence of decreased opacity localized in one or more bones (6.47%) and several skeletal deformities (4.48%), such as angular alterations of the long bones and the spine, and bony ankylosis of the tail. Four cases (1.99%) with aggressive lesions were found but no case of bone neoplasia was identified. It may often be difficult to differentiate bone infection from bone neoplasia. Although survey radiographs have demonstrated the abnormalities, a biopsy and culture should be taken to assist in differentiation.

Este estudo retrospectivo revisa os achados radiográficos simples em 201 aves, de espécies e idades variadas, com alterações esqueléticas. Os dados foram obtidos do Serviço de Radiologia do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, durante o período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2004. A distribuição das alterações e das localizações esqueléticas, assim como as suas respectivas espécies e idades, foram estudadas. O sexo não foi considerado neste estudo. Os psitacídeos alcançaram a porcentagem mais elevada (64,68%) entre as diversas ordens, seguidos pelos passeres (16,42%). Neste período de cinco anos, as afecções traumáticas, abrangendo fraturas, luxações e amputações ósseas, foram as mais comuns, perfazendo 46,77% do total de aves (n ? 94), seguidas por 48 aves (23,88%) com doença ósseo-metabólica e 34 (16,92%) com hiperostose poliostótica. Entre as afecções inflamatório-infecciosas, osteomielite foi mais freqüente do que artrite (9,95% e 3,48%, respectivamente). A articulação intertársica foi a única articulação afetada com mudanças artríticas. Osteófitos periarticulares foram identificados em todas as aves com doença articular degenerativa (7,46%). Por fim, algumas aves também exibiram alterações radiográficas de diagnóstico incerto. Assim sendo, observaram-se 6,47% de aves com osteopenia localizada em um ou mais ossos e 4,48% com diversas deformidades ósseas, tais como alterações angulares dos ossos longos e da coluna vertebral, e anquilose óssea das vértebras caudais. Quatro casos (1,99%) com alterações ósseas agressivas foram encontrados, mas nenhuma neoplasia óssea foi diagnosticada. Neoplasias ósseas são, freqüentemente, difíceis de serem distingüidas de osteomielite, e, ainda que o exame radiográfico revele as alterações, biopsia e cultura são necessárias para auxiliar na diferenciação. / This retrospective study reviews the plain radiographic findings in 201 birds of different species and ages, with skeletal alterations. The data were obtained from the Radiology Service of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School Veterinary Medicine of University of Sao Paulo, from January 2000 to December 2004. The distribution of the skeletal alterations and localization, as well as their respective species and ages, were studied. The gender was not considered in this study. Psittacines performed the highest percentage (64.68%) among the diverse avian orders, followed by passerines (16.42%). In this 5-year period, traumatic disorders, including fractures, luxations and amputations, were the most common alterations, adding 46.77% of total birds (94 birds), followed by 48 birds (23.88%) with metabolic bone disease and 34 (16.92%) with polyostotic hyperostosis. Osteomyelitis was more common than arthritis (9.95% and 3.48%, respectively). The tibiotarsal joint was the only affected joint with arthritic changes. Periarticular osteophytes were seen in all the birds with degenerative joint disease (7.46%). Finally, some birds had also shown very vague radiographic alterations, not expressing a diagnostic clearly. Thus being, the radiographic findings had shown the presence of decreased opacity localized in one or more bones (6.47%) and several skeletal deformities (4.48%), such as angular alterations of the long bones and the spine, and bony ankylosis of the tail. Four cases (1.99%) with aggressive lesions were found but no case of bone neoplasia was identified. It may often be difficult to differentiate bone infection from bone neoplasia. Although survey radiographs have demonstrated the abnormalities, a biopsy and culture should be taken to assist in differentiation.

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Les protéoglycanes (PGs) jouent un rôle essentiel dans plusieurs processus physiologiques majeurs tels que la signalisation cellulaire, la prolifération et la migration ; ceci grâce aux interactions entre leurs chaînes de glycosaminoglycanes (GAGs) avec des médiateurs solubles et leurs récepteurs. L'initiation de la synthèse des chaînes de GAGs des PGs est catalysée par la xylosyltransferase I (XT-I). Récemment plusieurs études ont montré différentes mutations au niveau du gène de la XT-I associées au syndrome Desbuquois de type II, caractérisée des anomalies ostéoarticulaires. Afin d’étudier le rôle de la XT-I dans le développement ostéoarticulaire, nous avons généré des souris invalidées pour le gène de la XT-I (XT-I KO). L'analyse morphologique des embryons montre que les souris XT-I KO présentent un nanisme prononcé et une hypoplasie frontonasale apparente, indiquant des anomalies du développement ostéoarticulaire. L'évaluation du contenu en PGs a révélé une forte diminution de la synthèse des PGs chez les souris XT-I KO. L'examen des différentes zones chondrocytaires au niveau de la plaque de croissance des os longs a révélé la perte de l’organisation en colonne des chondrocytes prolifératifs et une réduction importante de la zone hypertrophique. Afin d'identifier les mécanismes et les facteurs à l’origine des anomalies squelettiques chez les souris XT-I KO, l'expression de plusieurs gènes impliqués dans le développement du squelette et dans la régulation de la chondrogenèse a été analysée par hybridation in situ à l'aide de la technique RNAscope. Les résultats ont montré une forte expression des marqueurs de l’hypertrophie chondrocytaires suggérant ainsi une maturation précoce des chondrocytes chez les souris XT-I KO. Les embryons XT-I KO montrent également une formation précoce du centre d'ossification secondaire, indiquant une ossification précoce qui participerait aux anomalies de croissance observées chez les souris XT-I KO. L’étude des voies de signalisation impliquées dans la différenciation et la maturation chondrocytaire a révélé une surexpression du récepteur FGFR3 et une activation importante de la signalisation sous-jacente, suggérant ainsi des perturbations de la signalisation du FGF. Compte tenu du rôle important du FGFR3 dans la régulation de la chondrogenèse et de l’ossification endochondrale, ces résultats suggèrent fortement l’implication de la voie de FGF dans le développement des anomalies squelettiques chez les souris XT-I KO et ouvrent la voie pour le développement de de nouvelles thérapeutiques pour le traitement des patients atteints du syndrome Desbuquois de type II. / Proteoglycans (PGs) play an essential role in several major physiological processes such as cell signaling, proliferation and migration; this is mainly due to the interactions between their glycosaminoglycan chains (GAGs) with soluble mediators and their receptors. The initiation of the synthesis of GAG chains of PGs is catalyzed by Xylosyltransferase I (XT-I). Recently several studies have shown that mutations in XT-I gene are associated with Desbuquois syndrome type II which is characterized by skeletal abnormalities. To study the role of XT-I in skeletal development, we generated knockout mice for the XT-I gene (XT-I KO). XT-I KO mice show pronounced dwarfism and apparent frontonasal hypoplasia reflecting abnormalities in skeletal development. Evaluation of PG content revealed a strong decrease in PG synthesis in XT-I KO mice. Analysis of the different chondrocyte zones in the growth plate revealed a loss of columnar organization of proliferative chondrocyte and a significant reduction of the hypertrophic zone. To identify the mechanisms and factors underlying skeletal abnormalities in XT-I KO mice, the expression of several genes involved in skeletal development and in the regulation of chondrogenesis were analyzed by in situ hybridization using RNAscope technique. The results showed a strong expression of markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy thus suggesting early maturation of chondrocytes in XT-I KO mice. The XT-I KO embryos show also a premature formation of the secondary ossification center, indicating a precocious ossification which ultimately leads to the growth abnormalities showed in XT-I KO mice. The study of the signaling pathways involved in differentiation and chondrocyte maturation revealed an overexpression of the FGFR3 receptor and a significant activation of the downstream signaling pathways, thus suggesting disturbances of FGF signaling. Given the important role of FGFR3 in the regulation of chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification, these results strongly suggest the involvement of the FGF pathway in the development of skeletal abnormalities in XT-I KO mice and pave the way for the development of new therapeutics for the treatment of patients with Desbuquois syndrome type II.

Cette recherche porte sur la genèse et l’évolution des Troubles Musculo-Squelettiques (TMS) dans un établissement de l’industrie aéronautique. Nous proposons une formalisation de nos résultats regardés par le prisme 1. des régulations construites par les compagnons, 2. des phénomènes d’usure, et 3. des processus de mise à l’abri des compagnons lourdement affectés par des douleurs articulaires.Pour ce faire, nous avons construit une approche compréhensive pluridisciplinaire associant des actions en entreprise (analyses ergonomiques de l’activité, entretiens diachroniques menés avec le médecin du travail du site, reconstitution de parcours professionnels de compagnons reclassés pour raisons de santé) et une approche statistique, par des exploitations de l’observatoire EVREST en œuvre dans le groupe industriel depuis le début des années 2000.Nos résultats proposent un regard sur la genèse des TMS, suggèrent des perspectives de prévention, encouragent à construire une mémoire de l’entreprise, et à analyser l’activité (au niveau micro des opérateurs, comme au niveau de l’entreprise) d’une manière indissociable des temps, entre passé, présent et avenir. / This research aims at studying the genesis and evolution of Musculo Skeletal Diseases (MSD) in a company belonging to the aeronautics sector. We put forward a formalization of our results, examined through the prism of 1. Regulations elaborated by the workers, 2. Wear and tear phenomena, and 3. Sheltering processes for workers suffering from serious joint diseases.We have therefore built a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, associating studies at the workshop level (ergonomic job analyses, diachronic interview carried out with the participation of company’s job physician, reconstitution of professional courses of workers reallocated because of health disorders) and a statistical approach, using the “Evrest” Observatory, undertaken in this industrial group from 2000 on.Our results provide a view of the genesis of MSD, suggest avenues for prevention, encourage to build a memory inside the company, and to analyze activity (at the micro level of workstations, as well as at company level) without separating past, present, and future periods.

Dans le cadre d'une étude transversale menée sur 202 patientes ménopausées et non ménopausées,les objectifs sont de démontrer l'existence d'un lien entre ménopause et altération de l'état de santé buccodentaire. D'évaluer l'action du THM sur la morbidité dentaire et «in fine» sur la mortalité dentaire.De préciser les liens entre santé bucco-dentaire et diverses pathologies générales et d'apprécier les liens entre psychisme et soma chez les femmes ménopausées. D'apprécier l'influence des biphosphonates sur l'état de santé parodontal.De placer l'étude des liens état bucco-dentaire- ménopause dans une optique sociétale et anthropologique.La ménopause a pour conséquence une altération du parodonte (p=0,003).Le THM a une action bénéfique sur le parodonte.L'effet biologique du diabète est drastique quant à la perte des organes dentaires (p=0,050).L'étude souligne l'influence «per se» d'un mauvais état bucco-dentaire pour la pathologie coronarienne (OR=1,214). De plus,évènements stressants,sècheresse buccale,pathologies ostéo articulaires,carence hormonale sont des facteurs diversement liés de la mortalité dentaire durant cette période. Par ailleurs, il est apparu que les femmes ayant été récemment traitées pour un cancer du sein développaient plus de caries dentaires (p=0,031 OR=2,161). L'étude met en évidence les effets des biphosphonates sur l'altération du parodonte (p=0,011) malgré la prise d'un THM (p=0,020).Un milieu socioculturel aisé contribueraient à la médicalisation du phénomène physiologique.Le fait de vivre seule influerait sur la perte des organes dentaires (p=0,035). Enfin,la pratique régulière d'un sport améliorerait l'état de santé orale (p=0,036). / In a cross-sectional study of 202 postmenopausal and premenopausal women,the objectives of this study are to demonstrate a link between menopause and altered state of oral health.To evaluate the action of HRT on dental disease and finally on the tooth mortality. To assess and clarify the relationship between oral health and various general diseases and links between psyche and soma in postmenopausal women.Also discussed was the influence of bisphosphonates on the state of periodontal health.Finally,it was decided to place the study links oral menopausal status in a social and anthropological perspective.It appears then that menopause results in an altered state of oral health,(p = 0.003).HRT has a beneficial effect on the periodontal disease.The biological effects of diabetes are related to dental mortality (p = 0.050). This study emphasize the influence "per se" a bad oral health status for coronary artery disease (OR = 1.214).In postmenopausal women, stressful events, dry mouth, joint and bone diseases, hormonal deficiency are factors variously related dental mortality during this period. Moreover, it was found that women who have recently been treated for breast cancer developed more dental caries (p = 0.031 OR = 2.161).The study related the effects of bisphosphonates on the alteration of periodontal (p = 0.011), despite taking HRT (p = 0.020).In addition,background socio-economic favored contribute to the medicalization of physiological phenomenon. The fact of living alone would affect the loss of dental organs (p = 0.035). Finally, the regular practice of a sport improve the state of oral health (p = 0.036).