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UVB Exposure and Topical Estrogen Effects on the Development of Skin Cancer in a Pre- and Post-Menopausal Mouse ModelCreamer, Michelle 22 June 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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Biochemical and biological characterization of normal skin fibroblasts from individuals predisposed to dominantly inherited cancersAntecol, Michael Hal January 1985 (has links)
No description available.
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A Brief Educational Intervention to Enhance Nurse Practitioners' Knowledge, Attitudes and Skin Cancer Counseling BehaviorsGoodman, Hope Ann, Goodman, Hope Ann January 2016 (has links)
Background: Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States and is a public health concern. There are over 5 million new cases of keratinocyte skin cancer (KC) (previously known as non-melanoma skin cancer) and over 65,000 new cases of melanoma annually in the United States. Skin cancer is highly preventable, although prevention methods are not commonly practiced. Nurse practitioners have a key role in educating and encouraging patients to practice skin cancer prevention methods. Purpose/Aims: The purpose of this project was to determine whether a brief educational video can improve nurse practitioner knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding skin cancer and skin cancer prevention counseling. Methods: A single subject pre-test post-test design guided this project. Participants completed an online pretest assessing skin cancer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Following the pretest participants were given access to the video intervention. The intervention included information about skin cancer and published guidelines about skin cancer prevention counseling. Changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors and satisfaction with the intervention were assessed through a post-test. Results: A total of 30 eligible Arizona nurse practitioners completed both the pretest and posttest surveys. There was a statistically significant increase (p=.000) in knowledge from 64.17% on the pretest to 87.5% on the posttest. Attitudes about skin cancer and skin cancer counseling were fair on the pretest and significantly improved (p=.000) on the posttest. On the pretest, nurse practitioners had poor attitudes regarding skin cancer prevention counseling practice behaviors. These attitudes favorably increased (p=.009) on the posttest. Self-reported practice behaviors also improved significantly following the intervention (p=.000). Participants' attitudes regarding the intervention were generally favorable. Conclusions: A brief educational intervention offered online to nurse practitioners is highly effective for improving their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding skin cancer and skin cancer prevention counseling. The intervention is feasible to administer and is acceptable to nurse practitioners.
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Molecular Analysis of Non-Melanoma Skin CancerCarless, Melanie, n/a January 2004 (has links)
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer in the world with a lifetime risk for development as high as 2 in 3 in Queensland, Australia. Mortality is quite low, representing an approximate 360 deaths in Australia annually but cost of treatment is extremely high, estimated at $232 million each year. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are the two most common forms of NMSC. Although BCC generally do not have the propensity to metastasise, they are highly invasive and can be locally destructive. SCC on the other hand is invasive and has metastatic potential. SCC is generally derived from a precursor lesion, solar keratosis (SK), which is also considered to be a biomarker of BCC, SCC and malignant melanoma. According to one theory, SKs actually represent the first recognisable stage of SCC development and therefore may be indicative of the earliest stage of NMSC development. In addition to these common forms of NMSC, rarer forms such as keratoacanthoma (KA), which spontaneously regress, and SCC in situ, which rarely become invasive, may provide clues into protective mechanisms associated with prevention of development. Like all other cancers, NMSC arises from an accumulation of genetic abnormalities that result in severe cellular dysfunction. A number of genes have been proposed in the development of NMSC, including p53, CDKN2a, Bcl-2 and the Ras family of genes, which are typically associated with proliferative and differentiation processes. Also, a number of genetic disorders that predispose individuals to NMSC have also been identified. Genetic abnormalities in these genes may be a result of somatic mutations that may be promoted by environmental carcinogens. For NMSC, ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the primary environmental stimulus that acts upon skin to generate mutations. UV effects are 2-fold; the first being direct damage produced by UVB radiation and the second being indirect damage as a result of UVA-induced oxidative stress. In addition to mutations of genes that directly result in carcinogenesis, polymorphic variants of genes may also play a role in susceptibility to NMSC. These susceptibility genes may have immunogenic, detoxifying or transcriptional roles that could be involved in increased mutagenesis or activation of cancer causing genes. The purpose of this study was ultimately to identify further molecular based mechanisms associated with the development of non-melanoma skin cancer. Initially, this study aimed to examine the effects of aberrant chromosomal regions on NMSC development and also to identify candidate genes within these regions that may be implicated in the development and progression of NMSC. Also, based on chromosomal and functional implications, a number of candidate genes were assessed using association analysis to determine their involvement in susceptibility to the earliest stages of NMSC development. Implicated susceptibility genes were then further investigated to determine their response to UV radiation. Therefore the methodological approach of these studies was based on three broad technical applications of cytogenetic, association and expression analyses. Previous comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) studies implicated the 18q chromosomal region in progression of SK to SCC and this region was therefore suspected of harbouring one or more tumour suppressor genes that were associated with a more malignant phenotype. Following on from this analysis, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis was used for further delineation of this region and possibly to implicate candidate genes involved in progression. Additionally, CGH was used to investigate keratoacanthoma to determine aberrant regions that might be involved in progression and also regression of this NMSC. Genes that had potential functional roles in NMSC development and that were located in or near regions implicated by these cytogenetic analyses were further investigated using association analysis. Association analysis was performed using polymerase chain reaction and subsequent restriction enzyme digestion or GeneScan analysis to determine genotype and allele frequencies in an SK affected versus control population for polymorphisms within a number of candidate genes. This population was carefully phenotyped so that not only genotypic factors could be analysed but also their interaction with a number of phenotypic and environmental risk factors. Genes with polymorphisms that did show association with solar keratosis development were then examined functionally. Specifically, gene expression analysis was undertaken to investigate their response to UV radiation. Both UVA only and combined UVA/UVB treatments were used for short term irradiation and also for long term irradiation with recovery to determine differential effects of UV range and dose in human skin. Relative mRNA expression analysis of these genes was performed using quantitative real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to determine if UV radiation imposed gene expression changes in the skin. A combination of these methodologies provided a wide basis for investigation of NMSC. Cytogenetic, association and expression analyses all allow for the identification of molecular risk factors that cause or are associated with NMSC development and progression. These analyses provided diverse results that implicated various molecular mechanisms in the development of NMSC. Cytogenetic analysis is a powerful technique, especially for the identification of a broad range of aberrations throughout the genome. This study employed LOH analysis to investigate an implicated region involved in progression to SCC and to attempt identification of candidate genes that may be involved in this process. LOH analysis was successfully performed on 9 SCCs, 5 SCCs in situ and 2 SKs using 8 microsatellite markers within the 18q region. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify polymorphic regions of these markers and genotypic composition was determined for normal and cancerous tissue within the specimen. In heterozygote individuals, determined by analysis of normal tissue, the cancerous tissue was examined to determine if alleles within the implicated region had been lost. However, after analysis of multiple different samples, there was no LOH detected in any of the samples examined for this analysis. This does not necessarily reject a role for 18q, or genes within this region, as the localisation of candidate tumour suppressor genes within a small region may indicate a tighter region of involvement than was expected. As such, a more targeted study may further delineate this region and implicate candidate genes in progression of SK to the more malignant phenotype of SCC. Further CGH analysis of keratoacanthoma was also undertaken to identify aberrations associated with development and also regression of this skin cancer. CGH was performed using universal amplification and nick translation to incorporate a fluorescent dye. Differentially labelled normal and tumour DNA were then competitively hybridised to a normal metaphase spread and fluorescence emission indicated either amplification or deletion of specific chromosomal regions. In total, 6 KA samples were analysed, with 2 samples each from evolving, matured and regressing stages of KA development. In general, regressing KAs appeared to be more highly associated with deleted regions than evolving and matured KAs. Specifically, the 15q chromosomal region that was deleted in regressing KAs but amplified in evolving or matured KAs, may be significantly involved in the process of KA regression. Also various candidate genes that were being considered for analysis were located in or near some of these implicated regions, including GSTM1, GSTP1 and SSTR2. As such, these candidate genes were targeted for further investigation. A number of susceptibility genes that were located in or near aberrant regions implicated in NMSC development were investigated using association analysis. These genes included members of the somatostatin receptor family (SSTR1 and SSTR2), members of the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) family (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTZ1) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Studies detected a number of interesting interactions between genetic, environmental and phenotypic factors in the development of the early stages of non-melanoma skin cancer. Additionally, genes implicated in NMSC development were further investigated using expression analysis to determine response to UV radiation. Association analysis was initially performed on members of the somatostatin receptor family. Somatostatin is a growth inhibiting factor, amongst other things, that mediates its actions through the somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). The presence of these receptors (SSTR1-5) in tumour cells indicates a potential for somatostatin to bind and suppress growth, as well as allowing for therapeutic treatment with somatostatin analogues. Additionally, expression of these receptors in normal tissue, including skin, should allow for potential protection against tumour growth. The genes for SSTR1 and SSTR2 have been shown to contain dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms, and although these polymorphisms may not directly result in altered expression or binding potential, they may be linked to another functional polymorphism that does. Using association analysis the SSTR1 and SSTR2 genes were investigated to determine whether they play a role in the development of solar keratosis. Results showed that there were no significant differences between SSTR1 and SSTR2 polymorphism frequencies in the tested solar keratosis population (P = 0.10 and P = 0.883, respectively) as compared to an unaffected population. Hence, these studies do not support a role for the SSTR1 or SSTR2 genes in solar keratosis development. Further association analysis and subsequent expression analysis was also performed on members of the glutathione-S-transferase family. The GST enzymes play a role in the detoxification of a number of carcinogens and mutagens, including those produced by UV-induced oxidative stress. This study examined the role of GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTZ1 gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to SK development. Association analysis was performed to detect allele and genotype frequency differences in SK affected and control populations using PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. No significant differences were detected in GSTP1 and GSTZ1 allele or genotype frequencies, however polymorphisms within both genes were found to be in linkage disequilibrium, as previously reported, and a new allelic variant of the GSTZ1 gene was identified. Significant associations between GSTM1 (P = 0.003) and GSTT1 (P = 0.039) genotypes and SK development were detected, with the null variants of both genes conferring an approximate 2-fold increase in risk for solar keratosis development (OR: 2.1; CI: 1.3-3.5 and OR: 2.3; CI: 1.0-5.0 for GSTM1 and GSTT1, respectively). For the GSTM1 gene, this risk was significantly higher in conjunction with high outdoor exposure (OR: 3.4; CI: 1.9-6.3) and although the GSTT1 gene showed a similar trend (OR: 2.9; CI: 1.1-7.7), this did not reach significance. The increased risk of SK development associated with these genes is likely due to a decreased ability of the skin to detoxify mutagenic compounds produced by UV-induced oxidative stress, and hence a decreased ability to protect against carcinogenesis. Implication of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null variants in solar keratosis development prompted interest in analysis of gene expression changes in response to UV radiation. Due to the high homology of the GSTM1 gene with other GSTM genes, and therefore potential issues with primer specificity, the GSTT1 gene was focussed on for the expression studies. Real time reverse transcription PCR, incorporating SYBR green fluorescence and 18S as a comparative gene, was used to study GSTT1 gene expression changes in response to both UVA and combined UVA/UVB radiation. It was found that only short term UV radiation had an effect on GSTT1 expression changes, whereas no alteration of gene expression was seen after 4 and 12 hours of recovery from long term irradiation between irradiated and matched non-irradiated skin samples. This indicated that changes in gene expression for the GSTT1 gene apparently occur relatively quickly after exposure to UV radiation. Analysis of both UVA only and combined UVA/UVB short term irradiation indicated that an initial decrease in expression, followed by an increase was likely to represent translation into protein and subsequent transcription of mRNA, and in some cases a second decrease indicated further translation. Hence, it appears as though UV radiation does have a significant effect on the expression of at least one GST gene, and that UV radiation in combination with genetic variation of these genes may play a role in the development of NMSC. Finally, association and subsequent expression analysis was also performed on the vitamin D receptor. The hormonal form of vitamin D, 1a25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, has been shown to have numerous cancer-related effects, including antiproliferative, differentiation, proapoptotic and antiangiogenic effects. These effects are mediated through the binding of 1a25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 to the vitamin D receptor and subsequent transcriptional pathways. Polymorphisms within the VDR are known to regulate its transcription and therefore expression, which is linked to the ability of 1a25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 to bind. Association analysis of a 5 initiation codon variant (Fok I) and two 3 variants (Apa I and Taq I) was performed in SK affected and control populations. Although the Fok I variant showed no association with SK development, both the Apa I and Taq I variants were found to be associated with SK development (P = 0.043 and P = 0.012, respectively). In particular, the Aa and Tt genotypes were associated with increased risk of SK. These results were however more complicated, as shown by further analysis. This showed that genotypes containing at least one allele that conferred decreased VDR transcription (ie. AA/Aa and Tt/tt) increased risk of SK development by 2-fold in fair skinned individuals (OR: 2.1; CI: 1.2-3.7 and OR: 1.7; CI: 1.1-2.7 for Apa I and Taq I variants, respectively) but also found to decrease the risk of SK development by 2-fold in medium skinned individuals (OR: 0.5; CI: 0.3-1.0 for Apa I variants). Additionally, genotypes containing 2 alleles conferring decreased transcription of the VDR gene were found to further increase the risk for SK development in fair skinned individuals (OR: 2.5; CI: 1.4-4.5 and OR: 2.4; CI: 1.2-5.0 for Apa I and Taq I variants, respectively), indicating a possible additive effect for the alleles. The highly differential association of the VDR gene polymorphisms amongst phenotypes may reflect a combination between the ability of an individual to synthesise 1a25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 with the binding availability of the VDR. To further investigate the role of VDR in NMSC, expression analysis of the VDR gene was undertaken using real time reverse transcription PCR, with SYBR green fluorescence and 18S as a comparative gene, to examine expression pattern changes associated with UV radiation. It was found that short term irradiation, as well as long term irradiation and recovery were associated with gene expression changes. Short term irradiation resulted in patterns indicative of translation and subsequent transcription, whereas long term irradiated samples resulted in reduction of VDR expression that was recovered after an extended period of time. Thus, VDR expression is clearly influenced by UV exposure. It would be very interesting to see more specifically if particular VDR genotypes, which appear to play a role in NMSC risk, also are affected differentially by UV exposure. It is possible that VDR expression is reduced to limit excessive binding of 1a25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, although since both UVA and UVB radiation affect VDR expression, this may not be mediated the effect of 1a25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 but rather a different pathway resulting from a general UV response. In summary, the detection of a number of susceptibility genes involved in SK development and their subsequent expression analysis in response to UV radiation has given further insight into the molecular changes associated with NMSC. In fact, both detoxification genes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) and a transcription related gene (VDR), were found to confer susceptibility to solar keratosis, an early stage skin lesion with tumourigenic potential. This suggests that even the earliest stages of skin cancer are mediated through a wide range of effects. Additionally, expression changes related to these genes indicate that they are associated with the well known environmental carcinogen of UV radiation and that their effects may be mediated through a wide range of pathways. Although implication of the 18q region in SCC progression was not confirmed in this study, it is still likely to play a role in malignant transformation. The implication of this region, as well as the implication of susceptibility genes has vastly increased knowledge into processes associated with NMSC. Although additional analysis can confirm and further implicate these molecular alterations, this study has resulted in a more comprehensive understanding of NMSC that may ultimately be of benefit in terms of prognosis and treatment.
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Knowledge and reported behaviour of South Australian adults regarding sun protectionTaylor, Anne, 1950- January 1996 (has links) (PDF)
Includes tables and graphs. Includes bibliographic references : p 160-168.
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Sun protection during outdoor activities in summer and winter in a Queensland communityLang, Carolyn Ann Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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Sun protection during outdoor activities in summer and winter in a Queensland communityLang, Carolyn Ann Unknown Date (has links)
No description available.
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Nurse Practitioner Student Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Skin Cancer AssessmentsWoodmansee, Ryan 01 January 2017 (has links)
Background: Skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer each year in the United States. With skin cancer and the demand for nurse practitioners (NPs) in primary care both on the rise, an accurate assessment of how well NP students are being prepared to perform skin cancer assessments is needed. Patient outcomes are directly linked to early detection and treatment which is essential for all types of skin cancer, especially melanoma. Nurse Practitioners need to be able to recognize the early stages of malignancy versus benign skin lesions and perform accurate skin examinations. The ability to assess practitioners’ knowledge while they are still students will give us a better understanding of how well they are being prepared to perform skin cancer assessments in primary practice. This information will inform educators where improvement in skin cancer education is needed.
Methodology: Following IRB approval, nurse practitioner students enrolled in a gerontology course fall 2016 were invited to participate in this exploratory, descriptive study. Twenty NP students completed the Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice of Skin Cancer Assessments (KAP-SCA) survey. The survey has 80 questions about lesion identification, knowledge of general skin facts, education in NP Program, and knowledge, attitudes, and confidence levels during skin care assessments. Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to analyze demographics. Total scores and subscale scores for the KAP-SCA instrument were examined with descriptive statistics. Spearman’s Rho statistics were used for correlations among knowledge, attitude, training and practice.
Results: The typical NP student was female, age 31 years and enrolled in the family nurse practitioner program at UCF. The majority of NP students had an average knowledge score for general skin cancer knowledge and photo lesion identification questions. However, the majority (70%) of NP students did not agree that the dermatology training they received in their NP program prepared them for practice.
Discussion: Most NP students do not feel confident performing skin cancer assessments and basic dermatology procedures upon graduation. Most NP students had a difficult time differentiating between benign and malignant lesions, and would refer the patient to a specialist due to their lack of knowledge or confidence in diagnosis.
Conclusions: Information obtained from the KAP-SCA survey demonstrated that the majority of NP students lacked confidence performing skin cancer assessments and had difficulty recognizing if a lesion was benign or malignant. This information can be helpful in informing educators on where improvement in skin cancer education is needed in NP programs.
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Prioritizing Diseases, Disorders and Disabilities and the Relative Importance of Skin Cancer: A Public Health Faculty SurveySandwich, James Thomas, MD 13 May 2016 (has links)
ABSTRACT
Prioritizing Diseases, Disorders and Disabilities and the Relative Importance of Skin Cancer: A Public Health Faculty Survey
By
James Thomas Sandwich, MD
April 21, 2016
INTRODUCTION: Academic faculty in public health have diverse career interests and occupy positions of considerable influence. They play an important role in setting curriculum and training the future public health workforce. However, there is little published scholarly information regarding which public health diseases, disorders, and disabilities are most important to them. Skin cancer is a major public health problem that has been declared an epidemic.
AIM: The Aim of this study is to discover which public health disorders are of highest concern and to determine the relative priority of skin cancer to public health faculty.
METHODS: The primary design of the study was that of a non-experimental opinion based survey. Subjects were faculty members of national academic, public health programs. To obtain the broadest distribution, primary and secondary faculty as defined by the ASPPH were included. A 19 question survey document was administered electronically through Qualtrics. There were 15 questions on the importance of specific disorders and five questions on skin cancer. Responses were categorized ranked and compared.
RESULTS: Obesity ranked the highest among all concerns with cardiovascular disease and cancer also receiving high priority. Cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease led in secondary outcomes. Tertiary outcomes were nearly evenly split between cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mental health. Priorities varied by regions, age, gender and race. The majority placed skin cancer in the second quartile of importance and believed it to be appropriately ranked.
CONCLUSION: Public health faculty prioritize disorders similarly in spite of diverse interests with minor differences across regions and demographics. National Funding as a proxy for importance does not cleanly align with faculty priorities. Public health faculty express familiarity with skin cancer, however, do not generally considered it of highest priority compared to other disorders. Increased faculty emphasis on interventions that prevent skin cancer may improve awareness and reduce negative sequela.
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Spectral diagnosis of skin cancerRajaram, Narasimhan 17 September 2010 (has links)
The number of skin cancer cases reported in the United States is increasing every year and nearly equals the total cancer cases detected from every other part of the body. Current detection strategies of skin cancers include a visual examination followed by a tissue biopsy. This procedure is subjective, invasive and time-consuming. Therefore, considering the number of cancer cases reported and the number biopsies performed, there is a critical need for a non-invasive diagnostic aid to help clinicians reduce the significantly large numbers of unnecessary biopsies.
This dissertation presents a quantitative method based on optical spectroscopy for performing a non-invasive ‘optical biopsy’ of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. We have developed the hardware, software and optical algorithms necessary to implement such a device. First, we present a novel lookup table-based model for determining the optical properties of tissue that is valid for fiber-based probe geometries with close source-detector separations and in highly absorbing tissue. These optical properties are quantitative parameters that can be correlated with the physiology of tissue. Second, we present experimental validation of the effects of microvasculature pigment packaging on diffuse reflectance spectra. We have conducted experiments using microfluidic devices over a physiologically relevant range of optical properties and blood vessel sizes. Third, we present the development of a probe-based portable and clinically compatible instrument capable of in vivo spectral measurements. The instrument combines two modalities – diffuse reflectance and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy – to provide complementary information regarding tissue morphology, function and biochemical composition.
Finally, we present the results of a pilot clinical study using our portable instrument to determine the accuracy of spectral diagnosis of non-melanoma skin cancers. Our results show that the mean optical properties and fluorophore contributions of normal skin and non-melanoma skin cancers are significantly different from each other and can potentially be used as biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis of skin cancer. / text
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