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Sleep-wake Behaviour in Rats: The Link between Ultradian Rhythms and Sleep HomeostasisLim, Joonbum 04 December 2013 (has links)
The underlying mechanism for the origin of ultradian rhythms is not clearly understood at present. Based on a recent study from our laboratory, we have conceptualized a model for the origin of quasiperiodic ultradian rhythms in sleep-wake state. This model hypothesizes that the ultradian rhythms of sleep-wake state may be generated by a mechanism that includes the sleep-wake homeostat. The main purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that sleep homeostasis and sleep-wake ultradian rhythms share a common underlying mechanism. The present study has refuted that hypothesis. I conclude that: (1) the proposed model for the generation of quasiperiodic ultradian rhythms in sleep-wake state in mammals is overly simplistic in its present form, (2) the generation of ultradian rhythms in sleep-wake state probably arise from a more complex systemic interactions between the sleep-wake oscillatory network and other internal/external inputs, rather than the simple expression of sleep homeostat.
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Sleep-wake Behaviour in Rats: The Link between Ultradian Rhythms and Sleep HomeostasisLim, Joonbum 04 December 2013 (has links)
The underlying mechanism for the origin of ultradian rhythms is not clearly understood at present. Based on a recent study from our laboratory, we have conceptualized a model for the origin of quasiperiodic ultradian rhythms in sleep-wake state. This model hypothesizes that the ultradian rhythms of sleep-wake state may be generated by a mechanism that includes the sleep-wake homeostat. The main purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that sleep homeostasis and sleep-wake ultradian rhythms share a common underlying mechanism. The present study has refuted that hypothesis. I conclude that: (1) the proposed model for the generation of quasiperiodic ultradian rhythms in sleep-wake state in mammals is overly simplistic in its present form, (2) the generation of ultradian rhythms in sleep-wake state probably arise from a more complex systemic interactions between the sleep-wake oscillatory network and other internal/external inputs, rather than the simple expression of sleep homeostat.
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Neuroligin-1 Links Neuronal Activity to Sleep-Wake RegulationEl Helou, Janine, Beĺanger-Nelson, Erika, Freyburger, Marlène, Dorsaz, Stéphane, Curie, Thomas, La Spada, Francesco, Gaudreault, Pierre Olivier, Beaumont, Éric, Pouliot, Philippe, Lesage, Fréd́eric, Frank, Marcos G., Franken, Paul, Mongrain, Valeŕie 11 June 2013 (has links)
Maintaining wakefulness is associated with a progressive increase in the need for sleep. This phenomenon has been linked to changes in synaptic function. The synaptic adhesion molecule Neuroligin-1 (NLG1) controls the activity and synaptic localization of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, which activity is impaired by prolonged wakefulness. We here highlight that this pathway may underlie both the adverse effects of sleep loss on cognition and the subsequent changes in cortical synchrony. We found that the expression of specific Nlg1 transcript variants is changed by sleep deprivation in three mouse strains. These observations were associated with strain-specific changes in synaptic NLG1 protein content. Importantly, we showed that Nlg1 knockout mice are not able to sustain wakefulness and spend more time in nonrapid eye movement sleep than wild-type mice. These changes occurred with modifications in waking quality as exemplified by low theta/alpha activity during wakefulness and poor preference for social novelty, as well as altered delta synchrony during sleep. Finally, we identified a transcriptional pathway that could underlie the sleep/wake-dependent changes in Nlg1 expression and that involves clock transcription factors. We thus suggest that NLG1 is an element that contributes to the coupling of neuronal activity to sleep/wake regulation.
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Neuroligin-1 Links Neuronal Activity to Sleep-Wake RegulationEl Helou, Janine, Beĺanger-Nelson, Erika, Freyburger, Marlène, Dorsaz, Stéphane, Curie, Thomas, La Spada, Francesco, Gaudreault, Pierre Olivier, Beaumont, Éric, Pouliot, Philippe, Lesage, Fréd́eric, Frank, Marcos G., Franken, Paul, Mongrain, Valeŕie 11 June 2013 (has links)
Maintaining wakefulness is associated with a progressive increase in the need for sleep. This phenomenon has been linked to changes in synaptic function. The synaptic adhesion molecule Neuroligin-1 (NLG1) controls the activity and synaptic localization of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, which activity is impaired by prolonged wakefulness. We here highlight that this pathway may underlie both the adverse effects of sleep loss on cognition and the subsequent changes in cortical synchrony. We found that the expression of specific Nlg1 transcript variants is changed by sleep deprivation in three mouse strains. These observations were associated with strain-specific changes in synaptic NLG1 protein content. Importantly, we showed that Nlg1 knockout mice are not able to sustain wakefulness and spend more time in nonrapid eye movement sleep than wild-type mice. These changes occurred with modifications in waking quality as exemplified by low theta/alpha activity during wakefulness and poor preference for social novelty, as well as altered delta synchrony during sleep. Finally, we identified a transcriptional pathway that could underlie the sleep/wake-dependent changes in Nlg1 expression and that involves clock transcription factors. We thus suggest that NLG1 is an element that contributes to the coupling of neuronal activity to sleep/wake regulation.
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The role of astroglial connexin 30 in sleep homeostasis / Rôle de la connexine 30 astrocytaire dans la régulation du cycle veille-sommeilLiu, Xinhe 23 September 2014 (has links)
Une propriété des astrocytes réside dans leur organisation en réseaux grâce à la présence de jonctions communicantes (CJ) composées par les connexines (Cxs) 43 et 30. A partir de l’observation indiquant que les ARN messagers codant pour la Cx30, mais pas ceux pour la Cx43, sont augmentés suite à une privation de sommeil (PDS), l’objectif de ma thèse a été de déterminer si et comment la Cx30 est impliquée dans la régulation du cycle veille-sommeil. D'abord, mon travail a consisté à analyser les effets de molécules qui perturbent veille-sommeil sur CJ astrocytaire étudiée dans des tranches aigues de cortex de souris. J’ai observé que le modafinil, un psychostimulant, augmentent la CJ. Par contre le GHB (acide γ-Hydroxybutyric), un agent qui induit le sommeil, et deux anesthésiques généraux, le propofol et la kétamine, ont des effets opposés. Ces résultats suggèrent que les réseaux astrocytaires sont régulés de manière différentielle par des drogues qui perturbent veille-sommeil. Et ensuite, ma thèse a consisté à étudier le rôle de la Cx30 en utilisant des souris dont le gène codant pour cette Cx a été invalidé (Cx30 KO). Les Cx30 KOs présentent un déficit dans le maintien de l’éveil lors d’épisodes de forte pression de sommeil: Cx30 KO présentent une augmentation du sommeil à ondes lentes pendant une PDS et elles requièrent un plus grand nombre de stimuli pour rester éveillée lors d’une PDS «douce». Afin d’identifier les causes de ce déficit nous avons observé que: 1) le CJ est augmenté après une PDS et cette augmentation ne s’observe que lorsque la Cx30 est présente 2) le niveau d’expression des ARN messagers de 7 gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme énergétique cérébral est diminué dans plusieurs régions du cerveau chez Cx30 KO. En résumé, ces résultats suggèrent que la Cx30 joue un rôle important dans la régulation du veille-sommeil, probablement en contribuant à la fonction métabolique des astrocytes, ceci afin de répondre à une demande énergétique accrue lors de situations de forte pression de sommeil. / Astrocytes are organized in networks via gap junction channels constituted by connexin (Cx) 30 and Cx43. Since we observed that the mRNA expression of Cx30, but not Cx43, was enhanced after sleep deprivations (SD) in the mouse cortex and hippocampus, the goal of my thesis was to investigate whether and how Cx30 is involved in sleep homeostasis. First, I investigated the effects of sleep/wake-affecting molecules on gap junctional communication (GJC) of astrocytes in acute slices of the mouse cortex. We found that modafinil, a wakefulness-promoting drug, enhanced astroglial GJC, whereas γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), a sleep-promoting agent, and two general anesthetics, propofol and ketamine, decreased GJC, suggesting that astroglial networks are bidirectionally regulated by sleep/wake-affecting drugs. Then I addressed the role of Cx30 using Cx30 knockout (KO) mice. Compared to wild type (WT) mice, Cx30 KO exhibited a deficit in maintaining wakefulness during periods of high sleep pressure: they needed more stimuli to be maintained awake during gentle SD and they exhibited an increase in slow wave sleep during instrumental SD. To probe the possible causes of the phenotype, we found that: 1) astroglial GJC was enhanced in WT mice after SD, and such enhancement depended on both neuronal activity and the presence of Cx30; 2) mRNA levels of several genes involved in brain energy metabolism were decreased in multiple brain structures of the Cx30 KO. In summary, these results suggest that astroglial Cx30 plays an important role in sleep homeostasis, possibly by enhancing astroglial metabolic functions to fulfil the high energy demand during periods of elevated sleep pressure.
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Les ondes en sommeil lent au cours du vieillissement normal : marqueurs du processus homéostatique et de la cognitionLafortune, Marjolaine 04 1900 (has links)
Les ondes lentes (OL) et les fuseaux de sommeil (FS) caractérisent le sommeil lent. Ces ondes sont particulièrement vulnérables aux effets du vieillissement, et ce, dès le milieu de l’âge adulte. La signification fonctionnelle de ces changements demeure toutefois inconnue. Les OL constituent des marqueurs sensibles de la pression homéostatique au sommeil qui augmente avec la durée de l’éveil et qui diminue avec la durée de sommeil. L’hypothèse que les changements des OL puissent refléter une altération de la régulation homéostatique demeure toujours matière à débat dans la littérature. D’autre part, les FS et les OL ont tous deux été associés à la plasticité cérébrale et à la cognition. La correspondance entre les ondes en sommeil lent et le fonctionnement cognitif au cours du vieillissement normal demeure peu étudiée et les résultats sont inconsistants. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer comment l’âge affecte la réponse homéostatique des OL et d’évaluer l’association entre les caractéristiques des ondes en sommeil lent et les performances cognitives chez des personnes d’âge moyen et âgées. La première étude a évalué l’effet de 25 heures d’éveil sur les OL durant un épisode de sommeil de récupération diurne chez de jeunes adultes et des personnes d’âge moyen. Comparativement aux jeunes, les personnes d’âge moyen ont montré une augmentation atténuée de la densité des OL après la privation de sommeil. Elles ont également montré une augmentation plus faible de la synchronisation neuronale durant une OL dans les régions frontales et préfrontales, mesurée par l’amplitude et la pente des OL. La deuxième étude a évalué le lien prédictif des OL, des FS et de l’architecture du sommeil sur les performances à des tests neuropsychologiques mesurant les capacités attentionnelles, les fonctions exécutives et les capacités d’apprentissage verbal chez des participants d’âge moyen et âgés en bonne santé. Seule la fluence verbale était associée à la densité et à la pente des OL. Les OL ne semblent donc pas constituer un marqueur stable du fonctionnement cognitif. Comparativement aux OL, les caractéristiques des FS étaient associées de façon plus systématique aux performances cognitives et plus particulièrement aux capacités d’apprentissage et aux fonctions attentionnelles.
Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse suggère que l’augmentation plus faible de la synchronisation neuronale dans les régions antérieures après une privation de sommeil est expliquée par une plasticité synaptique réduite chez les personnes d’âge moyen comparativement aux jeunes. Par ailleurs, la capacité à générer une activité neuronale synchronisée, mesurée par les OL, ne prédit ni la capacité à maintenir le sommeil durant le jour, ni les fonctions cognitives de façon consistante. Les FS, quant à eux, représentent un meilleur marqueur du fonctionnement cognitif au cours du vieillissement normal. Les FS pourraient refléter une meilleure intégrité anatomique/physiologique des réseaux neuronaux impliqués dans les capacités attentionnelles et d’apprentissage. / Slow waves (SW) and spindles are hallmarks of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Both types of oscillations are particularly vulnerable to the effects of aging as early as middle-age. However, the functional significance of these changes is still unknown. SW are sensitive markers of homeostatic sleep pressure which increases with the duration of wakefulness and decreases with sleep duration. The hypothesis that changes in SW may reflect impaired homeostatic regulation is still a matter of debate in the literature. Furthermore, spindles and SW are both associated with brain plasticity and cognition. Few studies have evaluated the correspondence between NREM sleep oscillations and cognitive functioning in normal aging and the results are inconsistent. The objective of this thesis is to determine how age affects the homeostatic response of SW and to evaluate the association between characteristics of NREM sleep oscillations and cognitive performance in middle-aged and elderly participants. The first study evaluated the impact of 25-hours of wakefulness on SW during daytime recovery sleep in young adults and middle-aged participants. Compared to young adults, middle-aged participants showed lower SW density rebound after sleep deprivation. They also showed reduced enhancement of neuronal synchronization in frontal and prefrontal areas, measured by the SW slope and amplitude. The second study evaluated whether spindles, SW and sleep architecture during baseline sleep predict performance in neuropsychological tests measuring attentional capacities, executive functions and verbal learning among healthy middle-aged and older participants. Only verbal fluency was associated with SW density and SW slope. Thus, SW characteristics do not appear to be a stable marker of cognitive functioning. Compared to SW, spindle characteristics were associated more systematically with cognitive performances and especially with learning abilities and attentional functions.
Taken as a whole, this thesis suggests that the lower enhancement of neuronal synchronization in anterior brain regions after sleep deprivation is explained by a reduced synaptic plasticity in middle-aged participants compared to young participants. However, the ability to generate synchronized neuronal activity, as measured by the SW, does not predict the ability to maintain sleep during the day nor cognitive performances consistently. Spindles, in turn, represent a more robust marker of cognitive functioning during normal aging. Spindles may reflect better anatomical/physiological integrity of the neural networks involved in attentional and learning abilities.
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以睡眠腦波的頻譜分析探討原發性失眠患者入睡過程中的生理激發狀態 / Physiological arousal during sleep onset period in primary insomnia as measured by EEG power spectrum analysis黃彥霖, Huang, Yen Lin Unknown Date (has links)
研究目的:失眠已是臨床上常見的健康抱怨之一,而近年來在探討原發性失眠的病因理論上,又以失眠患者的過度激發(hyperarousal)有較多的實徵研究支持。主要的理論之一為Perlis等人提出的「失眠神經認知模式」,該模式認為失眠患者的睡眠問題乃肇因於其在睡眠時內在的認知運作仍處於過度活躍狀態。後續相關研究透過腦波頻譜分析發現,原發性失眠患者不論在靠近入睡開始或NREM睡眠,都較一般正常睡眠者有增加的高頻腦波活動與減少的低頻腦波活動,顯示失眠患者確實有較高的生理激發狀態與較低的睡眠恆定趨力。而臨床上,失眠患者最常見的主觀抱怨為入睡困難,故本研究希望透過原發性失眠患者在睡眠中的腦波頻譜分析,以探討失眠患者在入睡歷程的生理激發狀態與睡眠恆定趨力的變化,並進一步探討失眠患者睡前主觀激發狀態感受與客觀生理激發測量之相關性。
研究方法:本研究的原發性失眠組共30人(男10人,女20人,平均年齡為36.7歲),正常睡眠者(控制組)共25人(男8人,女17人,平均年齡為34.8歲)。參與者需至睡眠實驗室進行一晚的多頻道睡眠檢查(PSG),以作為睡眠相關呼吸疾患與睡眠相關運動疾患之篩檢,並以入睡前5分鐘至入睡後15分鐘(共20分鐘)所記錄之腦電波(EEG)作為後續腦波頻譜分析之用。另外,參與者須在睡前填寫睡前激發量表(PSAS),以評估參與者在睡前的主觀激發狀態感受。
研究結果:在睡前主觀激發狀態評估中,原發性失眠患者不論在生理激發或認知激發主觀感受上,皆顯著高於一般正常睡眠者(F = 23.950,p < .001;F = 64.235,p < .001)。在PSG記錄的睡眠相關參數上,則顯示失眠患者有較多的入睡後醒來總時數(F = 5.510,p = .023)、較少的階段二睡眠時間與比例(F = 7.088,p = .010;F = 32.616,p < .001)、較少的REM睡眠比例(F = 4.810,p = .033),以及較差的睡眠效率(F = 8.685,p = .005)。在入睡歷程的腦波頻譜分析上,結果顯示失眠患者在睡醒的過渡期有較高的Alpha波功率,在進到睡眠後則有較低的Delta波功率,並且在整個入睡歷程中則是有較高的Theta波功率與Beta波功率。進一步比較兩組在入睡歷程腦波頻譜波段的上升與下降速度,結果顯示失眠患者在入睡歷程中,不論是睡眠恆定趨力上升的速度或生理激發下降的速度,皆顯著較一般正常睡眠者慢。另外,主觀認知激發狀態感受與入睡後的Delta波呈現顯著正相關;而與Theta波的相關上,則主要在入睡過渡階段有顯著正相關;Alpha波則僅與入睡歷程最後階段有顯著負相關;在與Beta波相關上,則從入睡過渡階段到入睡後皆有顯著負相關。主觀生理激發狀態感受則僅有與入睡過渡階段的Theta波有顯著正相關。
結論:本研究發現原發性失眠患者在入睡歷程中,不論在睡眠恆定趨力的上升速度或生理激發的下降速度上,皆明顯較正常睡眠者慢,雖生理激發狀態仍會隨著時間而有所降低,但卻仍維持較一般正常睡眠者高;睡眠趨力雖亦會有所增加,卻較一般正常睡眠者難以發揮較佳的作用,而可能造成失眠患者在入睡歷程中需花費更長的時間才能入睡,且進入睡眠後,仍維持較高的生理激發狀態與睡眠趨力發揮較差,進而可能導致失眠患者較淺眠或難以維持睡眠等問題。 / Introduction:Insomnia is a common healthy complain. The neurocognitive perspective of hyperarousal model of insomnia, as proposed by Perlis(1997), hypothesized that the sleep difficulties in insomniacs may result from enhanced information processing around sleep onset and during sleep. Supporting evidences were primarily from the findings that insomnia patients have increased high frequency EEG activity and decreased low frequency EEG activity during sleep, indicating insomniacs in general have higher physical arousal and lower sleep homeostasis. This study further aims to explore arousal level and sleep homeostasis during the period of sleep onset by comparing the level and change of EEG spectrum in primary insomnia patients and normal control subjects during the process of sleep onset.
Methods:30 patients with primary insomnia (10 men, 20women, mean age of 36.7years) and 25 normal sleepers (8 men, 17women, mean age of 34.8years) underwent one night of PSG recording in a sleep laboratory to screening sleep-related breathing disorders and sleep-related movement disorders. They also completed the Pre-sleep Arousal Scale (PSAS) before bedtime. EEG spectrum analyses were conducted for the EEG data collected during the 5 minutes prior to sleep onset and the 15 minutes after.
Results:Subjective ratings of both pre-sleep cognitive and somatic arousal were significantly higher in insomnia group (F = 23.950, p < .001; F = 64.235, p < .001) than control group. More WASO (F = 5.510, p = .023), less time and percentage of stage 2 sleep (F = 7.088, p = .010; F = 32.616, p < .001), less percentage of REM sleep (F = 4.810, p = .033), and poor sleep efficiency (F = 8.685, p = .005) were showed in PSG. The EEG spectrum during sleep-onset period showed that insomniacs had higher alpha power in the sleep-wake transition, lower delta power after falling asleep, and higher theta and beta power during sleep-onset period. In terms of the slope of EEG specrtrum change during the period of sleep onset, insomniacs had slower change than normal sleepers in increasing of sleep homeostasis and decreasing of physical arousal. In addition, the correlations between PSAS score and EEG power, cognitive arousal and delta power after falling asleep and theta power in sleep-onset process showed significant positive correlation. Alpha power in the later part of sleep-onset period and beta power around sleep-wake trainsition, on the other hand, showed negative correlations with cognitive arousal. Physcial arousal only showed positive correlation to theta power in sleep-wake trainsition.
Conclusions:Patients with primary insomnia showed significantly less and slower increase in sleep homeostatic drive as well as less and slower decrease in EEG arousal during sleep-onset period. Although EEG arousal did showed gradually decreased by time, it still maintianed higher than normal sleepers. Sleep homeostasis did also increase, but may be interfered by the hyperarousal. This may explain the complaints in insomnia patients of difficulty falling asleep, difficulty maintaining sleep, and light sleep.
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Les ondes en sommeil lent au cours du vieillissement normal : marqueurs du processus homéostatique et de la cognitionLafortune, Marjolaine 04 1900 (has links)
Les ondes lentes (OL) et les fuseaux de sommeil (FS) caractérisent le sommeil lent. Ces ondes sont particulièrement vulnérables aux effets du vieillissement, et ce, dès le milieu de l’âge adulte. La signification fonctionnelle de ces changements demeure toutefois inconnue. Les OL constituent des marqueurs sensibles de la pression homéostatique au sommeil qui augmente avec la durée de l’éveil et qui diminue avec la durée de sommeil. L’hypothèse que les changements des OL puissent refléter une altération de la régulation homéostatique demeure toujours matière à débat dans la littérature. D’autre part, les FS et les OL ont tous deux été associés à la plasticité cérébrale et à la cognition. La correspondance entre les ondes en sommeil lent et le fonctionnement cognitif au cours du vieillissement normal demeure peu étudiée et les résultats sont inconsistants. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déterminer comment l’âge affecte la réponse homéostatique des OL et d’évaluer l’association entre les caractéristiques des ondes en sommeil lent et les performances cognitives chez des personnes d’âge moyen et âgées. La première étude a évalué l’effet de 25 heures d’éveil sur les OL durant un épisode de sommeil de récupération diurne chez de jeunes adultes et des personnes d’âge moyen. Comparativement aux jeunes, les personnes d’âge moyen ont montré une augmentation atténuée de la densité des OL après la privation de sommeil. Elles ont également montré une augmentation plus faible de la synchronisation neuronale durant une OL dans les régions frontales et préfrontales, mesurée par l’amplitude et la pente des OL. La deuxième étude a évalué le lien prédictif des OL, des FS et de l’architecture du sommeil sur les performances à des tests neuropsychologiques mesurant les capacités attentionnelles, les fonctions exécutives et les capacités d’apprentissage verbal chez des participants d’âge moyen et âgés en bonne santé. Seule la fluence verbale était associée à la densité et à la pente des OL. Les OL ne semblent donc pas constituer un marqueur stable du fonctionnement cognitif. Comparativement aux OL, les caractéristiques des FS étaient associées de façon plus systématique aux performances cognitives et plus particulièrement aux capacités d’apprentissage et aux fonctions attentionnelles.
Dans l’ensemble, cette thèse suggère que l’augmentation plus faible de la synchronisation neuronale dans les régions antérieures après une privation de sommeil est expliquée par une plasticité synaptique réduite chez les personnes d’âge moyen comparativement aux jeunes. Par ailleurs, la capacité à générer une activité neuronale synchronisée, mesurée par les OL, ne prédit ni la capacité à maintenir le sommeil durant le jour, ni les fonctions cognitives de façon consistante. Les FS, quant à eux, représentent un meilleur marqueur du fonctionnement cognitif au cours du vieillissement normal. Les FS pourraient refléter une meilleure intégrité anatomique/physiologique des réseaux neuronaux impliqués dans les capacités attentionnelles et d’apprentissage. / Slow waves (SW) and spindles are hallmarks of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Both types of oscillations are particularly vulnerable to the effects of aging as early as middle-age. However, the functional significance of these changes is still unknown. SW are sensitive markers of homeostatic sleep pressure which increases with the duration of wakefulness and decreases with sleep duration. The hypothesis that changes in SW may reflect impaired homeostatic regulation is still a matter of debate in the literature. Furthermore, spindles and SW are both associated with brain plasticity and cognition. Few studies have evaluated the correspondence between NREM sleep oscillations and cognitive functioning in normal aging and the results are inconsistent. The objective of this thesis is to determine how age affects the homeostatic response of SW and to evaluate the association between characteristics of NREM sleep oscillations and cognitive performance in middle-aged and elderly participants. The first study evaluated the impact of 25-hours of wakefulness on SW during daytime recovery sleep in young adults and middle-aged participants. Compared to young adults, middle-aged participants showed lower SW density rebound after sleep deprivation. They also showed reduced enhancement of neuronal synchronization in frontal and prefrontal areas, measured by the SW slope and amplitude. The second study evaluated whether spindles, SW and sleep architecture during baseline sleep predict performance in neuropsychological tests measuring attentional capacities, executive functions and verbal learning among healthy middle-aged and older participants. Only verbal fluency was associated with SW density and SW slope. Thus, SW characteristics do not appear to be a stable marker of cognitive functioning. Compared to SW, spindle characteristics were associated more systematically with cognitive performances and especially with learning abilities and attentional functions.
Taken as a whole, this thesis suggests that the lower enhancement of neuronal synchronization in anterior brain regions after sleep deprivation is explained by a reduced synaptic plasticity in middle-aged participants compared to young participants. However, the ability to generate synchronized neuronal activity, as measured by the SW, does not predict the ability to maintain sleep during the day nor cognitive performances consistently. Spindles, in turn, represent a more robust marker of cognitive functioning during normal aging. Spindles may reflect better anatomical/physiological integrity of the neural networks involved in attentional and learning abilities.
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