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This thesis was written for a Swedish valve manufacturer to find out in what temperature regimes it was possible to replace electroplated hard chromium with autocatalytic electroless nickel-phosphorus. In this work the dry sliding wear properties of electroplated hard chromium and autocatalytic electroless nickel-phosphorus(10% P) were compared. All tests and investigations were done by using available equipment at Karlstads University. The tests were made to find out how the wear of these coatings behaved at different temperatures, how different substrates influence the wear of these coatings and how the roughness of the substrate surface influence the wear properties of these coatings. The method used for the wear tests was block-on-ring with a counterformal contact mode. The tests were executed in room temperature, 300C and 400C; with a normal load of 100N, sliding speed was 150rpm and duration of the tests were 15 minutes. All tests were done in an argon gas atmosphere. The coatings was deposited onto the cylinders with a thickness of 30µm. The different substrates used were an austenitic stainless steel(1.4404) and an austenitic-ferritic(duplex) stainless steel(1.4460). Half of the austenitic cylinders had a machined surface and all the others(including duplex cylinders) were machined and grinded to achieve a smoother surface. The blocks used as countersurface were made out of austenitic-ferritic(duplex) stainless steel(1.4460). Equipment used to investigate the wear tracks were stereo microscopy, profilometer, microhardness tester and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The coatings were investigated in matter such as wear depth, wear mode, wear mechanism, chemical composition, topography, morphology, cross-section and hardness. The results of this work showed that the nickel coating wear tracks maximal depth were less deep than those of hard chrome, at room temperature. At elevated temperatures the performance varies. The coatings deposited onto cylinders made out of duplex stainless steel performed better than those deposited onto austenitic cylinders. The nickel coating performed better deposited onto the substrates with smooth surface and the chrome coating performed better deposited onto the substrates with rough surface

Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo dos mecanismos de desgaste de ferramentas utilizadas em processos de conformação a frio, como punções e matrizes. O texto se inicia por uma discussão que há na literatura a respeito do esfolamento (tradução da palavra galling) que é o principal ao mecanismo de desgaste encontrado na conformação a frio. Em seguida apresenta-se uma breve análise do desempenho tribológico de punções usados industrialmente em operações de estampagem. Tornos CNC foram utilizados para a realização de alguns ensaios de desgaste por deslizamento, sem repetição de trilha, com materiais normalmente utilizados em conformação a frio. Ferramentas de aço AISI M2 com e sem revestimentos por filmes finos de TiN e AlTiCrN foram deslizadas contra aços AISI 1045. Resultados de força de atrito e observações das superfícies via microscopia foram obtidos para qualificar as diferentes condições ensaiadas. Ambas as condições de ferramentas revestidas apresentaram desempenho tribológico superior à ferramenta sem revestimento e uma inversão de desempenho foi observada entre as ferramentas revestidas: a ferramenta revestida com o filme de AlTiCrN apresentou um melhor desempenho quando a situação de ensaio foi mais branda. Quando os esforços foram mais severos, o melhor desempenho foi obtido com o revestimento de TiN. A essa inversão de desempenho foi atribuído o acabamento superficial dos filmes finos. / This work is devoted to the study of wear mechanisms in cold forming tools, such as punches and dies. The text begins with a discussion on the galling phenomenon, which is the main wear mechanism that takes place in cold forming operations. A brief analysis of the tribological behavior of punches that have operated in industrial conditions is then presented. Tests of sliding wear without repetition of the wear track were conducted in CNC lathes, considering the contact of materials normally used in cold forming operations. AISI M2 tool steels with and without TiN and AlTiCrN coatings were slided against AISI 1045 steel. Friction force results and microscopic surface observations were analyzed in order to qualify different tests conditions. Both coated tools conditions presented a better tribology performance than the uncoated ones and an inversion in performance was observed between the coated tools: the AlTiCrN coated tool had a better performance in milder conditions, while the TiN coated tool presented a better performance in more severe conditions. This inversion in performance was attributed to the surface finish of the coatings.

Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo dos mecanismos de desgaste de ferramentas utilizadas em processos de conformação a frio, como punções e matrizes. O texto se inicia por uma discussão que há na literatura a respeito do esfolamento (tradução da palavra galling) que é o principal ao mecanismo de desgaste encontrado na conformação a frio. Em seguida apresenta-se uma breve análise do desempenho tribológico de punções usados industrialmente em operações de estampagem. Tornos CNC foram utilizados para a realização de alguns ensaios de desgaste por deslizamento, sem repetição de trilha, com materiais normalmente utilizados em conformação a frio. Ferramentas de aço AISI M2 com e sem revestimentos por filmes finos de TiN e AlTiCrN foram deslizadas contra aços AISI 1045. Resultados de força de atrito e observações das superfícies via microscopia foram obtidos para qualificar as diferentes condições ensaiadas. Ambas as condições de ferramentas revestidas apresentaram desempenho tribológico superior à ferramenta sem revestimento e uma inversão de desempenho foi observada entre as ferramentas revestidas: a ferramenta revestida com o filme de AlTiCrN apresentou um melhor desempenho quando a situação de ensaio foi mais branda. Quando os esforços foram mais severos, o melhor desempenho foi obtido com o revestimento de TiN. A essa inversão de desempenho foi atribuído o acabamento superficial dos filmes finos. / This work is devoted to the study of wear mechanisms in cold forming tools, such as punches and dies. The text begins with a discussion on the galling phenomenon, which is the main wear mechanism that takes place in cold forming operations. A brief analysis of the tribological behavior of punches that have operated in industrial conditions is then presented. Tests of sliding wear without repetition of the wear track were conducted in CNC lathes, considering the contact of materials normally used in cold forming operations. AISI M2 tool steels with and without TiN and AlTiCrN coatings were slided against AISI 1045 steel. Friction force results and microscopic surface observations were analyzed in order to qualify different tests conditions. Both coated tools conditions presented a better tribology performance than the uncoated ones and an inversion in performance was observed between the coated tools: the AlTiCrN coated tool had a better performance in milder conditions, while the TiN coated tool presented a better performance in more severe conditions. This inversion in performance was attributed to the surface finish of the coatings.

TiNi shape memory alloy is characterized by shape memory and superelastic effects which occur due to reversible martensite transformation. It has been recently found that TiNi alloy has superior dent and wear resistance compared to other conventional materials. The stress-induced martensite transformation exhibited by this alloy contributes to its dent and wear resistance. Much work is required to establish the fundamental principals governing the superelastic behavior of TiNi under wear and indentation conditions. Understanding the superelastic behavior helps to employ superelastic TiNi in applications where high impact loading is expected as in gears and bearings. In this study the superelastic behavior of shape memory alloys under reciprocating sliding wear and indentation loading conditions was investigated. The deformation behavior of superelastic Ti-Ni alloys was studied and compared to AISI 304 stainless steel. Dominant wear and deformation mechanisms were identified.

Gun barrels are an important component in advanced defence systems. The gun barrels are used for direct and indirect fire and the material of the gun barrel is exposed to great strains and high temperatures. This sets high demands on the material of the gun barrel. During firing the gun barrel can be damaged. The first damage in gun barrels is the wear of the rifling followed by fatigue. When fatigue occurs cracks can propagate downwards into the bore and could result in catastrophic failure. Therefore investigation regarding the wear, the mechanisms and the underlying factors causing the damage will be performed. How and where the wear in gun barrels occur and also which wear mechanisms causing the wear. Wear in gun barrels involves extreme conditions during firing such as high gas pressure and high temperature from the burning propellant. This thesis work aims to understand how and why wear and damaging mechanisms in gun barrels occurs. Moreover how other ballistic factors influences have on the wear. The wear in gun barrels is caused by erosion from the combustion gases or/and sliding wear caused by the high-speed projectile. The phenomena of wear are complicated and factors like deformation state, types of wear, environment and process are interrelated with each other. These give the rise of wear. In this thesis, samples from three gun barrels were analysed. A new unworn gun barrel, a medium worn gun barrel and a severely worn gun barrel. From the used gun barrels 4 critical positions were identified, then samples from both surface and cross-section were obtained from the gun barrels. The surface and cross-section were analysed using different methods including optical light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to characterise the surface damage and wear mechanisms. The results from the investigation revealed the dominating wear mechanism to be thermal and chemical erosion at the positions closest to the combustion chamber with heat checks as its signature feature. The heat checks are associated with fatigue cracks developed at the surface and during thermo-mechanical loading, allows it to propagate down into the surface. For both samples at position 2, after the start of the rifling, adhesive wear was obtained too. The adhesive wear was induced by material pick-up from the driving band of the projectile during sliding. In other meaning, the material is transferred from the counter-face to the bore surface. The severely worn gun barrel had been subjected to sliding wear at the muzzle end compared to the medium worn gun barrel which hadn’t experience the same wear rate at the same position. The analysis of the cross-section examination revealed information about the structure and condition of the material. To obtain more information about mechanical properties, a hardness test was performed. The hardness test revealed a hard but brittle surface which can be sheared by the frictional force caused by the sliding projectile. The analysis of the gun barrels revealed information about wear mechanisms and damages in medium and severely worn gun barrels. The detected wear mechanism was thermal erosion, chemical erosion, mechanical erosion and sliding wear.

Structure-tribological property relations have been studied for five high entropy alloys (HEAs). Microhardness, room and elevated (100°C and 300°C) temperature sliding friction coefficients and wear rates were determined for five HEAs: Co0.5 Cr Cu0.5 Fe Ni1.5 Al Ti0.4; Co Cr Fe Ni Al0.25 Ti0.75; Ti V Nb Cr Al; Al0.3CoCrFeNi; and Al0.3CuCrFeNi2. Wear surfaces were characterized with scanning electron microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy to determine the wear mechanisms and tribochemical phases, respectively. It was determined that the two HEAs Co0.5 Cr Cu0.5 Fe Ni1.5 Al Ti0.4 and Ti V Nb Cr Al exhibit an excellent balance of high hardness, low friction coefficients and wear rates compared to 440C stainless steel, a currently used bearing steel. This was attributed to their more ductile body centered cubic (BCC) solid solution phase along with the formation of tribochemical Cr oxide and Nb oxide phases, respectively, in the wear surfaces. This study provides guidelines for fabricating novel, low-friction, and wear-resistant HEAs for potential use at room and elevated temperatures, which will help reduce energy and material losses in friction and wear applications.

Yes / Heat-treatment is a frequently used technique for modifying the physical and chemical properties of materials. In this study, the effect of heat-treatment on the mechanical properties, thermal stability and surface morphology of two types of electrodeposited coatings (pure-Ni and Ni/Al2O3) were investigated. The XRD analyses showed that the crystal structure of the as-deposited coating changes from slightly amorphous to crystalline as the heat-treatment temperature increases. The heat-treatment of both the pure-Ni and the Ni/Al2O3 coating caused an increase of the grain size within the coatings. However, the unreinforced Ni coating experienced a faster growth rate than the Ni/Al2O3 coating, which resulted in a larger average grain size. The temperature-driven changes to the microstructure of the coatings caused a reduction in the hardness and wear resistance of the coatings. The presence of nanoparticles within the Ni/Al2O3 coating can successfully extend the operational temperature range of the coating to 473 K by pinning grain boundaries.

No / This paper investigates the sliding wear performance of two types of co-electrodeposited cermet coatings com- posed of nano-sized tungsten carbide (WC) and combined tungsten carbide and alumina (Al2O3) particles incor- porated in a nickel matrix. For this purpose, the effects of alternating the ceramic particle concentration in the electrolyte solutions on microhardness of the coatings and also the effect of applied loads on wear performance of the coatings have been studied using ball-on-flat sliding wear tests. The wear track volumes and the progres- sion of wear depths as a function of time and at three applied loads were recorded and wear track morphologies were investigated using FE-SEM and microhardness testing. The results showed that microstructure, microhard- ness and wear performance of the coatings composed of WC improved when Al2O3 particles were introduced into the matrix. It was also found that the rule of mixtures for composite materials provides a good explanation for microhardness behaviour while Archard equation can explain the changes in wear performance due to the hardness and microstructural changes. / Alberta Innovates Future Technologies (Nanoworks) Canada

The rolling-sliding dry-wear behaviour of a series of bainitic steels and a standard pearlitic rail steel have been compared over a range of contact stress and creepage conditions applicable to the British Rail network. A rolling-sliding wear machine has been constructed - LEROS - which allows very high contact stresses to be combined with high creepages under well controlled conditions. Materials were tested on LEROS and on an Amsler machine. Limited vibration analyses were carried out on both machines and compared with the frequencies of disc surface periodic undulations. No direct linkage was determined. Despite better standard mechanical properties, the wear resistance of lower carbon bainitic steels was inferior to that of the pearlitic steel. A bainitic steel with the same carbon content as the pearlitic steel wore a little less, but at considerable expense to the pearlitic wheel steel counter-material in the wear couple. The wear resistance of bainitic steels depends upon the volume fraction of hard phase, such as carbide and martensite-austenite phase, for rolling-sliding as well as other types of dry wear loading. Pearlitic steel performs exceptionally well under certain rolling-sliding conditions, such as the majority seen in these tests, since the lamellar microstructure is modified so as to present a greater area fraction of carbide hard phase at the wear surface, a fraction in excess of bulk volume fraction. Recommendations are made for the dry wear applicability of the steels.