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No description available.

The present study investigated the effect of dilute polymer solutions on the size, shape, and roughness of channels and holes, machined in metal and glass using a novel abrasive slurry-jet micro-machining (ASJM) apparatus. The apparatus consisted of a slurry pump and a pulsation damper connected to an open reservoir tank to generate a 140-micron turbulent jet containing 1 wt% 10-micron alumina particles. With the addition of 50 wppm of 8-M (million) molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO), the widths of the channels and diameters of holes machined in glass decreased by an average amount of 25%. These changes were accompanied by approximately a 20% decrease in depth and more V-shaped profiles compared with the U-shape of the reference channels and holes machined without additives. The present results demonstrate that a small amount of a high-molecular-weight polymer can significantly decrease the size of machined channels and holes for a given jet diameter.

The present study investigated the effect of dilute polymer solutions on the size, shape, and roughness of channels and holes, machined in metal and glass using a novel abrasive slurry-jet micro-machining (ASJM) apparatus. The apparatus consisted of a slurry pump and a pulsation damper connected to an open reservoir tank to generate a 140-micron turbulent jet containing 1 wt% 10-micron alumina particles. With the addition of 50 wppm of 8-M (million) molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO), the widths of the channels and diameters of holes machined in glass decreased by an average amount of 25%. These changes were accompanied by approximately a 20% decrease in depth and more V-shaped profiles compared with the U-shape of the reference channels and holes machined without additives. The present results demonstrate that a small amount of a high-molecular-weight polymer can significantly decrease the size of machined channels and holes for a given jet diameter.

A seven-step sequential extraction scheme was used to track changes in operationally defined copper speciation during the composting of a mixture of grass clippings and sawdust originating from tanalised timber. Starting materials were either unamended or treated with differing amounts of soluble copper, using a copper acetate solution, and then composted in the laboratory. Results showed that at the start of the experiment over 80% of the copper present in the unamended materials occurred in forms not immediately available for plant uptake. However, composting processes enabled the release of this copper which then, over time, became more bioavailable. Large amounts of copper in the copper amended materials were initially detectable in all fractions except the residual one, but over time it was seen to move from all fractions to the EDTA extractable fraction, thought to determine organically complexed / chelatable metals (Amir, 2005). This continued until an equilibrium was reached and then the water and calcium nitrate extractable forms appeared to hold the excess. Copper as determined by these extracts would be available for plant uptake. In the second experiment, three different organic wastes (grass/sawdust, pig slurry/sawdust and sewage sludge cake/sawdust) to which copper had been added as copper acetate, sulphate or EDTA, were composted in the laboratory. Samples were taken at 0, 105 and 318 days and subjected to a range of analyses: copper by sequential extraction using two different extraction schemes, a chelating resin membrane (CRM) procedure and by XRF spectrometry; FTIR analysis for functional groups; total carbon, nitrogen and sulphur; pH, EC, NH4+ and NO3- nitrogen, COD, germination indices and optical properties of water extracts. Sequential extractions demonstrated clear changes in copper distribution amongst various fractions within the materials, with copper originally present in the materials being transferred from the oxidisable fractions to easily extractable (and hence potentially phytoavailable) fractions. Transfer of copper from available to less available fractions in copper amended materials was also seen with movement of copper within copper EDTA treated materials being the slowest of all. Initial amounts of copper in fraction 1 extracted from all samples determined the rate at which copper was transformed. CRM determined copper correlated strongly with copper from fraction 1 of the Tessier scheme, although changes over time did not correspond well. Other parameters measured indicated that that the material was maturing (decreases in C/N and polysaccharide functional groups). However, other results demonstrated that the composts were still immature and unstable. Such slow decomposition was attributed to the high lignin content of the materials. Nevertheless, immobilisation of potentially phytotoxic level of copper was still demonstrated. The usefulness of chelating resin membrane as a predictor of phytoavailable copper is also discussed.

The addition of coarse particles to a flocculating fine particle slurry increases the Bingham yield stress of the resulting mixture, which can drastically alter the laminar-to-turbulent transition velocity. The objective of this study is to quantify the effect of coarse particle size and volume concentration on mixture rheology. Fine particle (kaolin) mixtures of 10% to 22% (by volume) were prepared, to which sand particles were added to provide a coarse solid concentration of 5% to 20% (by volume). Sand particles of two different sizes – 90 and 190 microns – were added and these kaolin-sand-water mixtures tested with a concentric cylinder viscometer. At higher total solids concentrations, the Bingham yield stress of the bimodal mixture can increase by as much as 80% over that of a kaolin-only slurry. Coarse particle diameter had little effect. This study demonstrates that the use of existing correlations should be eschewed. System-specific high-quality measurements are necessary. / Chemical Engineering

Extraction of hydrocarbons from an Athabasca oil sand slurry were conducted using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The oil sand was slurried to a 1:1 ratio with water and experiments were conducted using a laboratory-scale batch supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system. Preliminary tests revealed the importance of mixing rate on hydrocarbon yields. A 2^3 factorial experiment was then conducted to test the effect of temperature, pressure, and modifier (toluene) addition on hydrocarbon extraction yield. When toluene was absent, hydrocarbon extraction yields were greater at the high temperature (60°C); however, when toluene was present, the combination of low temperature (31°C) and high pressure (24.1MPa) provided greater extraction yields. The experiment that produced the highest cumulative hydrocarbon extraction yield was analyzed by GC-FID for product-quality. Two composite samples and one time series sample revealed a carbon distribution range of the extract centering on C25, corresponding to the light gas oil range as classified in petroleum fractions. / Environmental Science

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-95).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Physics and Astronomy. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Geosystems, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. / Committee Chair: Frost, J. David; Committee Member: Burns, Susan E.; Committee Member: Gokhale, Arun; Committee Member: Mayne, Paul W.; Committee Member: Rix, Glenn J. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.