O presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar uma investigação dos fatores organizacionais e ambientais que inibem as relações de cooperação e interação entre os diversos tipos de atores, conformados em um Sistema Local de Produção (SLP) de Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs). Para a exploração desses fatores inibidores realizou-se um estudo exploratório em um SLP do tipo embrionário, que atua no segmento de máquinas e implementos agrícolas, localizado na região oeste do estado do Paraná. O trabalho apresenta inicialmente uma revisão bibliográfica das diferentes contribuições que analisam os SLPs, ressaltando a importância da proximidade local e das relações entre os diversos tipos de atores para a capacitação das empresas e desenvolvimento do sistema local. Em seguida, apresenta-se a pesquisa de campo, a qual busca, em uma primeira etapa, fazer uma breve descrição da evolução, do mercado e da competitividade do setor de máquinas e equipamentos agrícolas do Brasil. Por fim, a partir da avaliação sobre as relações de cooperação e interação das empresas do arranjo, foram identificados seus fatores inibidores e relacionados às especificidades das empresas. As evidências empíricas demonstraram que os fatores inibidores identificados de maior impacto sobre as interações e ações conjuntas são os organizacionais, e que estes expressam uma forte relação com as características específicas ao porte das empresas. / This work aims to investigate the organizational and environmental factors that inhibit the cooperation and interaction relationships among the several types of players, moulded in a Local Productive System (LPS) of Small and Medium Firms (SMF). An explorer study in a LPS of agricultural machinery still in development in the western region of Paraná state was made in order to investigate those inhibition factors. At first, the research shows a bibliography review of the several works that analyse the LPS emphasizing how important the local vicinity and relationships among the several types of players are in order to develop the firms capabilities and local system. Following it, the survey on-site is showed intending to do a short description of the brazilian agricultural machinery segment\'s development, market and competitiveness. After that, from the evaluation about the firms\'cooperation and interaction relationships, their inhibition factors were identified and matched to their specificity. The empirical evidences have pointed the organizational inhibition factors as those of most influence on the collective actions and interactions, matching strongly to the specific characterists due to fims\'size.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar uma investigação dos fatores organizacionais e ambientais que inibem as relações de cooperação e interação entre os diversos tipos de atores, conformados em um Sistema Local de Produção (SLP) de Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs). Para a exploração desses fatores inibidores realizou-se um estudo exploratório em um SLP do tipo embrionário, que atua no segmento de máquinas e implementos agrícolas, localizado na região oeste do estado do Paraná. O trabalho apresenta inicialmente uma revisão bibliográfica das diferentes contribuições que analisam os SLPs, ressaltando a importância da proximidade local e das relações entre os diversos tipos de atores para a capacitação das empresas e desenvolvimento do sistema local. Em seguida, apresenta-se a pesquisa de campo, a qual busca, em uma primeira etapa, fazer uma breve descrição da evolução, do mercado e da competitividade do setor de máquinas e equipamentos agrícolas do Brasil. Por fim, a partir da avaliação sobre as relações de cooperação e interação das empresas do arranjo, foram identificados seus fatores inibidores e relacionados às especificidades das empresas. As evidências empíricas demonstraram que os fatores inibidores identificados de maior impacto sobre as interações e ações conjuntas são os organizacionais, e que estes expressam uma forte relação com as características específicas ao porte das empresas. / This work aims to investigate the organizational and environmental factors that inhibit the cooperation and interaction relationships among the several types of players, moulded in a Local Productive System (LPS) of Small and Medium Firms (SMF). An explorer study in a LPS of agricultural machinery still in development in the western region of Paraná state was made in order to investigate those inhibition factors. At first, the research shows a bibliography review of the several works that analyse the LPS emphasizing how important the local vicinity and relationships among the several types of players are in order to develop the firms capabilities and local system. Following it, the survey on-site is showed intending to do a short description of the brazilian agricultural machinery segment\'s development, market and competitiveness. After that, from the evaluation about the firms\'cooperation and interaction relationships, their inhibition factors were identified and matched to their specificity. The empirical evidences have pointed the organizational inhibition factors as those of most influence on the collective actions and interactions, matching strongly to the specific characterists due to fims\'size.

A l’heure où l’innovation est ouverte et en réseau, fondée sur l’interconnexion entre différents acteurs, lespetites et moyennes entreprises (PME) ont un rôle de plus en plus important à jouer. Les clusters français,formels (systèmes productifs locaux, pôles de compétitivité etc.) ou informels, ont largement contribué à lacapacité d’innovation des PME en leur permettant de partager des connaissances et compétencesspécifiques dont elles n’auraient pas disposé en restant isolées. La problématique de cette thèse se placedans cette perspective et cherche à apporter un éclairage nouveau sur les maillages interentreprises enmatière d’innovation. Il s’agit plus précisément d’étudier les facteurs déterminant l’innovation des PMEfrançaises, en prenant en compte leurs coopérations au niveau local, régional ou national. Dans cetteperspective, nous développons tout d’abord une grille théorique à partir d’une analyse des approchesthéoriques de l’innovation, enrichie avec des éléments de la géographie proximiste de l’innovation. Celle-ciest ensuite confrontée à des données empiriques, d’abord par une étude menée au niveau régional, qui apermis de caractériser les différents clusters à dominante PME de la région Centre, et ensuite au niveaunational par une analyse économétrique réalisée sur les données de l’enquête Innovation (CIS4) concernantles PME innovantes. Au terme de ce travail de recherche, les résultats montrent que la capacité à innoverdes petites et moyennes entreprises découle d’un processus interne et externe complexe qui, compte tenudes ressources limitées dont les PME disposent, doit s’appuyer sur des systèmes d’innovation efficaces àdifférents niveaux. Les coopérations pour l’innovation des PME, qu’on les observe dans les clustersrégionaux ou au niveau national peuvent participer ainsi à la création d’un écosystème propice àl’innovation. / While innovation is open and based on the networking of different actors, small and medium enterprises(SME) have a rising role to play in this field. French clusters, formal (as local productive systems,competitiveness clusters etc.) and informal, have significantly contributed to the SME innovation capacity byoffering them specific knowledge and skills that they couldn’t acquire if they remained isolated. The mainbody of this thesis is constructed within this perspective and seeks to shed a new light on the inter-enterpriseinnovation linkages. More precisely, the aim is to analyze the determinants of innovation of SMEs taking intoaccount their cooperation for innovation at a local, regional or national level. Within this scope, we develop atheoretical framework based on an analysis of different approaches of innovation, enhanced with elements ofthe geography of innovation proximity. This framework is then verified on empirical data firstly, at a regionallevel by studding different SME clusters of the Center Region and then, at a national level in an econometricstudy based on the survey data of Innovation (CIS4) on innovative SMEs. To conclude, the results show thatSMEs’ capacity to innovate arises from an internal and external complex process that, given the limitedresources of SMEs, should be based on effective innovation systems at different levels. SMEs’ cooperationfor innovation both in regional clusters and in national innovation systems can thus contribute to the creationof an ecosystem that is suitable for innovation.

[pt] O propósito deste trabalho é identificar as principais barreiras à exportação que micro, pequenas e médias empresas da indústria de confecção de lingerie de Nova Friburgo encontram, ou encontrariam, para exportar seus produtos, e classificá-las em ordem de importância. O referencial teórico foi extraído da literatura existente sobre problemas de exportação publicada em livros e em artigos de revistas especializadas. Foram colhidas, através da aplicação de questionários, informações de 148 empresas, que foram classificadas por tamanho de acordo com os parâmetros do SEBRAE, e tratadas através de análise de fatores, para reduzir as variáveis e facilitar a análise dos resultados. Foram identificados cinco fatores, que representam a síntese das variáveis analisadas: (1) escassez de profissionais com conhecimento dos padrões e tendências que permitam o desenvolvimento de produtos de acordo com as necessidades do mercado; (2) falta de incentivos/assistência governamental e dificuldades para encontrar insumos com qualidade; (3) dificuldades operacionais, legais e burocráticas; (4) diferenças culturais e mercadológicas; (5) restrições de crédito e atraso tecnológico. Os resultados demonstram que a principal barreira à exportação se constitui na escassez de profissionais com conhecimento dos padrões e tendências que permitam o desenvolvimento de produtos de acordo com as necessidades do mercado. Essa e as demais barreiras foram analisadas à luz da literatura pesquisada. / [en] The purpose of this study is to identify the main export barriers that micro, small, and medium firms that produce lingerie, from Nova Friburgo, meet or would meet, to export its products, and classify them in order of importance. The theoretical references were extracted from the existing literature on exporting problems, published in books, articles and specialized magazines. Data of 148 firms were collected by means of a structured questionnaire, and were further classified by size, according to SEBRAE parameters, and treated through factor analysis, to reduce the number of variables and make easier the results analysis. Five factors that represent the synthesis of the analysed variables were identified: (1) lack of professionals with knowledge of patterns and trends that support the development of products in accordance with market needs; (2) lack of government incentives/assistance and difficulties to find quality raw material; (3) operational, legal and bureaucratic difficulties; (4) market and cultural differences; (5) credit restrictions and technological gap. The results indicate that the main export barrier is the lack of professionals with knowledge of patterns and trends to support the development of products in accordance with market needs. This and the other barriers were analysed at the spotlight of the analysed literature.

La théorie bancaire récente a bien mis en évidence l'avantage comparatif des banques dans l'octroi du crédit aux petites et moyennes entreprises. La dépendance des PME vis-à-vis du financement bancaire est caractérisée par une asymétrie d'information due à l'opacité des firmes. Afin d'échapper à la surveillance de la banque prêteuse, les entreprises se dirigent vers une multibancarisation comme étant d'une part un contrat d'assurance implicite contre le risque de rationnement et d'une autre part une stratégie de diversification des sources de financement. Cette stratégie élimine également le risque de capturation (Hold-up problem) provenant de l'avantage informationnel détenu par la banque prêteuse et assure des conditions de crédits plus favorables. Ce travail de recherche teste et analyse les effets de la relation durable et de la multibancarisation sur les conditions de crédits. Après une présentation des fondements théoriques nous testons, sur un échantillon de 150 PME libanaises, l'effet du financement relationnel multibancaire respectivement sur le coût du crédit, le rationnement du crédit et les garanties demandées. Nous testons de même l’effet de la consolidation bancaire sur la propension des PME à diversifier leurs relations bancaires. / The recent banking theory highlights the comparative advantage of banks in financing SME (Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. The dependence of the SME from the banking financing is mainly due to their information opacity. To escape the permanent control of the banks, companies go to a multi-banking relationship as an implicit insurance contract against the availability risk but also as an efficient way to diversify sources of funding. This strategy also eliminates the risk of capturation (Holdup Problem) resulting from the informative advantage detained by banks and insures more favorable credit terms. This research tests and analyzes the effects of the long-lasting relation and the multi-banking relationships on credit terms. After a detailed presentation of the literature review when we developed the main theoretical concepts we tested our hypothesis on a sample of 150 Lebanese SME firms. Our empirical works was focused on the effect of the multi-banking financing respectively on the credit cost, on credit availability and on collaterals. We also tested the effect of banking Mergers and acquisitions on SME’s intention to diversify their banking relations.