The purpose of this study was to investigate internationalisation of Ethiopian SMEs by examining internal and external factors that motivate or restrict internationalization process and the impact of internal and external barriers on SMEs export performance. The small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) sector in Ethiopia is a significant group within the economy in terms of firm numbers and total employment. However, the SMEs sector’s share of exports is disproportionately small, which raised considerable research concerns. Firm export propensity and export performance were the dependent variables and export stimuli and barrier factors were used as explanatory variables. The study was conducted through mixed research design. A questionnaire was administered to 90(36 exporting and 54 nonexporting) SMEs in Leather and Leather Products Industry in Addis Ababa selected through stratified random sampling. In order to complement survey results nine (4 exporting and 5 non-exporting) SMEs were selected through critical case purposive sampling and an in-depth interviews were conducted. Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS 20) was used to analyse the quantitative data whereas, qualitative data were analysed manually. Analytical techniques used were, Chisquare test of independence, Spearman rank order correlation, factor analysis, binary logistic regression analysis and multiple regression analysis. The statistical results of binary logistic regression analysis and chi-square tests indicated that managerial factors, internal marketing factors and foreign government related factors, firm ownership and size are the most significant motivators of SMEs internationalisation in Ethiopia. On the contrary the result showed that, logistics problem, insufficient finance, functional barriers, lack of export knowledge and information, procedural barriers and international trade barriers are the factors hindering it. Further analysis was conducted to examine the impact of export barriers on performance of firms. The result of multiple regression analysis indicated that, export barriers significantly and negatively affect export performance. The overall results revealed that explanatory variables used in the analysis significantly predict the dependent variable at 95% confidence level. Considering these results numerous implications for theory, practice, and future research were recommended. Finally, the study concluded that internationalisation of SMEs has to be encouraged by mitigating both internal and external barriers identified in this study. / Business Management / D. Admin. (Business Management)

The purpose of this study was to investigate internationalisation of Ethiopian SMEs by examining internal and external factors that motivate or restrict internationalization process and the impact of internal and external barriers on SMEs export performance. The small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) sector in Ethiopia is a significant group within the economy in terms of firm numbers and total employment. However, the SMEs sector’s share of exports is disproportionately small, which raised considerable research concerns. Firm export propensity and export performance were the dependent variables and export stimuli and barrier factors were used as explanatory variables. The study was conducted through mixed research design. A questionnaire was administered to 90(36 exporting and 54 nonexporting) SMEs in Leather and Leather Products Industry in Addis Ababa selected through stratified random sampling. In order to complement survey results nine (4 exporting and 5 non-exporting) SMEs were selected through critical case purposive sampling and an in-depth interviews were conducted. Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS 20) was used to analyse the quantitative data whereas, qualitative data were analysed manually. Analytical techniques used were, Chisquare test of independence, Spearman rank order correlation, factor analysis, binary logistic regression analysis and multiple regression analysis. The statistical results of binary logistic regression analysis and chi-square tests indicated that managerial factors, internal marketing factors and foreign government related factors, firm ownership and size are the most significant motivators of SMEs internationalisation in Ethiopia. On the contrary the result showed that, logistics problem, insufficient finance, functional barriers, lack of export knowledge and information, procedural barriers and international trade barriers are the factors hindering it. Further analysis was conducted to examine the impact of export barriers on performance of firms. The result of multiple regression analysis indicated that, export barriers significantly and negatively affect export performance. The overall results revealed that explanatory variables used in the analysis significantly predict the dependent variable at 95% confidence level. Considering these results numerous implications for theory, practice, and future research were recommended. Finally, the study concluded that internationalisation of SMEs has to be encouraged by mitigating both internal and external barriers identified in this study. / Business Management / D. Admin. (Business Management)

The primary objective of this study was to examine how and to what extent entrepreneurial orientation, firm internal resources and capital structure decisions affect growth of small enterprises, following the resource- based view on determinants of growth and static trade-off theory of capital structure as theoretical frameworks. Regardless of the number of earlier study, there is no consensus among scholars on determinants of growth due to the existence of different theories and metrics of growth. Moreover, as the earlier studies were undertaken in developed countries, their research findings could not permit generalization on the effect of the explanatory variables on growth in less developed countries like Ethiopia. Therefore, this research tried to fill the gap in the existing body of knowledge on determinants of growth by contextualizing the association of growth with firm specific factors and EO from the Ethiopian context, more specifically from the context of Tigray Regional State. Besides, extra variables that were either not considered or might have been tested separately in earlier studies in Ethiopia were integrated into the regression model. In this mixed explanatory cross-sectional research, systematic random sampling techniques and structure questionnaire were applied to collect primary data from 333 small enterprises operating in five urban towns of Tigray region. Dependent variable of the study was growth of small enterprises, defined as logarithm of change in number of employees at the time of establishment and time of survey. The explanatory variables comprise of entrepreneurial orientation with three dimensions, tangible and intangible resources under the control of a given enterprises, capital structure decisions, external factors such as marketing related problems cost and accessibility of infrastructure, government policies and bureaucracy, business development services were also included in the regression model. Descriptive statistics, statistical difference tests, multiple regression analysis and Propensity Score Matching were applied for the purpose of data analysis with the help of Stata version 12 software. Majority of the small enterprises demonstrated moderate degree of entrepreneurial orientation and location nearer to major customers, entrepreneurial orientation, strong financial position, access to credit and leverage have statistically significant positive effect on growth of small enterprises which support the resource based view and static trade-off theory of capital structure as well as the perceived hypothesis. On the other hand, consistent to the hypothesis, age and size of small enterprises showed negative significant effect on growth, that supports Jovanovich’s learning model but against the Girbat’s law of proportionate effect. Moreover, the relationship between education and growth was found to be non-linear or volatile-growth of SEs tend to declined until certain level, reached a minimum level after which SEs with more educated owners tend to grow faster. This implies that unless owners’ years of education reach a very high level of schooling, a given increase in years of schooling could not necessarily result into higher growth rate. Based on the findings, the researcher suggests (i) in order to solve financial constraints of SEs, stakeholder need introduction of National Credit Guarantee Fund, Promotion of non-bank financial services, introduce Mandatory Minimum Bank Loan to small enterprises, establish specialized banking system that specifically support the small enterprise sector, (ii) provide working premises such as shades at concessional cost, (iii) facilitate establishment of small enterprise commercial centers, (iv) strengthen the clustering practices,(v) facilitate provision of adequate infrastructure at reasonable price, (vi) as TVET completed individuals outperform in growth rate, educational institutions in Ethiopia need to incorporate competence based training system and entrepreneurship into their syllabus by strengthening the industry university linkages / Business Management / DBL

The small enterprise has become a major sphere of interest for policy makers and donors. Despite the institutional and policy support, these enterprises have fallen short of expectations. This study is intended to fill the gap by exploring the challenges and prospects of the entrepreneurs in the small enterprise in general and specifically rate the challenges across each sector in Mekelle and Adigrat, Tigray Regional State of Ethiopia. Generally, 154 samples of the small enterprise were selected using a stratified proportional random sampling technique, from which the required data were generated and analysed employing the descriptive and exploratory research design. In the first part, the characteristics and prospects of the entrepreneurs and the small enterprise are presented. The finding reveals that the gender of the entrepreneurs is dominated by and is in favour of male entrepreneurs when compared to that of their female counterparts. The majority of respondents lack the relevant experiences and operate as sole proprietors. Furthermore, business plan is found out to be used only to meet the requirements of the financial institutions. The result also revealed that small enterprises are operated mainly by the owners of the business themselves and hence their contributions to employment and income generation for others is very limited. Financial constraint is found out as a general challenge to entrepreneurs of the small enterprises. In addition, different constraints such as training, access to finance, market opportunities, policy and legal measures are examined and rated across different business types where each factors are found to affect small enterprises at a different rates. What is severe problem for one sector is found out to be not a problem when compared to other sectors. These imply that policies and support programs need to take in to account the heterogeneous nature of enterprises and entrepreneurs. Overall, the result discloses a high failure rate of the small enterprises in the study sites and one can conclude that there is a lack of innovation from the side of entrepreneurs and a weak support from the government and other supporting institutions. In view of these, the researcher recommends an innovative support schemes to ameliorate and accelerate the growth of the small enterprises. / Development Studies / D. Phil. (Development Studies)

The primary objective of this study was to examine how and to what extent entrepreneurial orientation, firm internal resources and capital structure decisions affect growth of small enterprises, following the resource- based view on determinants of growth and static trade-off theory of capital structure as theoretical frameworks. Regardless of the number of earlier study, there is no consensus among scholars on determinants of growth due to the existence of different theories and metrics of growth. Moreover, as the earlier studies were undertaken in developed countries, their research findings could not permit generalization on the effect of the explanatory variables on growth in less developed countries like Ethiopia. Therefore, this research tried to fill the gap in the existing body of knowledge on determinants of growth by contextualizing the association of growth with firm specific factors and EO from the Ethiopian context, more specifically from the context of Tigray Regional State. Besides, extra variables that were either not considered or might have been tested separately in earlier studies in Ethiopia were integrated into the regression model. In this mixed explanatory cross-sectional research, systematic random sampling techniques and structure questionnaire were applied to collect primary data from 333 small enterprises operating in five urban towns of Tigray region. Dependent variable of the study was growth of small enterprises, defined as logarithm of change in number of employees at the time of establishment and time of survey. The explanatory variables comprise of entrepreneurial orientation with three dimensions, tangible and intangible resources under the control of a given enterprises, capital structure decisions, external factors such as marketing related problems cost and accessibility of infrastructure, government policies and bureaucracy, business development services were also included in the regression model. Descriptive statistics, statistical difference tests, multiple regression analysis and Propensity Score Matching were applied for the purpose of data analysis with the help of Stata version 12 software. Majority of the small enterprises demonstrated moderate degree of entrepreneurial orientation and location nearer to major customers, entrepreneurial orientation, strong financial position, access to credit and leverage have statistically significant positive effect on growth of small enterprises which support the resource based view and static trade-off theory of capital structure as well as the perceived hypothesis. On the other hand, consistent to the hypothesis, age and size of small enterprises showed negative significant effect on growth, that supports Jovanovich’s learning model but against the Girbat’s law of proportionate effect. Moreover, the relationship between education and growth was found to be non-linear or volatile-growth of SEs tend to declined until certain level, reached a minimum level after which SEs with more educated owners tend to grow faster. This implies that unless owners’ years of education reach a very high level of schooling, a given increase in years of schooling could not necessarily result into higher growth rate. Based on the findings, the researcher suggests (i) in order to solve financial constraints of SEs, stakeholder need introduction of National Credit Guarantee Fund, Promotion of non-bank financial services, introduce Mandatory Minimum Bank Loan to small enterprises, establish specialized banking system that specifically support the small enterprise sector, (ii) provide working premises such as shades at concessional cost, (iii) facilitate establishment of small enterprise commercial centers, (iv) strengthen the clustering practices,(v) facilitate provision of adequate infrastructure at reasonable price, (vi) as TVET completed individuals outperform in growth rate, educational institutions in Ethiopia need to incorporate competence based training system and entrepreneurship into their syllabus by strengthening the industry university linkages / Business Management / DBL

The small enterprise has become a major sphere of interest for policy makers and donors. Despite the institutional and policy support, these enterprises have fallen short of expectations. This study is intended to fill the gap by exploring the challenges and prospects of the entrepreneurs in the small enterprise in general and specifically rate the challenges across each sector in Mekelle and Adigrat, Tigray Regional State of Ethiopia. Generally, 154 samples of the small enterprise were selected using a stratified proportional random sampling technique, from which the required data were generated and analysed employing the descriptive and exploratory research design. In the first part, the characteristics and prospects of the entrepreneurs and the small enterprise are presented. The finding reveals that the gender of the entrepreneurs is dominated by and is in favour of male entrepreneurs when compared to that of their female counterparts. The majority of respondents lack the relevant experiences and operate as sole proprietors. Furthermore, business plan is found out to be used only to meet the requirements of the financial institutions. The result also revealed that small enterprises are operated mainly by the owners of the business themselves and hence their contributions to employment and income generation for others is very limited. Financial constraint is found out as a general challenge to entrepreneurs of the small enterprises. In addition, different constraints such as training, access to finance, market opportunities, policy and legal measures are examined and rated across different business types where each factors are found to affect small enterprises at a different rates. What is severe problem for one sector is found out to be not a problem when compared to other sectors. These imply that policies and support programs need to take in to account the heterogeneous nature of enterprises and entrepreneurs. Overall, the result discloses a high failure rate of the small enterprises in the study sites and one can conclude that there is a lack of innovation from the side of entrepreneurs and a weak support from the government and other supporting institutions. In view of these, the researcher recommends an innovative support schemes to ameliorate and accelerate the growth of the small enterprises. / Development Studies / D. Phil. (Development Studies)

Abstract in English, Southern Sotho and Xhosa / Global poverty remains one of the significant challenges of human beings in the twenty-first century, despite the United Nation’s declaration that all people have the right to education, work, health, well-being; a healthier environment and equal opportunities. The active role of business organisations is vital and necessary to tackle this challenge. One of the mechanisms that can ensure the participation of business organisations in tackling the challenges of human beings is corporate social responsibility (CSR). Accordingly, the primary purpose of the study was to explore CSR initiatives in Ethiopia, focusing on the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of the Tigrai Regional State. More specifically, the study aimed at assessing the perceptions SME owners and managers’ perceptions of CSR regarding their economic, legal, ethical, environmental and philanthropic responsibilities. The aim was also to investigate their CSR initiatives and to analyse the driving forces of and barriers to CSR interventions. An exploratory survey research design and a mixed method approach were followed to achieve these objectives. A probability sampling technique was applied to select the 400 sample respondents. A convenient sampling technique was applied to select 15 participants for interviews. Questionnaires, key-informant interviews and secondary documents were used as a means of data collection. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, means, and standard deviations were applied to analyse the quantitative data. The qualitative data was analysed using content analysis where items were transcribed, and emergent themes were identified. The findings of this study are that the SMEs surveyed have an appreciable level of CSR initiatives. They have care and concern towards their employees; the local community and the environment. Furthermore, the SMEs relatively protect the health and safety of their employees, protect against substance abuse and harassment of employees in the workplace; strive to provide professional training to their employees, and arrange orientation programmes, to mention but a few. SMEs have energy and water measurement systems and carry out philanthropic activities that can protect the well-being of the environment, but they are weak in recycling and energy conservation and in creating environmentally friendly new products. At community level, SMEs assist sports activities, road construction, religious organisations and local government. Furthermore, they create gainful employment opportunities. However, they give minimal attention to helping the disabled, war veterans, women, education, and similar areas. The quest for image building, keeping the well-being of the environment, ethical reasons and improving customer relations and loyalty were among the prime factors that motivated SMEs to participate in CSR initiatives. However, the concerted efforts of the enterprises’ participation in CSR activities were constrained by factors such as shortage of finance, lack of skilled and educated workforce who can implement the CSR initiatives and lack of training and information about CSR. To alleviate these constraints, thereby making SMEs the major actors in CSR initiatives, interventions by government and other stakeholders such as NGOs is essential. Furthermore, SMEs should follow a culture-oriented, ethics primary, motivated and collaborative approach rather than profit-oriented CSR. / Ubuhlwempu ehlabathini busengomnye umngeni onzima eluntwini kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, nangona iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zibethelela ukuba bonke abantu banelungelo lokufumana imfundo, umsebenzi, impilo, intlalontle, okusingqongileyo okunempilo namathuba alinganayo. Indima edlalwa ngamaqumrhu orhwebo ingundoqo nesidingo esibalulekileyo ekuhlaseleni lo mngeni. Enye indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamaqumrhu ezorhwebo ekulweni imingeni yoluntu kukulandela inkqubo yoXanduva Lwamaqumrhu Eluntwini, eyaziwa ngokuba yicorporate social responsibilityokanye eshunqulelwa ngokuba yiCSR. Ngoko ke injongo ephambili yolu phando yayikukuqwalasela imizamo yeCSR kwilizwe lase-Ethiopia, kugxininiswa kumashishini amancinci naphakathi (iiSME) kwiphondo eliyiTigrai Regional State. Ngokuthe gca, uphando lwalujolise ekuvavanyeni izimvo zabanini nabaphathi beeSMEngeCSR malunga noxanduva kwezoqoqosho, ezoMthetho, iinqobo zokuziphatha, ezendalo engqongileyo nezenzo zenceba. Enye injongo yayikukufumanisa ngamalinge eCSR nokuhlalutya iimeko eziphembelela nezithibaza imizamo yeCSR. Kwaqala kwenziwa uhlolo zimvo ekutshayeleleni uphando, kwalandeliswa ngomxube weendlela zophando ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo. Isampulu yabathathi nxaxheba abangama-400 yayingabantu abakhethwe nje kungajongwanga mpawu zithile. Kwabuya kwakhethwa isampulu yabathathi nxaxheba abali-15 kubantu ababekufuphi nabafumaneka lula ukuze kuqhutywe udliwano ndlebe nabo. Kwaqokelelwa iinkcukacha zolwazi/idatha ngokusebenzisa uluhlu lwemibuzo, udliwano ndlebe nabantu abaphambili nemibhalo eseyikade ikho ngalo mbandela. Ekuhlalutyeni idatha esekelwe kumanani kwenziwa ubalo ngokucacisa amanani anika iipesenti, imindilili neyantlukwano yezibalo ezifunyenweyo nomndilili. Idatha esekelwe kwingxoxo nokuzathuza yahlalutywa ngokuphengulula iziqulatho apho kwabhalwa ulwazi, kwaza kwachongwa imixholo ethile edulayo. Olu phando lufumanise ukuba iiSME zinamalinge eCSR ancomekayo. Zibonakalisa inkathalo kubaqeshwa bazo; kubahlali bendawo nakwindalo ezingqongileyo. Ngaphezulu, iiSME ziyazama ukuyiqaphela impilo nokhuseleko lwabaqeshwa bazo, ziyabakhusela ekusebenziseni gwenxa iziyobisi nasekuphathweni gadalala emsebenzini; zizama nokuqhuba uqeqesho olusemgangathweni kubasebenzi nokucwangcisa iinkqubo zokuqhelisa abafiki emsebenzini – le yimigudu nje embalwa eyenziwa ziiSME. Ezi SME zineenkqubo zokumeta/zokulinganisela amanzi nombane kwaye zenza imisebenzi yenceba yokukhusela indalo ezingqongileyo kodwa zibuthathaka ekusebenziseni kaninzi iimveliso, ekongeni umbane nasekwenzeni iimveliso ezintsha nezingayonakalisiyo indalo engqongileyo. Ekuhlaleni, iiSME zinceda kwezemidlalo, ekwakhiweni kweendlela, kwimibutho yezenkolo naseburhulumenteni bendawo. Ngaphezulu, zidala amathuba omsebenzi aluncedo. Noxa kunjalo, aziniki ngqwalasela yaneleyo ekuncedeni amagqala emfazwe, abafazi, ezemfundo neminye imiba eyeleleyo. Ukunxanelwa ukwakha igama elihle, ukugcina indalo engqongileyo, ukuphucula intsebenziswano nokuthembeka kwabaxumi yaba zezinye izinto ezikhuthaza ukuba iiSME zithathe inxaxheba kumalinge eCSR. Noxa kunjalo, imizamo ezinikeleyo yenkampani kwimisebenzi yeCSR yayithityazwa zizinto ezifana nokunqaba kwemali, ukungabikho koqeqesho nolwazi ngeCSR, ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi abafundileyo nabanezakhono ababenokwazi ukuqhuba imisebenzi yeCSR. Ukususa le miqobo nokwenza iiSME zibe ngabadlali abaphambili kwimigudu yeCSR, kunyanzelekile ukuba urhulumente angenelele, ngokunjalo nabanye abathathi nxaxheba abafana namaqumrhu angengowaseburhulumenteni (iiNGO). Ngaphaya koko iiSME kufuneka zilandele indlela yokusebenza ethathela ingqalelo inkcubeko, iinqobo zokuziphatha, inkuthazo nentsebenziswano ngaphezu kokwenza ingeniso yeCSR. / Tlala lefatsheng e dula e le nngwe ya diphephetso tsa bohlokwa ho batho selemo-kgolong sa bomashome a mabedi a motso o le mong, ho sa natswe phatlalatso ya mokgatlo wa Matjhaba a Kopaneng wa hore batho bohle ba na le tokelo ya thuto, mosebetsi, bophelo bo botle, boiketlo; tikoloho e phetseng hantle le menyetla e lekanang. Tshebetso e matla ya mekgatlo ya kgwebo e bohlokwa mme e ya hlokeha ho sebetsana le bothata bona. E nngwe ya ditsela tse ka netefatsang bonkakarolo ba mekgatlo ya kgwebo ho lwantsheng diphephetso tsa batho ke boikarabello ba mekgatlo setjhabeng (CSR). Kahoo, morero wa sehlooho wa phuputso e ne e le ho batlisisa matsholo a CSR Ethiopia, re tsepame hodima dikgwebo tse nyane le tse mahareng (diSME) tsa Tigrai Regional State. Ka ho toba ho feta, phuputso e reretswe ho lekanya maikutlo a beng ba diSME le maikutlo a baokamedi mabapi le CSR ka boikarabello ba bona ba moruo, molao, boitshwaro, tikoloho le boikarabello ba ho thusa ba bang. Sepheo e ne boetse e le ho batlisisa matsholo a bona a CSR le ho manonna ditshumetso le dithibelo tsa matsholo a CSR. Ho latetse moralo wa kutullo wa dipatlisiso hammoho le katamelo ya mekgwa e fapaneng ho fihlella dipheo tsena. Tekgeniki ya ho etsa sampole ya monyetla e sebedisitswe ho kgetha sehlopha sa baarabi ba 400. Tekgeniki ya ho etsa sampole e bonolo e sebedisitswe ho kgetha bankakarolo ba 15 ba diinthavu. Ho sebedisitse mathathamo a dipotso, diinthavu tsa ditsebi tsa bohlokwa le ditokomane tsa bobedi jwalo ka mokgwa wa pokeletso ya tlhahisoleseding. Dipalopalo tse hlalosang tse jwalo ka diperesente, dikakaretso, le dikgeloho tse tlwaelehileng di sebedisitswe ho manolla tlhahisoleseding ya bongata. Tlhahisoleseding ya boleng e manollotswe ka tshebediso ya manollo ya dikateng moo dintho di ileng tsa ngolwa fatshe kamora kgatiso mme hwa hlwauwa ditema tse hlahellang. Diphetho tsa phuputso ena ke hore diSME tse fupuditsweng di na le boemo bo amohelehang ba matsholo a CSR. Di hlokomela le ho tsotella bahiruwa ba tsona; setjhaba sa lehae hammoho le tikolohoh. Ho feta moo, ka kakaretso diSME di sireletsa bophelo bo botle le polokeho ya basebetsi ba tsona,di sireletsa kgahlano le tlhekefetso ya dithethefatsi le tlhekefetso ya basebetsi sebakeng sa tshebetso;di sitlalletsa ho fana ka thupelo ya seporofeshenale ho basebetsi ba tsona, le ho hlophisa mananeo a tsebiso sebakeng, ho qolla tse mmallwa feela. DiSME di na le merero ya tekanyo ya matla le metsi hape di etsa mesebetsi ya ho thusa baahi e ka sireletsang boiketlo ba tikoloho, empa dia fokola ha ho tluwa ho tshebediso hape ya dintho le poloko ya matla le ho hlahiseng dihlahiswa tse ntjha tse bolokang tikoloho. Boemong ba setjhaba, diSME di thusa ditshebetsong tsa dipapadi, kahong ya ditsela, mekgatlong ya bodumedi le ho mmuso wa lehae. Ho feta moo, di fana ka menyetla ya mesebetsi ya bohlokwa. Leha ho le jwalo, ha di shebane haholo le ho thusa ba nang le bokowa, masole a kgale, basadi, thuto, le dibaka tse jwalo ka tseo. Telekiso ya ho aha seriti, ho boloka boiketlo ba tikoloho, mabaka a boitshwaro le ho ntlafatsa maqhama a bareki le botshepehi e ne le a mang a mabaka a mantlha a kgannelang diSME ho nka karolo matsholong a CSR. Empa, maiteko a matla a dikgwebo tsena a ho nka karolo mesebetsing ya CSR a ne a thibelwa ke dintlha tse ka reng ho fokola ha tjhelete, tlhokeho ya basebetsi ba nang le tsebo le thuto ba ka kenyang matsholo a CSR tshebetsong le tlhokeho ya thupelo le lesedi mabapi le CSR. Ho hlola mathata ana, e le ho etsa diSME dibapadi tsa mantlha matsholong a CSR, ho hlokeha hore mmuso le baamehi ba bang ba jwalo ka mekgatlo ya diNGO ba kene dipakeng. Hapehape, diSME di lokela ho latela katamelo ya setso, boitshwaro, tjantjello le tshebedisano ho ena le CSR e shebaneng le phaello. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / D. B. L.