Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / This study is about Gender and small-scale enterprises following recent economic reforms in Tanzania. It deals with a case study of women entrepreneurs in Dar-es- Salaam, focusing on their prospects and problems, and the mechanisms they use to survive in a competitive free market. There is concern among policy analysts and gender activists that the economic reforms have negatively affected women entrepreneurs more than their male counterparts (Tibaijuka, 1992). However, these concerns have not yet been substantiated through detailed empirical evidence. The findings of my study reveal that it is a combination of factors which lead women entrepreneurs to establish small-scale enterprises. These motivating reasons are to fulfil the needs of their families such as school fees of their children. Similarly, Tanzanian women entrepreneurs start a small business so as to supplement their insufficient incomes, achieve independence and as a substitute to paid employment. However, they experience a variety of problems, such as the lack of business premises, high rental costs at commercial areas, competition, lack of start-up and working capital from banks and micro-financial institutions, lack of information, and bureaucracy around business licenses. Women entrepreneurs have developed various tactics to handle such difficulties they encounter in their businesses. These are: locating their enterprises in near or around their homes, employing relatives and other people, charging competitive and differentiated prices, diversifying their businesses, working for extra hours, and establishing informal credit associations. The recommendations are: the government should clarify and shorten the procedures of licenses and business premises acquisition, provide more commercial areas with cheaper rentals. Similarly, the government should be sympathetic towards women when it formulates and implements its developmental policies, women should be informed about available training opportunities. Future studies should investigate a larger sample of women entrepreneurs in small-scale enterprises involved in other sectors using the feminist research methods.

The company Airson Engineering AB has an office building on their property in Ängelholm,Sweden, with an integrated roof slope. The purpose of the slope is to improve thepreconditions for a small-scale wind turbine in accession. AirSon desired both an evaluationof the appointed locations prerequisites, and possible installations. While focusing oneconomic benefits, electricity production and Public Relations. By simulating how the wind flow was influenced by the building in the program RWIND, theresult showed that the wind that hits the slope indeed accelerates. After this, the projectcontinued with a frequency analysis of the wind. To give AirSon a greater basis for an eventual investment, the market was analyzed. Possiblerisks, important knowledge to have before an investment and the legal framework wasdocumented. Six possible wind turbine installations were analyzed. Three of them had vertical axes andthree of them had horizontal axes. The size of the wind turbines in both categories rangedfrom 3kW to 10kW. All turbines were manufactured by Aeolos Wind Turbine. In the case of AirSon, a small-scale wind turbine installation is ultimately not recommended. The slope accelerates the wind by approximately 30%, but that’s not enough to make aninvestment economically profitable. For someone who is not well acquainted with the subject, the small-scale wind turbine marketcan be treacherous. It is important for consumers to thoroughly analyze possible options andto have a critical mindset, to reduce the risk unnecessary complications. This report tacklesthis issue as well and provides advice for possible consumers.

In considering how women navigate the complexity and gendered aspects of the artisanal mining industry, this study seeks to unpack women's labour at step one of the global supply chain of coltan, in the post-conflict context of eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Female miners are largely excluded from mine work by blurry regulatory frameworks, gendered social norms and financial disparities, however they manage to remain active labourers in the artisanal mining industry. Within a broader socio-political context of poverty, political instability and rural livelihoods, women maintain access to mine work through strategies, often premised on a gendered solidarity, such as organizing into collectives, engaging in small group collaborations and employing creative ruses to maintain the secrecy of their labour. This thesis seeks to analyze women's exclusions from mine work and the subsequent strategies they employ to circumvent those exclusions and maintain work in the mines. Based on three months of ethnographic fieldwork at artisanal coltan mine sites in Masisi Territory in the province of North Kivu, this study employs ethnographic observations, focus group and interview methodologies.

The topic and the aim of the thesis is to define BIM characteristics, the pros and cons of BIM implementation and the development of BIM situation in the Czech Republic. Current situation is analysed in selected regions due to a newly arising situation of a possible use of public procurement by BIM methods. Simultaneously are examined current pros and cons of implementing BIM in companies. Based on a knowledge and results of the survey is created a potential scheme of a process needed by implementing BIM into the small-scale company.

Primary animal health care (PAHC) programs are aimed at the provision of basic animal health services at local level. No single approach has emerged as the one of choice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of training using the PAHC model developed by Afrivet Training Service, on the skills of small scale rural farmers. Seventy nine farmers were selected randomly from Makapanstad, Ratjiepane and Mnisi area using a statistical software EpiCalc 2000 v1.02. The selected farmers were assessed for knowledge and skills with background information collected prior to a 5 day training session. Data was captured using Microsoft Excel and analysed using Stata 12.1. Means were compared using participant’s t-test or ANOVA while the proportions were compared using Fisher’s exact test. The statistical significance was assessed at p < 0.05. The findings prior to training indicated that complete data was available for 77 participants, of which the majority were adult males with age of mean±SD of 49±18.2 years. The average herd size was 12±14.1 cattle. There was a significant involvement of youth and females at 31% and 32% respectively. The unemployment rate amongst participants was 91%. Farmers perceived clinical services as being unaffordable. Most of the participants (79%) preferred to treat a sick animal themselves or seek advice from the neighbouring farmers as compared to 21% who approached a veterinary professional for assistance. Lack of knowledge, poor access to products and poor communication between farmers and veterinary officials was identified. Post-training assessment indicated that farmers gained skills to observe, examine and treat; implement preventative measures independently. There was a better understanding of the farmers’ role in the provision of animal health care. There was no significant difference in overall skill level between the various age groups, level of education and farming experience. There were differences between the genders in the acquisition of specific skills during the training, with females performing better in data recording while males were more skilled at determining temperature using a thermometer. The conclusion is that the training model used had a positive impact on the ability of the participants to provide first-line animal health care and keep records. A modified, standardised method to evaluate knowledge before and after training is proposed for future studies. Further studies are also required to evaluate the impact of the training on animal health and production, food security and socio-economic impact. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

The land reform process in Zimbabwe has raised critical questions about land with regard to ownership and access, productivity of land and the most suitable size of land (small scale or large scale). Over a decade after the most recent phase of land reform in Zimbabwe, critical questions about land are continually debated in an ever-growing literature on land. These questions span a wide margin, from ownership, access, and productivity to who exactly should benefit from land reform processes. One important debate has centred on the question of whether the primary consideration of land reform processes should be aimed at addressing the more ideational aspects of land (return to ancestral land, land as central to personal identities and the subsequent political and social processes of determining who belongs and who is a stranger) or material concerns (relating to questions of food security, livelihood making and the concerns with environmental change). Subsequently, literature dealing with land is often organised around a particular theme such as identity, tenure, politics, political economy, livelihoods and questions relating to environmental change. Using the case of small scale commercial farming families of Mushawasha in Masvingo Zimbabwe who came to own the land as purchase area farmers as a result of the 1930 Land Apportionment Act, this thesis constitutes an attempt to integrate multiple approaches to the question of land, using a critical realist framework. I argue that the link between people and land, which is explored generationally and in the context of broader economic, political, historical and social change in Zimbabwe, is ever changing and is influenced by a number of factors. For that reason, viewing the question of land in a reductionist fashion from either an ideational or a material paradigm is unsatisfactory. What this research reveals is that the links between people and land are tempered numerous factors including generation, gender and residential status. / Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Sociology / MSocSci / Unrestricted

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the survivability of goat kids to weaning, in a small-scale communal grazing system. Goat kids are the most vulnerable component of communal goat flocks and increasing their survival could increase productivity. Some of the main factors which contributed towards kid survivability were evaluated and ranked and cost benefit analysis was done. Initially 20 farmers in Jericho District, North West Province, were subjected to a structured interview. The mean age of farmers was 68.9 years and the mean number of does was 11. Thirteen farmers remained in the trial throughout and were visited once a month. The average number of does for farmers remained in the trial was 13. Body condition scores of does were estimated, kids were weighed, faecal samples were collected and the veld evaluated. Management and socio-economic aspects were observed and informal discussions were conducted with farmers. Goat housing was evaluated using a housing checklist. Monthly precipitation and temperature data were recorded. Survivability to weaning of 63% of kids was recorded from the total number of kids born (131) from 170 does of the 13 farmers who remained in the trial. The flocks of goats examined were parasitised by Haemonchus contortus, Trichuris globulosa, Coccidia as well as Moniezia. Although faecal egg counts were relatively low, there was a significant correlation with kid mortalities. Three of the six goats submitted for necropsy also died of internal parasites. The species of ticks were Amblyoma, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus spp. Lice species found were identified as Bovicola caprae, Bovicola limbatus and Linognathus africanus using scanning electron microscopy. Flea infestation was observed in three flocks, the flea species was identified as Ctenocephalides felis felis. Management was found to be suboptimal and in 92.31% of flocks, housing was inadequate. Build-up of faeces and poor drainage probably contributed to internal parasites. Other factors such as climate and feeding could not be correlated to kid mortalities. Cost benefit analysis suggested that strategic de-worming and improvement of hygiene and drainage in the housing would be the most affordable and effective way to reduce mortalities in kids. / Dissertation (MSc (Veterinary Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Paraclinical Sciences / unrestricted

Le suivi scientifique dans les AMPs est la clé pour le recueil information fiable dans les future AMPs de la Tunisie, où des restrictions d’usages et des plans de gestion sont en cours de mise en place. Cette étape cruciale le long des côtes tunisiennes viens avec le besoin en méthodes, métriques et indicateurs appropriés pour le suivi des paramètres utiles pour évaluer leurs efficacités. Le but de ce travail est de sélectionner, adapter, tester et proposer des méthodes et des indicateurs de suivi des assemblages de poissons et des activités de pêche, afin de proposer une stratégie de suivi pour quatre futures AMPs tunisiennes. La sélection des méthodes et des indicateurs de la bibliographie a été réalisée en fonction de leur faisabilité, de leur rentabilité et de leur adéquation avec les objectifs des futures des AMPs. Par conséquent, les données sur l'assemblage de poissons et les activités de pêche ont été recueillies en utilisant cinq méthodes : (1) Transects à largeur variable (TVW); (2) Fish Assemblage Sampling Technique (FAST); (3) Questionnaires et suivi des débarquements; (4) pêche expérimentale; (5) photo-surveillance. Les résultats des suivis réalisées entre 2014 et 2016, ont été pris en compte lors de proposition de la stratégie de suivi, notamment: (1) l'utilité d'adopter des modèles d'échantillonnage appropriés, BACI ("Before After Control Impact"), en utilisant la méthode standard des UVC, pour tester des hypothèses liées à l'efficacité des AMP futures, (2) les valeurs faibles de la biomasse dans toutes les AMPs étudiés par rapport à celles méditerranéennes (3) le potentiel des sciences participatives pour les suivi des assemblages de poissons en utilisant une méthode FAST, après avoir testé sa cohérence avec la méthode standard , (4) un pourcentage élevé de pratique de pêche illégale (pêcheurs récréatifs qui commercialisent leurs captures), (5) la compétition de la pêche récréative et illégale avec la pêche artisanale, sur les espèces vulnérables et de valeurs économiques élevées, et (6) des biomasses faibles, proportions de carnivores, grande proportion de poisson dans la capture des pêcheurs artisanaux, en utilisant la méthode de pêche expérimentale. Par conséquent, la dite stratégie proposée pour le suivi dans les futures AMPs tunisiennes repose sur la collaboration entre les scientifiques, les parties prenantes (pêcheurs, plongeurs récréatifs) et les gestionnaires, ce qui peut être utile pour assurer un certain niveau d'acceptation des AMPs, surtout quand il s’agit de créer un réseau tunisien d'AMPs / Scientific monitoring is the key to reliable information in Tunisian future MPAs, where management plans are being established. This crucial step comes with the need to choose appropriate methods, metrics and indicators for monitoring parameter that are important to assess MPAs effectivness. Therefore, the purpose of this manuscript is to select, adapt, test and propose fish assemblage and fishing monitoring methods and indicators in order to propose a monitoring strategy for four Tunisian future MPAs (locations). Selection of methods and indicators from literature was made according to their feasibility, cost-effectiveness and suitability with future MPAs objectives. Therefore, data on fish assemblage and fishing activities were collected using five methods: (1) Transects with variable width (TVW); (2) Fish Assemblage Sampling Technique (FAST); (3) Questionnaires and landing catch monitoring; (4) Experimental fishing; (5) photo-surveillance method. Results shows some highlights that were considered for proposing the monitoring strategy: (1) the usefulness of adopting appropriate sampling models, BACI ("Before After Control Impact"), using standard TVW, to test hypotheses related to the effectiveness of the future MPAs, (2) the relatively low values of biomass in all studied locations in comparison with other Mediterranean MPAs (3) the high potential of citizen science for fish monitoring in Tunisia using easy-to-use FAST method, after testing its coherence with standard TVW method, (4) a high percentage of illegal fishing practice (recreational fishers that commercialize their catch), in the studied locations, (5) the competition of recreational and illegal fishing with commercial-small scale (CSS) one, on vulnerable and high economic value species, and (6) low biomasses, carnivores proportions, large fish proportion in catch of CSS using experimental fishing method. Therefore, the proposed strategy for fish and fishing monitoring for Tunisian future MPAs is based on the collaboration between scientists, stakeholders (fishermen, recreational divers) and managers, which can be useful to implement high compliance and MPAs acceptance levels, especially when it comes to creating a future MPAs network.

Every year children are unintentionally injured or killed due to finding an unattended firearm. Although research evaluating various approaches to teach safety skills shows that behavioral skills training and in situ training are effective, limited research exists evaluating small-scale simulation training in teaching safety skills to children. Furthermore, there is no research evaluating this approach with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study evaluated the effectiveness of small-scale simulation training in teaching firearm safety to 5- to 6-year-old children with ASD. Simulation training was effective for one participant and in situ training was necessary for one participant. However, in situ training was not effective for the third participant.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / As a means to assuage historical land inequities, resultant socio-economic disparities and poverty alleviation, the Namibian Government undertook to reform the land sector. Guided by the Constitution and the Resolutions of the 1991 Land Conference policy and legal framework, a fractured consensus is built on the rationale to redistribute land to a targeted group. Parallel to the reform agenda, systemic challenges to the resettlement process are growing amid questions on Government’s ability to respond to sustainable programme objectives embedded within land reforms. Literature coalesces on the issues of land-reform programmes having lost direction, being skewed in favour of a few, being biased towards commercial agriculture, and requiring review and re-configuration to be inclusive and to satisfy equity and poverty-alleviation concerns.