Orientador: Percival Bueno de Araujo / Banca: Antonio Padilha Feltrin / Banca: Wellington Santos Mota / Resumo: O objetivo desta Dissertação de Mestrado é apresentar a possibilidade de fornecer amortecimento às oscilações de baixa freqüência do sistema elétrico de potência através dos dispositivos FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System) TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) e UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller). Para isso realiza-se o desenvolvimento e implementação do Modelo de Sensibilidade de Potência para sistemas multmáquinas. Na seqüência são introduzidos os dispositivos TCSC e UPFC, bem como os seus controladores. Apresentam-se resultados de acordo com a evolução dos modelos que representam os dispositivos FACTS, ou seja, parte-se de uma compensação fixa, passando para um modelo dinâmico de primeira ordem e por fim, é incluído o controlador POD (Power Oscillation Damping). A utilização de sinais locais e remotos para entrada do controlador POD também é analisada. Além disso são mostrados os resultados obtidos pela técnica clássica de introdução de amortecimento através de sinais suplementares (os estabilizadores de sistemas de potência - PSS: Power System Stabilizers). O projeto dos controladores POD e PSS é baseado no método da compensação de fase, utilizando a teoria de controle clássico. Fatores de participação, autovetores, autovalores e resíduos de funções de transferência são utilizados como índices para examinar a melhor alocação dos controladores POD e PSS no sistema elétrico de potência. / Abstract: The objective of this work is to present the possibility to provide damping to low frequencies oscillations of the electrical power systems by FACTS devices (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System): TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) and UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller). This is developed and implemented using the Power Sensitivity Model for multimachine systems. Afterwards, the TCSC and UPFC devices are introduced as well as the controllers. Results are presented according to the evolution of the models that represent the FACTS devices, i.e., it starts with a fixed compensation, passing through a first order dynamic model and finally, it is included a POD controller (Power Oscillation Damping). It is also analyzed the inclusion of local and remote signals for the input of the POD controller. Besides, results obtained by classical techniques of introducing damping by supplementary signals (Power Systems Stabilizer - PSS) are shown. The project of POD and PSS controllers are based on the Phase Compensation Method using the classical control theory. Participation Factor like eigenvalues, eigenvectors and transfer function residues are used as index to examine the best allocation of the POD and PSS controllers on the electrical power systems. / Mestre

Orientadores: Vivaldo Fernando da Costa, Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T18:53:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kopcak_Igor_D.pdf: 1188245 bytes, checksum: e1912d198506d0fd20e05f9202486e80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O estressamento dos sistemas elétricos tem voltado o interesse de engenheiros e pesquisadores para a definição e avaliação de margens de segurança relacionadas a critérios dinâmicos. Neste trabalho é proposta uma ferramenta que permite a avaliação de quatro diferentes critérios de estabilidade: margem de amortecimento, margem oscilatória, margem de estabilidade de tensão e o ponto de máximo carregamento. A metodologia baseia-se em um fluxo de carga expandido que incorpora as características de regime permanente de dispositivos dinâmicos, fornecendo pontos de equilíbrio precisos e mais condizentes com a resposta "real" dos sistemas elétricos quando sujeitos a perturbações. As margens são calculadas através da análise modal aplicada aos pontos de equilíbrio de curvas PV. Além disso, estudos preliminares são conduzidos objetivando a expansão da análise modal estática, fornecendo fatores de participação para todas as barras do sistema, dos pontos de vista das potências ativa e reativa. Portanto, a plataforma não só permite a identificação dos pontos onde ocorreria o colapso do sistema, como fornece a indicação das medidas corretivas mais efetivas para evitar problemas de instabilidade / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Power systems have been historically designed at a time when the production was<p>centralized and the electricity had to be transmitted to the loads from the closest power<p>plant. Nowadays, there is an increasing integration of decentralized and intermittent pro-<p>duction. Moreover, the energy market coupling has enabled the transfer of electric power<p>for economical purposes. Also, former isolated power systems are now interconnected for<p>reliability and financial reasons.<p>All of these changes make difficult to predict the future behavior of the grid. Studies<p>are done in order to plan for the future needs of the system. However, building new in-<p>frastructures takes time and it is expected that these needs will not be completely fulfilled<p>in all the parts of the grid. Therefore, transmission of active power could be limited by<p>the existing infrastructure. For example, the presence of inter-area oscillations is often<p>the limiting factor when a high active power is transmitted on a long transmission line<p>between two groups of generators. Since higher levels of active power are exchanged on<p>longer distances, problems of inter-area oscillations may arise in power systems previously<p>not affected by this phenomenon.<p>In this work, a measurement-based approach, able to predict in the short-term the<p>future behavior of oscillations, is presented. This approach is complementary to the<p>long-term planning of the grid.<p>The mandatory first step towards a measurement-based approach is to have the ability<p>to extract useful information among a huge quantity of data. To face this issue, some<p>comparisons of data mining algorithms are performed. The proposed method combines<p>two decision tree algorithms to obtain both prediction accuracy and comprehensibility.<p>The second required step for building a measurement-based model is to take into<p>account the limitations of the measurements. Two types of wide area measurements are<p>used, synchronized measurements from PMUs and traditional unsynchronized data from<p>the SCADA/EMS system. Oscillation monitoring using PMUs is especially of interest<p>and an approach is presented to post-process damping estimates. This post-processing<p>method consists in a noise reduction technique followed by a damping change detection<p>algorithm.<p>Finally, the method, combining these two steps, is implemented to analyze the Con-<p>tinental European grid. This implementation takes place in the context of the European<p>project Twenties. The results, using several months of measurements, are described in<p>detail before being discussed. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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With ambitions of reducing the environmental pollution, power systems integrate larger shares of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) to phase out conventional thermal and nuclear generators. Since RES (such as wind and solar power) are connected to the grid through power electronics devices, they do not inherently contribute to system inertia. With decreasing inertia, the Instantaneous Frequency Deviation (IFD), which follows a power unbalance, is significantly impacted. Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR) are designed to provide a fast dynamic response, counteract power imbalances and stabilize the frequency within a short time interval. Besides inertia, the significant factors affecting frequency behavior are the available amount of FCR and the capability of their fast and stable response. System operators define the list of requirements that a generating unit has to satisfy to participate in FCR. Generators, which are the major part of FCR, have different governors and turbines properties. This study assesses the dynamical performance of typical generators in both open-loop testing and closed-loop varying inertia systems. The goal is to evaluate if specific FCR requirements present a sufficient condition for the desired response, and which governor properties are capable of satisfying them. As an additional, and sometimes necessary, support to FCR, HVDC interconnections are utilized in the form of Emergency Power Control (EPC). This thesis investigates which of the EPC methods performs appropriately in terms of IFD improvement, closed-loop stability, and power and energy provided. The analysis is a continuation from the previous investigation on FCR, and mainly compare two EPC methods related to Nordic Power System (NPS) test case: ramp/step method which is currently implemented in the NPS, and droop frequency-based EPC, proposed by this study for the future operation in the NPS. Apart from ensuring a proper system frequency response, the influence of implemented HVDC supplementary active power control is analyzed to rotor angle stability. In further, this thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of the impact that proposed HVDC supplementary power control has on the linearized dynamics of power systems. By building a generic system, this analytical study is the first of its kind that includes both higher order generator dynamics, and local angle/frequency input of the controller. The methodological approach here analytically formulates the impact the HVDC supplementary control has mainly on the generator synchronizing and damping torque components. The positive impact of the droop frequency-based HVDC power support is highlighted using both single and multi-machine systems. In that way, the implementation of desired droop frequency-based HVDC control to mainly improve system frequency is motivated furthermore. It shows that a proper HVDC supplementary control may impose the various positive impacts for future variable and low inertia scenarios, and ensure a proper power system sustainability. / <p>QC 20200907</p> / multiDC - Advanced Control and Optimization Methods for AC and HVDC Grids

The aim of this project is to analyze how increasing the share of converter-based power production in a power system affects the small signal stability. The project also aims to stabilize systems using Power System Stabilizers (PSSs), and examine the effect of two different types of power electronic converters: grid following (GFL) and grid forming (GFM). To do this, a short-circuit fault is simulated in a two-area four-machine power system using DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The project examines how replacing one of the synchronous machines with a converterbased power source affects the system’s stability. Modal analysis is used to assess the small signal stability, as well as to tune the PSS. In the project PSSs are successfully used to stabilize systems, both with and without converter-based power production. The study also finds that implementing power production using GFL worsens the small signal stability while GFM improves it. / Syftet med det här projektet är att analysera hur den ökande andelen converter baserad elproduktion påverkar small signal stability i ett elkraftsystem. Projektets syft är också att stabilisera system med Power System Stabilizers (PSSs), och undersöka påverkan av två typer av effektelektronik: grid following converter (GFL) och gird forming converter (GFM). Det görs genom att simulera ett kortslutningsfel i ett elkraftsystem med DIgSILENT PowerFactory. I projektet undersöks hur systemets stabilitet påverkas av att ersätta en synkrongenerator med effektelektronik-kopplad elproduktion. Egenvärdesanalys används för att undersöka small signal stability och implementera PSS. I projektet lyckas stabiliseringen med PSS för både systemet med och utan effektelektronik-kopplade energikällor. Studien visar också att genom implementeringen av energikällor med sämras stabiliteten, medan GFM förbättrar den. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2022, KTH, Stockholm

With the transition towards renewable energy, and the deregulation of the electricity market, generation patterns and grid topology are changing. These changes increase the need for transfer capacity. One limiting factor, which sometimes leads to underutilization of the transmission grid, is interarea oscillations. These system-wide modes involve groups of generators oscillating relative to each other and are sometimes hard to control due to their scale and complexity. In this thesis we investigate how high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission can be used to attenuate interarea oscillations. The thesis has two main contributions. In the first contribution we show how the stability of two asynchronous grids can be improved by modulating the active power of a single interconnecting HVDC link. One concern with modulating HVDC active power is that the interaction between interarea modes of the two grids may have a negative impact on system stability. By studying the controllability Gramian, we show that it is always possible to improve the damping in both grids as long as the frequencies of their interarea modes are not too close. For simplified models, it is explicitly shown how the controllability, and therefore the achievable damping improvements, deteriorates as the frequency difference becomes small. The second contribution of the thesis is to show how coordinated control of two (or more) links can be used to avoid interaction between troublesome interarea modes. We investigate the performance of some multivariable control designs. In particular we look at input usage as well as robustness to measurement, communication, and actuator failures. Suitable controllers are thereby characterized. / Övergången till förnybar energi och avregleringen av elmarknaden leder till förändrade produktions-och överföringsmönster. Dessa förändringar medför behov av en ökad överföringskapacitet. En begränsande faktor, som kan leda till ett underutnyttjande av stamnätet, är interareapendlingar. Dessa systemövergripande pendlingar involverar grupper av generatorer som svänger i förhållande till varandra. Interareapendlingar är ibland svåra att styra på grund av deras skala och komplexitet. I denna avhandling undersöker vi hur förbindelser med högspänd likström, engleska high-voltage direct current (HVDC), kan användas för att dämpa interareapendlingar. Avhandlingen har två huvudbidrag. I det första bidraget visar vi hur stabiliteten hos två olika synkrona nät kan förbättras genom att modulera den aktiva effekten hos en enda HVDC-länk. Ett bekymmer med aktiv effektmodulering är att växelverkan mellan interareapendlingar hos de två näten kan ha en negativ inverkan på systemets stabilitet. Genom att studera styrbarhetsgramianen visar vi att det alltid är möjligt att förbättra dämpningen i båda näten så länge som frekvenserna hos deras interareapendlingar inte ligger för nära varandra. För förenklade modeller visas det uttryckligen hur styrbarheten och därmed de möjliga dämpningsförbättringarna, försämras då frekvensskillnaden blir liten. Avhandlings andra bidrag visar hur koordinerad styrning av två (eller fler) länkar kan användas för att undvika växelverkan mellan besvärliga interareapendlingar. Vi undersöker prestandan hos olika typer av flervariabla regulatorer. I synnerhet undersökers styrsignalsanvändning samt robusthet mot mät-, kommunikations- och aktuatorfel. Därigenom karakteriseras lämpliga regulatortyper. / <p>QC 20190308</p>

Frequency monitoring network (FNET) is an Internet based GPS synchronized wide-area frequency monitoring network deployed at distribution level. At first part of this thesis, FNET structure and characteristics are introduced. After analysis and smoothing FDR signals, the algorithm of event trigger is present with Visual C++ DLL programming. Estimation of disturbance location method is discussed based on the time delay of arriving (TDOA) in the second part of this work. In this section, author shows the multiply method to calculate event time, which is important when deal with pre-disturbance frequency in TDOA part. Two event kinds are classified by the change of frequency and the linear relationship between change of frequency and imbalance of generation and load power is presented. Prove that Time Delay of Arrival (TDOA) is a good algorithm for estimation event location proved by real cases. At last, the interface of DLL module and the key word to import and export DLL variables and function is described. At last, PSS compensation optimization with a set of nonlinear differential algebraic equations (DAE) is introduced in detail. With combining the bifurcation theory of nonlinear system and the optimization theory, the optimal control of small-signal stability of power electric systems are solved. From the perspective of stability margin, global coordination of controller parameters is studied to ensure the stable operation of power grids. The main contents of this thesis include: ï¼ 1ï¼ Models of power systems and test power electric systems. Tht5e dynamic and static models of the elements of power systems, such as generatorbbs, AVRs, PSSs, loads and FACTS controllers are presented. Method of power system linearization modeling is introduced. Three test power systems, WSCC 9-bus system, 2-area system, New England 39-bus system, are used in thesis. ï¼ 2ï¼ Multi-objective optimizations based on bifurcation theory. The optimization models, damping control-Hopf bifurcation control, voltage control-damping control, are presented. Pareto combined with evolutionary strategy (ES) are used to solve multi-objective optimizations. Based on traditional PSS parameters optimizations, it can be formulated as a multi-objective problem, in which, two objectives should be taken into account. The minimum damping torque should be identified. / Master of Science

The unconventional improvements in the power electronics field have been the primary reason for massive deployment of renewable energy sources in the electrical power grid over the past several decades. This needed trend, together with the increasing penetration of micro-, and nano- grids, is bringing significant improvements in system controllability, performance, and energy availability, but is fundamentally changing the nature of electronically-interfaced sources and loads, altering their conventionally mild aggregate dynamics, and inflicting low- and high- frequency dynamic interactions that never before existed at this magnitude. This problem is not restricted only to the grid; modern electronic power distribution systems built for airplanes, ships, electric vehicles, data-centers, and homes, comprise dozens, even hundreds of power electronics converters, produced by different manufacturers, who provide very limited details on converters' dynamic behavior - distinctiveness that has the highest impact on how two converters, or converter and a system interact. Consequently, substantial dispersion of power electronics into the future grid will significantly depend on engineers' capability to understand how to model and dynamically control power flow and subsystem interactions. It is therefore essential to continue developing innovative methods that allow easier system-level modeling, continuous monitoring of dynamic interactions, and advanced control concepts of power electronics converters and systems. The dissertation will start with a "black box" approach to modeling of three-phase power electronics converters, introducing a method to remove source and load dynamics from in-situ measured terminated frequency responses. It will be then shown how converter, itself, can perform an online stability assessment knowing its own unterminated dynamics, and being able to measure all terminal immittances. The dissertation will further advance into an approach to control power electronics converters based on the electro-mechanical duality with synchronous machines, and end with selected examples of system-level operation, where small-signal instability in multi-source power systems can be mitigated using this concept. / Ph. D. / The modern technological advancements and ever-increasing needs for a sustainable future silently demand a serious revision of the conventional practice in electricity production, distribution, and utilization. These technologies are already challenging the limits of the biggest and most complex system ever built by humankind - the electrical grid. One practical solution to this problem is much higher dispersion of electronic power conversion systems capable of decoupling dynamics between system sources, distribution, and loads, while improving system controllability, reliability, and efficiency. Such a trend is already happening, and there has been an increased immersion of power electronics converters in electric cars, ships, airplanes, and the grid, in an effort to replace their traditional thermal, mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic systems. The goals have been to reduce the size, weight, and operational costs while increasing efficiency and reliability. In all these applications, a majority of energy sources and loads are interfaced to the power system through power electronics converters ranging in power from few watts to hundreds of megawatts. However, massive dispersion of power electronics into the future grid will significantly depend on engineers’ capability to understand how to model and dynamically control power flow and subsystem interactions. It is important to continue researching innovative methods that allow easier system-level modeling, continuous monitoring of interactions, and advanced control concepts of power electronics converters and systems. This dissertation hence addresses modeling of power electronics converters using their behavioral models, and shows how these models can assist the stability assessment of the system converters operate in. Additionally, dissertation presents an alternative way to control power electronics converters to behave as synchronous machines, and how this concept can be used to mitigate some stability problems.

Ao longo das últimas décadas, o advento de geradores síncronos distribuídos têm modificado significativamente a operação dinâmica de sistemas de distribuição. Características dinâmicas que antes eram típicas de sistemas de transmissão estão agora também presentes em sistemas de distribuição. Problemas relacionados a oscilações eletromecânica mal amortecidas, um dos focos de análise do estudo da estabilidade a pequenas perturbações, podem agora afetar também os sistemas de distribuição devido à inserção de geradores síncronos. Ferramentas usualmente utilizadas em sistemas de transmissão para a análise de tais oscilações não são completamente adequadas para analisar os fenômenos que ocorrem nos sistemas de distribuição com geração distribuída, devido a características peculiares desses sistemas, tais como o desequilíbrio de suas fases. Assim, essa pesquisa propõe um procedimento alternativo para analisar a estabilidade a pequenas perturbações de sistemas de distribuição, através da aplicação de técnicas de estimação modal. Abordam-se duas técnicas de estimação modal: os métodos de Prony e o ESPRIT. O primeiro método consiste em uma ferramenta já consagrada para a identificação de oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência. Enquanto o segundo é uma t´técnica usualmente aplicada em análise de transitórios com desempenho satisfatório no contexto de qualidade de energia. Simulações não lineares são realizadas no software ATP, inicialmente sobre um sistema trifásico equilibrado e tais técnicas são aplicadas e comparadas, tornando possível a validação cruzada de ambos os métodos na identificação do modo eletromecânico do sistema. Na sequência, simulações são realizadas em um um sistema trifásico desequilibrado, permitindo avaliar o efeito do desbalanço da carga sobre as oscilações eletromecânicas, sendo essa uma das maiores contribuições desse trabalho. A principal conclusão adquirida é o fato de que um Power System Stabilizer (PSS) pode ser usado para mitigar os impactos prejudiciais das oscilações eletromecânicas em um gerador síncrono distribuído, sendo que esse PSS pode ser projetado a partir de técnicas típicas, assumindo um funcionamento equilibrado desse gerador, e ainda assim ter um desempenho satisfatório para os casos desequilibrados estudados. / Over the last few decades, the advent of distributed synchronous generators has significantly modified the operation and dynamics of distribution systems. Dynamic behaviors that were typical of transmission systems are now also present in distribution systems. Problems related to poorly damped electromechanical oscillations, the focus of small-signal stability studies, can now also affect the distribution systems due to the insertion of synchronous generators. Tools usually employed in large systems for the analysis of these oscillations are not completely appropriate to analyze this phenomena in distribution systems with distributed generation, due to particular characteristics of these systems, such as load imbalance. Therefore, this research proposes an alternative procedure to analyze the small-signal stability of distribution systems, through the application of modal estimation techniques. Two modal estimation techniques are used: the Prony and ESPRIT methods. The former consists of a well-established tool for identifying low-frequency oscillations and the latter was chosen due to its satisfactory performance in works related to power quality, where it is applied in transient analysis. Initially, both modal estimation techniques are applied to the results of nonlinear simulations performed in the Alternative Transients Program for balanced three-phase systems. The modes identified by both techniques exhibit a close match, which provides a cross validation between these techniques. In the sequence, simulations are performed in three-phase unbalanced systems, allowing an evaluation of the effect of load imbalance on the electromechanical oscillations (which is another major contribution of this work). Furthermore, it is concluded from the obtained results that a Power System Stabilizer, designed under the assumption of a balanced operation of the distribution system, can be effectively used to mitigate the detrimental effects of the poorly damped oscillations even when the system operates under unbalanced load conditions.