Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir os impactos da varíola em Porto Alegre no século XIX, tendo como ponto de partida as ações protagonizadas pelos diferentes sujeitos que vivenciaram, à época, a experiência da doença e das posturas que se estabelecem contra ela. Em 1846, regulou-se a vacinação contra a varíola como prática de Estado; a recepção da nova lei, entretanto, não alcançou a notoriedade esperada por agentes do governo imperial, já que a ampla maioria da população não estava informada dos propósitos da vacina e não conferia legitimidade à medida. Observando o perfil social dos variolosos percebe-se que aqueles sujeitos, protagonistas dos conflitos de seu tempo foram capazes de elaborar respostas próprias às demandas da doença, tendo buscado os préstimos do hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre com vistas a aliviar seus sintomas. A recusa à vacinação foi constatada por meio de muitos relatórios governamentais no período, mas também ficou evidente mediante a observância da varíola como uma doença endêmica na cidade, que alcançou surtos epidêmicos graves, como no ano de 1874, quando 1% da população faleceu em função do contágio. Analisando as repostas elaboradas pelo incipiente “poder público” para o combate à epidemia, observou-se a inoperância das medidas profiláticas vigentes, já que o isolamento de pessoas, tido como necessário para a não propagação da doença, era regra para uma parte da população, majoritariamente sujeitos livres pobres e escravos, enquanto a doença atingiu indiscriminadamente todos os setores ou classes sociais. / This dissertation aims to discuss the impact of smallpox in Porto Alegre in the nineteenth century taking as its starting point the actions played by different subjects who experienced at the time the experience of illness and the attitudes that were established against it. In 1846, smallpox vaccination was regulated as a State practice, but the reception of the new law, however, did not reach the expected notoriety bythe agents of the imperial government, since the vast majority of the population was not informed of the purpose of the vaccine and did not confer legitimacy tothis measure. Observing the social profile of the carriers of smallpox, one realizes that those subjects, protagonists of conflicts of his time, were able to develop their own answers to the demands of the disease, searching the good services of the Hospital Santa Casa de Porto Alegre in order to alleviate their symptoms. The refusal of vaccination was found by many governmental reports of the period, but was also evident by the observance of smallpox as an endemic disease in the town. Indeed, smallpox reached serious epidemic outbreaks, as in 1874, when 1 % of the population died due of contagion. Analyzing the responses prepared by the incipient public power to fight the epidemic at the time, we can observe the ineffectiveness of current prophylactic measures, since the isolation of persons was deemed necessary to not spread the disease. It was the rule for a part of the population, mostly poor free subjects and slaves, while the disease indiscriminately affected all sectors or social classes.

This study deals with the history of smallpox in Sweden between 1750 and 1900 and the two preventive measures that were used against it: inoculation during the eighteenth and vaccination during the nineteenth Century. Between 1750 and 1800 300,000 children died from smallpox in Sweden. During the nineteenth Century smallpox death rates decreased considerably and by the end of the Century the disease was very rare. The purpose of this study has been to examine the occurrence of smallpox at local, regional and national levels and to explain the changes in the light of general models of the epidemiologic transition. Smallpox mortality has been analyzed by demographic variables such as age, sex, and social class. The adaptation and practise of inoculation and vaccination has been examined by using a model of preventive health care behaviour. When smallpox mortality decreased sharply at the beginning of the nineteenth century, a greater proportion of adults were represented. More men than women died. Due to diminished immunity most of those who were vaccinated became susceptible about ten years later. There is only a slight tendency that smallpox impaired a persons fertility. Sterility, however, often resulted from an infection. Disfiguring facial pockmarks were also a serious complication of smallpox infection. Those who had been infected from smallpox married later in life than those who were susceptible or vaccinated. Inoculation was never widely accepted in eighteenth-century Sweden since a fatalistic attitude did not encourage preventive measures. The physicians monopoly and a general lack of organization were other important impediments. Vaccination was successfully implemented in 1802 and became the single most important factor for the decrease in smallpox mortality. By employing the clergy and allowing everyone to practise vaccination a great majority of the new-born were immunized. Vaccination rates were raised further when the method was made compulsory in 1816. Since there were no risks involved and after experiencing the advantages of vaccination during smallpox epidemics the inhabitants of Sweden were easily to persuaded of its benefits. By then smallpox had changed from a fatal killer to a rare disease. / digitalisering@umu

By separating the local from the global, extant historiography fails to capture a total sense of how Africans engaged with change in the 19th and 20th centuries. Existing approaches are Eurocentric in assuming that global forces like colonialism, racism, nationalism and capitalism were the only issues that Africans confronted and thought about. A more complete history of social change is one which integrates local concerns and ideas, expressed in local languages and cosmologies, with Atlantic discourses. The history of Abeokuta in Western Nigeria had been written in a modernization model which interprets the Egba past as how a modern missionary-created elite tried to transform the society from a traditional one. By focusing on elite discourses in a wider scope than the modernization premise, a more complex history emerges in which European influence and colonial power were only part of many forces and resources which the Egba struggled over, modulated and coped with. Power in 19th century Abeokuta was invented by the construction of a national identity, history and traditions to legitimize a central monarchy. The interests of ruling elites converged with those of colonial power towards consolidating these innovations and political centralization. However, other displaced elites always contested such constructions. The crises and violence of the early 20th century were therefore not simply anti-colonial resistance. They were complicated expressions of political dissent against local, colonial and global forces of domination, and reactions to socio-economic challenges. Public health discourse reveals that the Egba did not conceive of European medicine as a dichotomous binary to local medical practices. Rather, it represented an addition of choices to a corpus of medical options. Similarly, Atlantic ideas like democracy and modernization were reduced to local understanding such that they correlated to local knowledge. Modernity for the Egba was therefore not about becoming like Europe; but about pursuing life‘s best-options in the variety of free and forceful influences. Egba society was shaped in the multiple struggles among elites advancing various claims and deploying instruments of power. This history transcends the colonial and renders Africans much more fully as actors in the making of their lives and society.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Objetiva-se nessa dissertaÃÃo desenvolver uma anÃlise relativa a constituiÃÃo, estrutura, finalidade e implicaÃÃes no meio social e urbano dos lazaretos da Jacarecanga e da Lagoa Funda, na cidade de Fortaleza, no sÃculo XIX. Nesse sentido, Ã desenvolvido um estudo voltado ao funcionamento dos lazaretos como espaÃo de isolamento destinado a indivÃduos acometidos de varÃola. Diante dessa perspectiva, sÃo debatidas prÃticas e intervenÃÃes voltadas a conter a disseminaÃÃo da varÃola no meio urbano. Visando, assim, entender o modo como se estabeleciam as relaÃÃes, os discursos e as prÃticas em relaÃÃo aos variolosos e os motivos de seus isolamentos nos lazaretos como medida preventiva cautelar. Por fim, busca-se compreender a experiÃncia com a varÃola em Fortaleza, vivenciada nesses ambientes pÃblicos, investigando questÃes associadas a vida urbana, ao cotidiano e Ãs prÃticas de cura na Cidade. / We aim in this dissertation to analyze the constitution, the structure, the operation, the purpose and the implications of the social urban environment expressed in Jacarecanga and Lagoa Fundaâs lazarettos, in the nineteenth century, in Fortaleza city. Our purpose consists of developing a study focused on the lazarettos as a place of isolation for individuals affected by smallpox. In this sense we also discuss the practice and the interventions done to stop the smallpox dissemination within the urban environment. We aim to understand how relationship, discourse and practice were established in relation to the people infected by smallpox and to their isolation within the lazarettos as a preventive measure. Understanding the experience with smallpox in the city, represented by the existence of lazareto, implies in investigate the issues associated to urban life in Fortaleza, to its residents, to healing practices and to the everyday life.