Development of population of Staňkov in 19th century Abstract This work focuses on description of population development in Staňkov in years 1827-1900. Data were gained by the method of anonymous excerption of registers of births, deaths and marriages. These registers are currently located in State regional archive in Pilsen. Staňkov always had a Czech majority, even though it is located in Western Bohemian region close to German boarder. Inhabitants of Staňkov worked mainly in agriculture and trades. Great development in industry and mining took place in Staňkov in the analyzed period. Population development is analyzed from the point of view of fertility, mortality and nuptiability. The results from Staňkov are also compared to other towns in the same time period. Keywords: historical demography, 19th century, development of population, Staňkov

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19532号 / 理博第4192号 / 新制||理||1602(附属図書館) / 32568 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 渡辺 勝敏, 教授 疋田 努, 教授 曽田 貞滋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Thesis (PhD (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African abalone, Haliotis midae, has been the subject of major concern regarding its survival and conservation over the last decade or more. Being the only one of five endemic species with commercial value, there is considerable interest and urgency in genetic management and improvement of this species. Limited genetic information and the increasing conservation concern of this species are considered the key motivations for generating information on the micro- and macro-evolutionary processes of H. midae, the overall objective of this study. This study reported the first microsatellite and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers developed specifically for Haliotis midae. Both these marker types were applied to elucidate the degree of gene flow in nine natural abalone populations whilst testing for two contrasting hypotheses; panmixia versus restricted gene flow. Data was analysed using a series of methodological approaches ranging from traditional summary statistics to more advanced MCMC based Bayesian clustering methods with and without including spatial information. Using only microsatellite data, the historical demography of the species was also examined in terms of effective population size and population size fluctuations. Finally, the evolutionary positioning and origin of Haliotis midae with regards to other Haliotis species was investigated based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data. Both microsatellite and SNP data gave evidence for subtle differentiation between West and East coast populations that correlates with a hydrogeographic barrier in the vicinity of Cape Agulhas. Population substructure was supported by AMOVA, FCA and Bayesian clustering analysis. Clustering utilizing spatial information further indicated clinal variation on both sides of the proposed barrier with a region in the middle coinciding with a secondary contact zone, indicating possible historical isolation during glacial periods. Overall, the similar degree of substructure observed with both microsatellites and SNPs supported the existence of contemporary and/or historical factors with genome-wide effect on gene flow. The population expansion measured with the microsatellites was inconsistent with the known recent decline but taking the species’ life cycle and large effective population size into account, a shrinkage in population size will probably only be apparent in a few generations time. On a macro-evolutionary scale, this study presents the first classification of South African abalone as a monophyletic group within the Haliotidae family. The topology based on the combined mitochondrial and nuclear dataset is highly suggestive of a relatively recent radiation of the SA species from the Indo-Pacific basin. The study concludes by describing the most likely factors that could have affected overall population structure and makes suggestions on how the given genetic information should be incorporated into strategies aimed towards the effective management and conservation of Haliotis midae. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen, Haliotis midae, is oor die laaste dekade of meer die onderwerp van groot bekommernis betreffende die spesie se oorlewing en bewaring. Aangesien dit die enigste van vyf endemiese SA spesies is met kommersiёle waarde, is daar besonderse belang en erns in die genetiese beheer en verbetering van die spesie. Beperkte genetiese inligting en ‘n toenemende behoefte om die spesie te bewaar is die hoof motivering agter die generering van informasie rakende mikro- en makro-evolusionêre prosesse in Haliotis midae en is die oorhoofse doel van hierdie studie. Hierdie studie beskryf die eerste mikrosatelliete en enkel basispaar polimorfismes wat ontwikkel is spesifiek vir Haliotis midae. Beide tipe merkers is aangewend om die mate van gene vloei in nege wilde perlemoen populasies te ondersoek terwyl twee hipoteses ondersoek is; panmiksie versus beperkte gene vloei. Data is geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van ‘n reeks metodieke benaderings wat wissel van tradisionele opsommings statistieke tot meer gevorderde MCMC gebasseerde groeperings metodes met of sonder die gebruik van geografiese data. Mikrosatelliet data is ook aangewend om die historiese demografie van die spesie te bepaal in terme van effektiewe populasie grootte asook veranderinge in populasie groottes. Laastens is die evolusionêre posisionering en oorsprong van Haliotis midae teenoor ander Haliotis spesies ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van mitokondriale en nukleêre DNA volgorde data. Beide mikrosatelliet en enkel basispaar polimorfisme data lewer bewys van ‘n subtiele genetiese verskil tussen wes en ooskus populasies wat verband hou met ‘n hidrografiese skeiding in die omgewing van Kaap Agulhas. Populasie struktuur is ondersteun deur die analise van molekulêre variansie (AMOVA), faktoriale komponente analise asook Bayesiese groeperings analise. Groeperings analise wat geografiese informasie insluit dui klinale genetiese variasie aan beide kante van die skeiding aan met ‘n area in die middel wat ooreenstem met ‘n sekondêre kontak gebied. In totaal, ondersteun die soortgelyke mate van struktuur verkry met beide die mikrosatelliete en enkel basispaar polimorfismes die bestaan van hedendaagse en/of historiese faktore met genoom wye invloed op gene vloei. Die toename in populasie grootte vasgestel deur die mikrosatelliet data stem nie ooreen met die onlangse afname waargeneem in die spesie nie, maar met inagneming van Haliotis midae se lewenssiklus en groot effektiewe populasie grootte, sal die afname in populasie grootte moontlik eers oor ‘n paar generasies na vore kom. Op ‘n makro-evolusionêre skaal lewer hierdie studie die eerste klassifikasie van Suid-Afrikaanse perlemoen as ‘n monofiletiese groep binne die Haliotidae familie. Die topologie gebaseer op ‘n gesamentlike mitkondriale en nukleêre datastel is hoogs aanduidend van ‘n relatiewe onlangse verspreiding van die Suid-Afrikaanse spesies uit die Stille-Indiese Oseaan. Die studie sluit af deur die mees algemene faktore te bespreek wat populasie struktuur kon beïnvloed het en maak voorstelle op watter wyse hierdie genetiese inligting aangewend kan word vir die effekiewe beheer en bewaring van Haliotis midae.

O contato pretérito Amazônia-Mata Atlântica vem sendo recorrentemente citado na literatura para diversos grupos da fauna Neotropical e teria ocorrido por diferentes rotas geográficas e períodos temporais. Segundo esta hipótese, em períodos quentes e úmidos as florestas se expandiram provocando retração/fragmentação das áreas abertas, ao passo que em períodos frios e secos, o inverso ocorreria. Assim, utilizando-se de crotalíneos como modelo, esta tese pretende: (1) testar o pretérito contato Amazônia-Mata Atlântica, assim como o tempo de separação entre as linhagens relictuais nesses ambientes florestados, elucidando a história demográfica das espécies de Bothrops do grupo jararacuçu, do grupo atrox e de B. bilineatus; (2) paralelamente Crotalus durissus, espécie associada à diagonal de áreas abertas da América do Sul (Caatinga, Cerrado e Chaco), foi utilizada para testar a ocorrência de expansão desses ambientes, o que levaria a quebra da hipotetizada ponte florestada Amazônia-Mata Atlântica. Através de dataset multi-locus sob Inferência Bayesiana (quatro genes mitocondriais e cinco nucleares) foram testadas as relações filogenéticas e filogeográficas entre as amostras em Bothrops e Crotalus. Cenários históricos alternativos foram testados com base em simulações coalescentes e ABC (approximate Bayesian computation). Adicionalmente, foi empregado teste de delimitação de linhagens evolutivas para o reconhecimento da diversidade, a nível de espécie, em cada grupo estudado, usando a implementação Bayesiana do algoritimo Generalized Mixed Yule-Coalescent. Os resultados filogenéticos e análises de delimitação de espécies indicam diversidade críptica para os grupos jararacussu, atrox e taeniatus. Os testes de cenários históricos sugerem (1) múltiplas conexões florestais Amazônia-Mata Atlântica nos últimos 2.5 milhões de anos, com intercâmbio faunístico em ambas as direções e (2) expansão das áreas abertas do Cerrado e Caatinga em sincronia temporal com perda de conectividade florestal Amazônia-Mata Atlântica durante o Pleistoceno tardio (3) que a formação e estabilização do Rio Amazonas teve influência na diversificação do grupo jararacuçu, gerando diversidade. Os resultados trazem informações sobre o dinamismo histórico das paisagens florestadas e abertas no Neotrópico ao longo do tempo, assim como o papel dos rios amazônicos na diversificação da fauna. Adicionalmente, os resultados apontam para instabilidade taxonômica e diversidade críptica em diversos grupos em Bothrops e em Crotalus durissus, revelando a necessidade do aprofundamento sistemático para essas serpentes venenosas de importância médica / The hypotetized historical contact Amazon-Atlantic Forest has been recurrently cited in the literature for several groups of Neotropical fauna and would have occurred by different geographic routes and time periods. According to this hypothesis, in hot and humid periods the forests expanded causing retraction / fragmentation of the open areas, while in cold and dry periods, the reverse would occur. Thus, by using Neotropical pit vipers as a model, this thesis aims to: (1) test the historical forest contact Amazon-Atlantic Forest, as well as the time of separation between relict lineages in these forested environments, elucidating the demographic history of Bothrops species from jararacussu group, atrox group and B. bilineatus; (2) Crotalus durissus, a species associated with the diagonal of open areas of South America (Caatinga, Cerrado and Chaco), was used in parallel to test the occurrence of expansion of these environments, which would lead to the breakage of the hypothetical Amazon-Atlantic Forest forested bridge. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships between samples of Bothrops and Crotalus were tested through a multi-locus dataset (four mitochondrial genes and five nuclear) under Bayesian Inference. Alternative historical scenarios were tested based on coalescent simulations and ABC (approximate Bayesian computation). In addition, was inferred independently evolving lineages to recognized species diversity in each group studied, using Bayesian implementation of the molecular species delimitation algorithm Generalized Mixed Yule-Coalescent. Phylogenetic results and analyzes of species delimitation indicate cryptic diversity for the groups jararacussu, atrox and taeniatus. The tests of historical scenarios suggest (1) multiple Amazon-Atlantic Forest forest connections in the last 2.5 million years, with faunal exchange in both directions and (2) expansion of the open areas of the Cerrado and Caatinga in temporal synchrony with loss of forest bridge Amazon-Atlantic Forest during late Pleistocene (3) that the formation and stabilization of the Amazon River influenced the diversification of the jararacussu group, generating diversity. The results provide information on the historical dynamism of forested and open landscapes in the Neotropics over time, as well as the role of Amazonian rivers in the diversification of fauna. Moreover, the results point to taxonomic instability and cryptic diversity in several groups within Brothrops and Crotalus durissus, revealing the need for systematic deepening for these medically important venemous snakes

Muitos são os estudos que se têm dedicado à temática da reprodução e das famílias escravas no Brasil; poucos, porém, referem-se a regiões desprovidas de vínculos mais estreitos com a economia exportadora. Neste trabalho, que se insere no campo da demografia histórica, direcionamos nossa atenção para a aludida temática enfocando o caso de Mariana no decurso da segunda metade do século XIX. Esta localidade, situada na província de Minas Gerais, esteve, desde o declínio da produção aurífera, integrada à economia voltada para a produção de subsistência e o abastecimento do mercado interno. De início, esboçamos os principais traços definidores do perfil econômico de Mariana, bem como delineamos as características de sua população escrava, além de especular sobre as estratégias de manutenção da instituição escravista adotadas na localidade no período considerado. As informações por nós compulsadas, obtidas em especial a partir da leitura dos inventários post-mortem (nossa fonte principal), bem como mediante o recurso complementar a documentação variada (assentos de casamentos e de batismos de escravos, matrículas e registros de compra e venda de cativos), possibilitaram o exame da estrutura e das características demográficas das famílias escravas. Além disto, as fontes de que lançamos mão permitiram destacar a importância das famílias no processo de formação e ampliação dos plantéis de cativos de Mariana nas décadas derradeiras da escravidão brasileira, período marcado pela promulgação de uma série de leis condicionadas por aquele processo e que, ao mesmo tempo, nele produziram inequívocos efeitos. / Many are the studies dedicated to slave reproduction and slave families in Brazil. Only a few, though, focus on regions not engaged in export economy. This work, which belongs to the field of historical demography, studies slave reproduction and slave families in Mariana during the second half of the 19th century. Mariana, a locality in the province of Minas Gerais, turned to subsistence economy and internal market production since de decline of gold production. This work begins with a description of the main economic characteristics of Mariana and of its slave population, speculating on the strategies for maintaining slavery used in the region during that period. The structure and demographic characteristics of slave families were analyzed through information obtained in post-mortem inventories (our main source) and secondary sources such as wedding and baptism registries and records of slave purchases and sales. Additionally, those sources highlighted the importance of slave families in the process of development of slaveholdings in Mariana during the last decades of slavery in Brazil, a period marked by a legislation that was oriented to that process and has undeniably influenced it.

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-03-20T18:19:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DenizeTerezinhaLealFreitas.pdf: 2430003 bytes, checksum: abf082d5c2faac16873349e1c6a3c2f9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-20T18:19:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DenizeTerezinhaLealFreitas.pdf: 2430003 bytes, checksum: abf082d5c2faac16873349e1c6a3c2f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-30 / Milton Valente / O presente estudo procura investigar as principais características referentes à população livre que casava na Paróquia Nossa Senhora da Madre de Deus de Porto Alegre, entre 1772 e 1835. Objetiva caracterizar as escolhas matrimoniais da população porto-alegrense, durante o final do século XVIII e meados do século XIX. Por meio da análise quantitativa dos registros paroquiais de casamentos, verificaram-se aspectos significativos sobre as relações matrimoniais, tais como: sazonalidade do evento, índice de legitimidade dos nubentes, tipos de impedimentos matrimoniais, condição jurídica dos nubentes, etc.. Além disso, a partir do cruzamento nominativo de informações entre os registros paroquiais de casamento com os Autos de Justificativa Matrimoniais, procura-se qualificar a trajetória pré-nupcial de alguns nubentes. Finalmente, pretende-se, através do uso da Relação de Moradores de Porto Alegre, complementar o estudo referente às condições ocupacionais da localidade. De modo geral, o estudo visa compreender quem, quando, como e com quem a população porto-alegrense optava contrair matrimônio. / This study investigates the main features relating to the population who would marry at Nossa Senhora da Madre de Deus Parish in Porto Alegre, between 1772 and 1835. It aims to characterize the marital choices of the population in Porto Alegre, during the late eighteenth and mid nineteenth century. Through quantitative analysis of marriage records in the parish, there were significant aspects of marital relations, such as seasonal event, legitimacy of the betrothed rate, the kinds of obstructions to marriage, the legal status of spouses, etc. Moreover, from the crossing of verbal information, between the marriage records in the parish with the Wedding Reasoning Records, we seek to characterize the path of some pre-nuptial betrothed. In addition, it is intended, by using the Citizens of Porto Alegre Ratio, to complement the study related to occupational conditions of the locality. Overall, the study aims to understand who, when, how, and with whom the population of Porto Alegre opted to get married.

This Ph.D. Dissertation inferred the historical processes that seem to have built the avian community assemblage restricted to the Amazonian floodplains based on their patterns of diversification and geological and climatic data. We analyzed three species complexes widely distributed over the Amazon Basin and specialists of river edge forests, Myrmoborus lugubris, Thamnophilus nigrocinereus/T. cryptoleucus, and Myrmotherula assimilis. In order to access their genetic diversity and perform phylogenetic and demographic analyses, we captured and sequenced ~2,300 Ultra Conserved Elements. This Dissertation was subdivided into three chapters that discuss distinct diversification aspects of these taxa. In Chapter 1, we explored the effects of microevolutionary processes in M. lugubris, especially gene flow and incomplete lineage sorting in phylogenetic reconstructions of its populations. We demonstrated the potential bias of estimating species tree without accommodating gene flow in recent scenarios of divergence. Additionally, we explored the evolutionary history of this lineage, supporting the presence of gene flow between nonsister populations and a hybrid zone with potential heterosis. In Chapter 2 we performed a comparative phylogeographic study including all three species complexes. The results indicated that climatic oscillations during the Quaternary that altered the pattern of sedimentation and formation of river edge forests seem to have promoted cyclical periods of allopatry and secondary contact. In the third chapter we explored how the genetic diversity of populations restricted to the Solimões river is currently distributed in space and if historical demographic alterations could be related to geographic range expansions. A signal of range expansion was detected only for T. cryptoleucus but not for M. lugubris and M. assimilis, suggesting that at the intra-populational scale species-specific ecological variables may promote distinct patterns of genetic diversity. However, despite the absence of a shared pattern of range expansion the genetic diversity of each of the three taxa is heterogeneously distributed in the landscape. The data presented in this Dissertation allowed an unprecedented test of diversification hypotheses for the bird community that occurs throughout the Amazonian floodplains, suggesting that organisms from environments poorly explored by phylogeographic studies may reveal new facets about the diversification of the Amazonian diversity / Nesta Tese foram inferidos os processos históricos que podem ter influenciado a evolução da comunidade de Aves restritas às planícies alagadas amazônicas baseado na análise de seus padrões de diversificação associados a dados geológicos e climáticos. Foram selecionados três complexos de espécies amplamente distribuídos pela bacia Amazônica e intimamente associados às florestas de beira de rio, Myrmoborus lugubris, Thamnophilus nigrocinereus/T. cryptoleucus e Myrmotherula assimilis. Para acessar a diversidade genética e realizar análises filogenéticas e demográficas das espécies foi realizada a captura e sequenciamento de ~2.300 Elementos Ultra Conservados. A Tese foi dividida em três capítulos que abordam aspectos distintos sobre a diversificação desses organismos. No Capítulo 1, M. lugubris foi estudado com o intuito de explorar os efeitos de processos microevolutivos, em particular fluxo gênico e sorteamento incompleto de linhagens, na reconstrução filogenética das populações deste complexo. Esse estudo demonstrou a problemática em se estimar árvores de espécies em cenários recentes de diversificação utilizando métodos que não acomodam fluxo gênico como um parâmetro, e explorou o histórico evolutivo desse complexo de espécies, mostrando a presença de fluxo gênico entre populações não irmãs e a presença de uma zona de hibridação com um potencial cenário de heterose. No Capítulo 2 foi realizado um estudo filogeográfico comparado dos três complexos de espécies que sugeriu que ciclos climáticos ocorridos ao longo do Pleistoceno, que parecem ter alterado o padrão de sedimentação e formação de florestas de beira de rio, tiveram importante papel na diversificação deste conjunto de organismos, promovendo períodos de alopatria seguidos de contato secundário. No terceiro Capítulo da Tese exploramos como a atual diversidade genética de populações restritas ao Rio Solimões está distribuída no espaço e se alterações demográficas históricas poderiam estar relacionadas à expansão nas distribuições geográficas. Nesse estudo encontramos sinal de expansão geográfica para T. cryptoleucus, mas não para M. lugubris e M. assimilis, sugerindo que em uma escala intrapopulacional variáveis ecológicas intrínsecas aos táxons estudados devem promover padrões distintos de diversidade genética. Ainda nesse estudo foi encontrado que a atual diversidade genética desses complexos espécies está distribuída de forma heterogênea na paisagem. Os dados apresentados nesta Tese permitiram testar de forma inédita hipóteses de diversificação para a comunidade de Aves que ocorre ao longo de toda a bacia Amazônica, sugerindo que organismos de ambientes pouco explorados por estudos filogeográficos podem revelar novas facetas sobre a diversificação da elevada diversidade Amazônica

Understanding complex population dynamics is critical for both basic and applied ecology. Analysis of genetic data has been promoted as a way to reconstruct recent non-equilibrium processes that influence the apportioning of genetic diversity among populations of organisms. In a structured-deme context, where individual populations exist as geographically distinct units, island biogeography theory and metapopulation genetics predict that the demographic processes of extinction, colonization, and migration will affect the magnitude and rate of genetic divergence between demes. New methods have been developed to attempt to detect the influence of non-equilibrium dynamics in structured populations. I challenged two of these methods: decomposed pairwise regression and allele frequency analyses, using simulations of genetic data from structured demes. I found that these methods suffer from a high type II error rate, or failure to reject the null hypothesis of mutation-migration-drift equilibrium for demes experiencing historical demographic events. In addition, island biogeography and metapopulation ecology predict that at equilibrium, some species in a patch will be recent colonists, as equilibrium indicates a balance between colonization of the patch and extinction from the patch. Recent colonists are unlikely to have reached population mutation-migration-drift equilibrium; hence a paradox exists between population and community level equilibrium. I used nuclear and mitochondrial genetic data from populations of two species of reptiles from the Turks and Caicos Islands, British West Indies to test for patterns of equilibrium vs. non-equilibrium. I found unexpected shallow genetic divergence in the Turks Island boa (Epicrates chrysogaster), indicating that this species likely existed as a panmictic population prior to the inundation of the Turks and Caicos Banks during the last glaciation. As the initial methods I tested using simulations proved unreliable, I used methods from phylogeography, landscape genetics, and island biogeography to detect significant non-equilibrium dynamics in the Turks and Caicos curly-tailed lizard (Leiocephalus psammodromus), finding evidence for high levels of biased gene flow. I propose that studies of genetic diversity on island archipelagos use tools from all three of these methods to evaluate empirical data in the context of equilibrium and the null hypotheses offered by island biogeography and population genetics theory. I frame the results both in the context of conservation and an understanding of equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics.

This study deals with the history of smallpox in Sweden between 1750 and 1900 and the two preventive measures that were used against it: inoculation during the eighteenth and vaccination during the nineteenth Century. Between 1750 and 1800 300,000 children died from smallpox in Sweden. During the nineteenth Century smallpox death rates decreased considerably and by the end of the Century the disease was very rare. The purpose of this study has been to examine the occurrence of smallpox at local, regional and national levels and to explain the changes in the light of general models of the epidemiologic transition. Smallpox mortality has been analyzed by demographic variables such as age, sex, and social class. The adaptation and practise of inoculation and vaccination has been examined by using a model of preventive health care behaviour. When smallpox mortality decreased sharply at the beginning of the nineteenth century, a greater proportion of adults were represented. More men than women died. Due to diminished immunity most of those who were vaccinated became susceptible about ten years later. There is only a slight tendency that smallpox impaired a persons fertility. Sterility, however, often resulted from an infection. Disfiguring facial pockmarks were also a serious complication of smallpox infection. Those who had been infected from smallpox married later in life than those who were susceptible or vaccinated. Inoculation was never widely accepted in eighteenth-century Sweden since a fatalistic attitude did not encourage preventive measures. The physicians monopoly and a general lack of organization were other important impediments. Vaccination was successfully implemented in 1802 and became the single most important factor for the decrease in smallpox mortality. By employing the clergy and allowing everyone to practise vaccination a great majority of the new-born were immunized. Vaccination rates were raised further when the method was made compulsory in 1816. Since there were no risks involved and after experiencing the advantages of vaccination during smallpox epidemics the inhabitants of Sweden were easily to persuaded of its benefits. By then smallpox had changed from a fatal killer to a rare disease. / digitalisering@umu

Grandson is a district in the French speaking canton of Vaud with no particular feature. Prosaic, it resembles many other regions of Switzerland. Such an uneventful area, with smooth social changes taking place over the course of centuries, seemed tailor-made to conduct a combined study of population and landownership. By bringing two vastly different domains of social sciences, demography and rural economy into harmony within a single study, issues of encompassing both methods, theoretically and practically, are discussed. However, the essence of this type of study is the availability of documentation. The registers of land and parish are to be structured for an automatic data processing. The analysis of databases for both the population and the landowners points to unsuspected movements of inhabitants under study, casting doubts on some received ideas on the past population of rural areas in Swiss communities. Proposing to observe eight small neighbouring villages within a limited span of time would privilege empirical aspects. This monograph attempts to picture landownership and population in the 18th century Grandson area. In doing so, some issues were clarified. Nonetheless some others could only be raised.