Den smarta staden är ett koncept som har utvecklats genom olika sociala, ekonomiska och teknologiska drivkrafter. De senaste årens teknologiska framsteg som skett har möjliggjort för smarta städer att gå från en framtidsutopi till verklighet. Viktiga trender och utmaningar för samhällen kring urbanisering och klimatförändringar parallellt med den snabba tekniska och digitala utvecklingen har resulterat i en starkt växande trend kring smarta städer. En smart stad kan omfatta olika dimensioner såsom hållbarhet, smart styrning och politik, social inkludering, livskvalitet, ekonomisk utveckling, samverkan och delaktighet. Trots att det inte finns en entydig definition av vad en smart stad är, utgör digitaliseringen en gemensam nämnare. Fysisk planering och smarta städer är intimt kopplade då fysisk planering spelar en central roll i att utveckla och forma smarta stadsområden. Genom att integrera digitalisering, teknik och innovativa lösningar i den fysiska planeringen kan man skapa städer som är effektiva, hållbara och livskraftiga. Detta examensarbete är en studie av hur konceptet "smart stad" tillämpas i den fysiska planeringen och hur politiska visioner och mål omsätts till praktiskt handling inom den fysiska planeringen. Arbetet grundas på ett teoretiskt ramverk framtaget ur befintlig forskning kring ämnet smart stad. Detta är en fallstudie som grundar sig i ett specifikt fall. Kommunala dokument har undersökts och analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ textanalys som metod. Studien resulterade i hur konceptet "smarta städer" har tillämpats inom följande aspekter: helhetsperspektiv, anpassning till platsens kontext, samverkan och delaktighet. Från detta har slutsatser kunnat dras för hur städer arbetar med konceptet smart stad inom den fysiska planeringen.

The aim of the thesis Development of Smart Cities in the region of Latin America applied on the case of Mexico City and Rio de Janeiro stands on their comparison provided according to application of six axes smart city concept. Both cities provide their individual approach in their formulation and implementation of smart city initiative. According to this comparison this paper will prove that even though that there is not yet a uniform smart city definition there are indicators according to which it is possible to form a general a framework to identify smart cities. This framework will be important to prove several things about smart cities. They will be necessary for the future growth of humanity as cities become more and more important. This will happen by allowing for better functioning of cities and better use of existing resources. These cities will start to operate for their citizens in ways that lessen the impact of the environment while allowing cities to grow across multiple sectors while improving quality of life among a city s residents. This implementation of ITC technologies will prove a rising tide that will lift the city s poor by empowering their economic lives by improving quality of life and giving better access to resources. The comparison of the two cities will also prove that Rio de Janeiro through its many smart initiatives is further along in its path to becoming a smart city than Mexico City. The difference between the two will also prove just how important smart cities are to the region s future. Mexico City s projects have not been as holistic as those taken in Brazil s largest city. Rio de Janeiro s implementation of projects like COR have transformed the city allowing it to become one of the smartest cities in the region and the world. The COR has implemented ITC technologies and initiatives that have transformed every sector of the six-axes approach model.

Based on an analysis of the smart city and smart region concepts and case studies, the aim of the thesis was to identify the possibilities of their use in the tourism industry and to create a proposal for their application in selected tourist destinations. In cooperation with the selected destination of Písek, which endorses the smart city concept, and based on discussions with city representatives, the objective was narrowed down to the introduction of new iBeacon technology implemented in Písek through the eCulture project. This technology helps fulfil the concept of the smart city as a tourist destination. The main goal of applying this method is effective presentation of the City of Písek. Together with the destination company Píseckem, s.r.o., a total of 12 beacons were proposed in the historic city centre and three more in its immediate vicinity. First, the content of individual beacons was prepared in the practical part of the research, which was divided into basic and supplementary text. The basic text provides the main information, while the supplementary text is primarily designed to attract attention. Subsequently, the destination company was provided with graphic designs for display-ing information to end-users through selected beacons. To ensure effective presentation of the City of Písek through iBeacon technol-ogy, selected visuals were tested with an eye camera. Eye tracking is a modern research method in which the eye movements of participants (respondents) are monitored. The results were presented using heat maps, which show the intensity with which individual places in the graphic design are viewed by respondents. The proposal part of the thesis was prepared based on the results of eye tracking tests and subsequent in-depth interviews. A total of four graphic designs were created, namely beacon 01 (Great Square), beacon 02 (Town Hall Courtyard), beacon 03 (Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross) and beacon 05 (Bakaláře).

With advancement in information and communication technologies (ICT), Smart Cities are becoming a popular urban development strategy amongst policymakers and city managers to respond to various threats posed by rapid urbanization such as environmental degradation and increasing inequality (Hartemink, 2016). Therefore, globally, regions ranging from small towns to megacities are proposing and investing in smart city (SC) initiatives. Unfortunately, the prolific use of this term by city managers and technology vendors is clouding the view on what it really takes to become a SC (Van den Bergh and Viaene, 2015). Consequently, cities are experiencing multiple implementation risks when trying to turn a smart city ambition into reality. These implementation risks reflect the gaps or missing pieces in the current organizational structure and policies designed for implementing SC projects at the city level. They can be understood better if the process of SC transformation is explored using diverse cases of cities undergoing such a transformation. However, the current studies on SC initiatives at the local, regional, national, and international level have focused on: 1) strengthening the SC concept rather than understanding the practical implementation of the concept – i.e., discussing SC characteristics and outcomes rather than focusing on the challenges faced in implementing SC projects; 2) cases that have already been developed as a SC or are soon to become a SC, leaving out the opportunity to study cities undergoing SC transformation and the identification of implementation risks; and 3) cases from more advanced economies. Taken together, these observations reveal the need for research that focuses on SC initiatives in a developing nation context. More specifically, there is a need for researchers, city managers, and policymakers in these regions to focus on the process of SC transformation to identify implementation risks early on in the process. Understanding these risks may help the development of better risk mitigation strategies and result in more successful SC projects. This research explores SC implementation risks in two cities currently undergoing a SC transformation in India – Kakinada and Kanpur. While examining the risks landscape in these two cities, the research also explores what city officials are focused on when implementing SC projects. This research finds that: 1) implementation risks such as Institutional, Resource and Partnership, and Social are crucial for implementing SC projects; 2) in the cities of Kakinada and Kanpur, Institutional risks that relate to gaps and deficiencies in local urban governance such as overlapping functions of multiple local urban development agencies, have causal linkages with other risks such as Resource and Partnership risks and Financial risks, which further delay project implementation; and 3) city officials and industry professionals implementing SC projects in Kakinada and Kanpur have a slightly different perspective on smartness, however both the groups focus on External smartness of the city – i.e., projects related to physical infrastructure such as mobility and sanitation – rather than Internal smartness of the city – i.e., strengthening local urban governance, increasing citizen engagement, etc. Overall, this research proposes that there is a need to frame the concept of a SC around both Internal and External Smartness of the city. This research will be of special interest to: 1) cities (in both developed and developing nations) currently implementing SC projects by providing a framework to systematically examine the risk landscape for successful project implementation; and 2) communities/institutions (especially in developing nations) proposing SC initiatives by helping them focus on components, goals, and enablers of a SC. / Doctor of Philosophy / The concept of a Smart City (SC) revolves around "using Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to increase workability, liveability, and sustainability" of a city (Smart Cities Council, 2014). SCs are becoming a popular urban development strategy amongst policymakers and city managers to respond to various threats posed by rapid urbanization such as environmental degradation and increasing inequality (Hartemink, 2016). Unfortunately, city managers see SCs as a readymade solution to urban challenges. As a consequence, cities are experiencing multiple implementation risks when trying to turn a smart city ambition into reality. These implementation risks reflect the gaps or missing pieces in the current organizational structure and policies designed for implementing SC projects at the city level. They can be understood better if the process of SC transformation is explored. However, the current studies on SC initiatives at the local, regional, national, and international level have focused on: 1) strengthening the SC concept rather than understanding the practical implementation of the concept; 2) cases that have already been developed as a SC or are soon to become a SC, leaving out the opportunity to study cities undergoing SC transformation and the identification of implementation risks; and 3) cases from more advanced economies. Taken together, these observations reveal the need for research that focuses on SC initiatives in a developing nation context. More specifically, there is a need for researchers, city managers, and policymakers in these regions to focus on the process of SC transformation to identify implementation risks early in the project development process. Understanding these risks may help the development of better risk mitigation strategies and result in more successful SC projects. This research explores SC implementation risks in two cities currently undergoing a SC transformation in India – Kakinada and Kanpur. This research finds that: 1) implementation risks such as Institutional, Resource and Partnership, and Social are crucial for implementing SC projects; 2) in the cities of Kakinada and Kanpur, Institutional risks that relate to gaps and deficiencies in local urban governance such as overlapping functions of multiple local urban development agencies, have causal linkages with other risks such as Resource and Partnership risks and Financial risks, which further delay project implementation; and 3) city officials and industry professionals implementing SC projects in Kakinada and Kanpur have a slightly different perspective on smartness, however both the groups focus on the External smartness of the city – i.e., projects related to physical infrastructure such as mobility and sanitation – rather than the Internal smartness of the city – i.e., strengthening local urban governance, increasing citizen engagement, etc.

The manufacturing and characterisation of piezoelectric textile fibres are described in this thesis. A piezoelectric material is one that generates an electric voltage when deformed, a property which exists in a number of materials. The polymer with the strongest known piezoelectric effect today is poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), however it must be processed under certain conditions to become piezoelectric. This study shows that piezoelectric bicomponent PVDF-based fibres can be produced by melt spinning, which is a common and relatively simple fibre spinning method. The melt spinning process must include cold drawing, as this introduces a polar crystalline structure in the polymer. The fibres must also be electroded, which is done by producing bicomponent fibres with a core-and-sheath structure. The core is electrically conductive and constitutes an inner electrode consisting of a carbon black/polymer compound, whereas the sheath is PVDF and constitutes the piezoelectric component. Being sensitive to both deformation and temperature changes, these fibres are anticipated to be useful in a number of sensor applications. The flexibility and small size of the fibres makes it possible to include them as miniature-sensors in structures or garment without affecting the shape or comfort.

Adaptive machining with internally cooled smart cutting tools is a smart solution for industrial applications, which have stringent manufacturing requirements such as contamination free machining (CFM), high material removal rate, low tool wear and better surface integrity. The absence of cutting fluid in CFM causes the cutting tool and the workpiece subject to great thermal loads owing to higher friction and adhesion, and as a result may increase the levels of tool wear drastically. The increase in cutting temperature may influence the chip morphology which in return producing metal chips in unfavourable ribbon or snarl forms. CFM is difficult to be realized as contaminants can be in various forms in the machining operation and to avoid them totally requires a very tight controlled condition. However, the ecological, economical and technological demands compel the manufacturing practitioners to implement environmentally clean machining process (ECMP). Machining with innovative cooling techniques such as heat pipe, single-phase microduct, cryogenic or minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has been intensely researched in recent years in order to reduce the cutting temperature in ECMP, thus enabling the part quality, the tool life and the material removal rate achieved in ECMP at least equate or surpass those obtained in conventional machining. On the other hand, the reduction of cutting temperature by using these techniques is often superfluous and is adverse to the produced surface roughness as the work material tends to inherent brittle and hard property at low temperature. Open cooling system means the machining requires a constant cooling supply and it does not provide a solution for process condition feedback as well.This Ph.D. project aims to investigate the design and analysis of internally cooled cutting tools and their implementation and application perspectives for smart adaptive machining in particular. Circulating the water based cooling fluid in a closed loop circuit contributes to sustainable manufacturing. The advantage of reducing cutting temperature from localized heat at the tool tip of an internally cooled cutting tool is enhanced with the smart features of the tool, which is trained by real experimental data, to cognitively vary the coolant flow rate, cutting feed rate or/and cutting speed to control the critical machining temperature as well as optimum machining conditions. Environmental friendly internal micro-cooling can avoid contamination of generated swarf which can also reduce the cutting temperature and thus reduce tool wear, increase machining accuracy and optimize machining economics. Design of the smart cutting tool with internal micro-cooling not only takes into account of the environmental aspects but also justifies with its ability to reduce the machining cost. Reduction of production cost can be achieved with the lower consumption of cooling fluid and improved machining resources/ energy efficiency. The models of structural, heat transfer, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and tool life provide useful insight of the performance of the internally cooled smart cutting tool. Experimental validation using the smart cutting tool to machine titanium, steel and aluminium, indicates that the application of internally cooled smart cutting tools in adaptive machining can improve machining performance such as cutting temperature, cutting forces and surface quality generated. The useful tool life span is also extended significantly with internally cooled smart cutting tools in comparison to the tool life in conventional machining. The internally cooled smart cutting tool has important implications in the application to ECMP particularly by overcoming the stigma of high uncontrollable cutting temperature with the absence of cooling fluid.

The objective of the proposed research is to develop an intelligent load modeling, identification, and prediction technology to provide granular load energy consumption and performance details and drive building energy reduction, demand reduction, and proactive equipment maintenance. Electricity consumption in commercial and residential sectors accounts for about 70% of the total electricity generation in United States. Buildings are the most important consumers, and contribute to over 80% of the consumptions in these two sectors. To reduce electrical energy spending and carbon emission, several studies from Pacific Northwest National Lab (PNNL) and National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) prove that if equipped with the proper technologies, a commercial or a residential building can potentially improve energy savings of buildings by up to about 10% to 30% of their usage. However, the market acceptance of these new technologies today is still not sufficient, and the reason is generally acknowledged to be the lack of solution to quantify the contributions of these new technologies to the energy savings, and the invisibility of the loads in buildings. A non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) system is proposed in this dissertation, which can identify every individual load in buildings and record the energy consumption, time-of-day variations and other relevant statistics of the identified load, with no access to the individual component. The challenge of such a non-intrusive load monitoring is to find features that are unique for a particular load and then to match a measured feature of an unknown load against a database or library of known. Many problems exist in this procedure and the proposed research is going to focus on three directions to overcome the bottlenecks. They are respectively fundamental load studies for a model-driven feature extraction, adaptive identification algorithms for load space extendibility, and the practical simplifications for the real industrial applications. The simulation results show the great potentials of this new technology in building energy monitoring and management.

By 2040, global CO2 emissions and energy consumption are expected to increase by 40%. In the US, buildings account for 40% of national CO2 emissions and energy consumption, of which 75% is met by fossil fuels. Reducing this impact on the environment requires both improved building energy efficiency and increased renewable utilization. To this end, this dissertation presents a demand-supplystorage- based decision framework to enable strategic energy management in smart buildings. This framework includes important but largely unaddressed aspects pertaining to building demand and supply such as occupant plugloads and the integration of weather forecast-based solar prediction, respectively. We devote the first part of our work to study occupant plugloads, which account for up to 50% of demand in high performance buildings. We investigate the impact of plugload control mechanisms based on the analysis of real-world data from experiments we conducted at NASA Ames sustainability base and Carnegie Mellon University (SV campus). Our main contribution is in extending existing demand response approaches to an occupant-in-the-loop paradigm. In the second part of this work, we describe methods to develop weather forecastbased solar prediction models using both local sensor measurements and global weather forecast data from the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).We contribute to the state-of-the-art solar prediction models by proposing the incorporation of both local and global weather characteristics into their predictions. This weather forecast-based solar model plus the plugload-integrated demand model, along with an energy storage model constitutes the weather-driven plugloadintegrated decision-making framework for energy management. To demonstrate the utility of this framework, we apply it to solve an optimal decision problem with the objective of minimizing the energy-related operating costs associated with a smart building. The findings indicate that the optimal decisions can result in savings of up to 74% in the expected operational costs. This framework enables inclusive energy management in smart buildings by accounting for occupants-in-the-loop. Results are presented and discussed in the context of commercial office buildings.

A energia que sustenta a atividade humana é, hoje, predominantemente elétrica, sendo produzida em sua maior parte por fontes fósseis poluentes, emissoras de gás carbônico. Na busca de soluções para essa problemática, fontes alternativas limpas e sustentáveis têm sido estudadas e já inseridas em diversos países, inclusive no Brasil. Nossa principal fonte, a hidrelétrica, apesar de não poluente corre, hoje, o risco do esgotamento em decorrência de grandes demandas e das mudanças climáticas. Dentre outras fontes brasileiras ainda não intensamente exploradas situam-se a biomassa, eólica, solar e nuclear; a energia nuclear pode ser uma interessante opção pois, além de limpa, oferece as vantagens da disponibilidade de combustível (urânio e tório) e o conhecimento da tecnologia aplicada nas usinas de Angra 1 e 2 e futuramente em Angra 3. A energia nuclear das gerações III+ e IV traz uma proposta bastante promissora em termos de segurança e economia, os reatores inovadores, que estão sendo desenvolvidos em muitos institutos de pesquisa de vários países, entre eles, o Brasil. O presente trabalho considera essa opção e estuda a viabilidade de implementação do reator inovador SMART no Brasil; esse reator foi desenvolvido pelo KAERI; é modular do tipo PWR, apresenta potência de 100 MWe; atende uma demanda de 100.000 habitantes, possui sistema passivo de segurança e configuração integral. O trabalho fundamenta-se em projeções de demanda energética a médio e longo prazo com ênfase na eletricidade. A viabilidade econômica do projeto foi avaliada por meio das técnicas Taxa Interna de Retorno; Valor Presente Líquido; Payback Descontado e Valor do Pagamento Periódico; foram selecionadas e estudadas três tarifas e três formas de captação de recursos; foi também calculado o custo unitário por MWh do reator SMART e comparado ao de uma hidrelétrica de igual potência. Os resultados demostraram que o projeto é viável em quatro situações distintas e o custo unitário resultou 39% inferior ao da hidrelétrica. / The energy that sustains the human activity is, nowadays, predominantly electric, being the most part produced by fossil sources polluting, carbon dioxide emitters. In the search for solutions to this problem, clean and sustainable alternative sources have been studied and already inserted in several countries, including Brazil. Our main source, hydroelectric, although not polluting, has the risk of depletion today, due to big demands and climate change. Among other Brazilian sources identified as viable alternatives and not yet intensely explored are biomass, wind, solar and nuclear; the nuclear power can be an interesting option as, besides being clean, it offers the advantages of fuel availability (uranium and thorium) and the knowledge of the technology applied in Angra 1 and 2 plants and in future in Angra 3. The nuclear energy of the III + and IV generations brings a very promising proposal in terms of safety and economy, which are the innovative reactors that are being developed in research institutes of several countries, including Brazil. The present work considers this option and studies the feasibility of implementing the innovative reactor SMART in Brazil. This reactor was developed by KAERI; it is a modular PWR type; has a power of 100 MWe; meet a demand of 100,000 inhabitants; features passive safety system and integral configuration. The work is based on projections of energy demand in the medium and long-term with emphasis on electricity. The economic viability of the project was evaluated through the Internal Rate of Return techniques; Net Present Value; Discounted Payback and Periodic Payment Amount; three rates and three forms of fundraising were selected and studied; the unit cost per MWh of the SMART reactor was also calculated and compared to a hydroelectric plant of equal power. The results showed that the project is viable in four different situations and the unit cost was 39% lower than the hydroelectric one.

A energia que sustenta a atividade humana é, hoje, predominantemente elétrica, sendo produzida em sua maior parte por fontes fósseis poluentes, emissoras de gás carbônico. Na busca de soluções para essa problemática, fontes alternativas limpas e sustentáveis têm sido estudadas e já inseridas em diversos países, inclusive no Brasil. Nossa principal fonte, a hidrelétrica, apesar de não poluente corre, hoje, o risco do esgotamento em decorrência de grandes demandas e das mudanças climáticas. Dentre outras fontes brasileiras ainda não intensamente exploradas situam-se a biomassa, eólica, solar e nuclear; a energia nuclear pode ser uma interessante opção pois, além de limpa, oferece as vantagens da disponibilidade de combustível (urânio e tório) e o conhecimento da tecnologia aplicada nas usinas de Angra 1 e 2 e futuramente em Angra 3. A energia nuclear das gerações III+ e IV traz uma proposta bastante promissora em termos de segurança e economia, os reatores inovadores, que estão sendo desenvolvidos em muitos institutos de pesquisa de vários países, entre eles, o Brasil. O presente trabalho considera essa opção e estuda a viabilidade de implementação do reator inovador SMART no Brasil; esse reator foi desenvolvido pelo KAERI; é modular do tipo PWR, apresenta potência de 100 MWe; atende uma demanda de 100.000 habitantes, possui sistema passivo de segurança e configuração integral. O trabalho fundamenta-se em projeções de demanda energética a médio e longo prazo com ênfase na eletricidade. A viabilidade econômica do projeto foi avaliada por meio das técnicas Taxa Interna de Retorno; Valor Presente Líquido; Payback Descontado e Valor do Pagamento Periódico; foram selecionadas e estudadas três tarifas e três formas de captação de recursos; foi também calculado o custo unitário por MWh do reator SMART e comparado ao de uma hidrelétrica de igual potência. Os resultados demostraram que o projeto é viável em quatro situações distintas e o custo unitário resultou 39% inferior ao da hidrelétrica. / The energy that sustains the human activity is, nowadays, predominantly electric, being the most part produced by fossil sources polluting, carbon dioxide emitters. In the search for solutions to this problem, clean and sustainable alternative sources have been studied and already inserted in several countries, including Brazil. Our main source, hydroelectric, although not polluting, has the risk of depletion today, due to big demands and climate change. Among other Brazilian sources identified as viable alternatives and not yet intensely explored are biomass, wind, solar and nuclear; the nuclear power can be an interesting option as, besides being clean, it offers the advantages of fuel availability (uranium and thorium) and the knowledge of the technology applied in Angra 1 and 2 plants and in future in Angra 3. The nuclear energy of the III + and IV generations brings a very promising proposal in terms of safety and economy, which are the innovative reactors that are being developed in research institutes of several countries, including Brazil. The present work considers this option and studies the feasibility of implementing the innovative reactor SMART in Brazil. This reactor was developed by KAERI; it is a modular PWR type; has a power of 100 MWe; meet a demand of 100,000 inhabitants; features passive safety system and integral configuration. The work is based on projections of energy demand in the medium and long-term with emphasis on electricity. The economic viability of the project was evaluated through the Internal Rate of Return techniques; Net Present Value; Discounted Payback and Periodic Payment Amount; three rates and three forms of fundraising were selected and studied; the unit cost per MWh of the SMART reactor was also calculated and compared to a hydroelectric plant of equal power. The results showed that the project is viable in four different situations and the unit cost was 39% lower than the hydroelectric one.