Forty-six million individuals in the United States used tobacco products. People who use tobacco products attempt numerous strategies before giving up smoking habit altogether. The goal of this project was to evaluate the impact of a tobacco cessation program by evaluating pre-and post-cessation program data, and hospital records of participants attending the hospital smoking cessation program over a 6-month period to ascertain the degree of reduction in tobacco use and hospitalization from smoking-related diseases. The population sample comprised of both men and women between the ages of 18 years and above. The project question addressed whether the smoking cessation program had an impact on reducing the rate of tobacco use and hospital readmissions after attending a cessation program at a medical center. A paired samples t-test was conducted to analyze the pretest and posttest results. There was a statistically significant decrease (p <.001) in the participants' (N=49) rate of smoking after completing the smoking cessation program that lasted 6 months. The mean on smoking cessation pre-participation was 13.7 (SD = 1.56). The mean on smoking cessation post-six months participation was 6.67 (SD = 1.81). There was a statistically significant decrease in the rate of hospital admissions among participants. The mean on pre-participation hospital admissions was 4.18 (SD = .727). The mean on post-participation hospital admissions was 1.41 (SD = .643). Smoking cessation programs impact social change by improving the quality of life of participants and their families and decreasing the financial impact of hospital readmission cost

Need for this investigation: The interest that has been aroused in the general public by the cigarette manufactures with their publicity claims, pro and con, as to the effects of their particular brand of cigarettes upon the emotional reaction of the smoker has offered the stimulus tor this research. Statement of problem: Physiological or psychological. The research reported here represents an experimental attempt to reveal the relationship between the physiological or psychological responses to smoking. The Thesis: Does smoking produce emotional relaxation? This report is an outgrowth of experiments of similar nature which have been completed in the past. The report covers the data from an experiment attempting to show some statistical evidence that there possibly is an emotional relaxation resulting from the smoking of a cigarette.

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Sensory gating helps prevent incoming irrelevant sensory information from entering into the higher cortex and ensures normal information processing. Sensory gating is seen as the ability of the nervous system to modulate its sensitivity to incoming stimuli (Braff & Geyer, 1990; Adler, Olincy, Waldo, Harris & Griffith, et al., 1998). Smoking tobacco can facilitate early sensory gating in schizophrenics, and enhance prepulse inhibition asymmetry (right greater than left) in individuals with schizotypal personality. The purpose of this study was to test the following hypotheses: 1) Individuals with schizotypal personalities have poorer sensory gating than those without them. 2) Among individuals with schizotypy (high schizotypy), those who smoke have better sensory gating than those who do not smoke; among those without schizotypy (low schizotypy), smokers will demonstrate better sensory gating. 3) After abstaining, schizotypal smokers will show increased sensory gating due to smoking. 4) Individuals with schizotypy will show greater P50 deficits in the left hemisphere, and smoking can enhance this asymmetry (left greater than right). From 613 online-surveyed participants, 39 (18 men) right-handed undergraduates (Mean age = 18.87) were selected to represent four groups: High and Low Schizotypy, half of which were smokers, and half were non-smokers. Smokers were tested while abstaining and after smoking. Non-smokers were tested twice in the same manner without smoking. P50 sensory gating, P50 amplitude and P50 latency were analyzed separately at frontal (F3, F4, Fz), fronto-central (FC3, FC4, FCz), central (C3, C4, Cz), centro-parietal (CP3, CP4, Cpz) and parietal (P3, P4, Pz) regions. With respect to the hypotheses of the study, it was found that: 1) Sensory gating, as assessed by S2 (P50-N40)/S1 (P50-N40), was greater at frontal-central and central regions in comparison to mid-frontal and parietal regions. 2) Furthermore, sensory gating was significantly greater at midline than left or right hemispheres. 3) Condition 1 showed better sensory gating than Condition 2. 4) The High Schizotypy group showed poorer sensory gating than the Low Schizotypy group among non-smokers. 5) Smokers showed poorer sensory gating than non-smokers in the Low Schizotypy group. In terms of P50 amplitude, it was found that: 1) FCz and Cz showed the highest P50 amplitude, greater than all other sites. 2) S1 had higher P50 amplitude than S2. 3) The low schizotypy individuals had significantly greater P50 amplitude in the left than in the right fronto-central region, but the high schizotypy individuals showed more P50 amplitude in the right hemisphere than did the low schizotypy individuals. 4) Smokers showed a greater left than right P50 amplitude in centro-parietal region, whereas the non-smokers showed the opposite asymmetry with a greater right than left P50 amplitude in central, centro-parietal and parietal regions. In terms of P50 latency, it was found that: 1) The P50 latency became significantly slower from posterior to anterior sites. 2) In HiS/S and LoS/NS groups, Condition1 was faster than Condition 2. In LoS/S and HiS/NS groups, Condition1 was slower than Condition 2. 3) Among smokers, left hemisphere latency was shorter than right hemisphere for S1, but for S2, left hemisphere was slower than right hemisphere. Among non-smokers, left and right hemisphere latencies were almost the same for S1 and S2. / Master of Science

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No / Midwives collect considerable amounts of data as part of their routine practice. They also have access to extensive information about patients and, more generally, about effective interventions. an investigation of data related to smoking in pregnancy was undertaken in one UK NHs Trust. The brief was to identify what data were collected, how these data were transmitted to appropriate staff and how these data were used to inform practice. in addition, evidence on smoking in pregnancy in the research literature was reviewed and examples of best practice in other Trusts sought. a wide range of issues inhibiting optimal use of data were identified and recommendations for changes made. as well as changes in approaches to data use and collection, this led to changes in clinical practice. specifically, this research supported moving from ascertaining maternal smoking behaviour via asking questions to undertaking carbon monoxide tests as routine antenatal practice.

M.B.A. / The South African Minister of Health has, in terms of Section 2 of the South African Tobacco Products Control Act, 1993 (Act No. 83 of 1993), as amended, declared the public places specified in the Regulations as permissible smoking areas, subject to the conditions also specified in the Regulations. "Swanepoel et al., (2000:597) argues that it is common knowledge today that smoking causes health problems. These problems can basically be categorised into two groups: The health implications for the employee who smokes; and The health and other implications for non-smoking employees who become passive smokers as a result of their colleagues' smoking habits. Apart from the implications for the smoker, there are also major implications for the non-smoking employees and for the organisation as a whole. It follows that, if cigarette smoke is a health risk for the smoker, it must also be so for the non-smoker. The breathed-out smoke contains the same harmful ingredients (such as carbon monoxide and recognised carcinogens — in other words, chemicals that cause cancer) to which the smoker is exposed. In addition, smoking often bothers non-smokers, causing conflict, hostility, negative feelings, deteriorating interpersonal relations — all of which may impact negatively on workforce morale and productivity. There is no single approach and policy for all organisations. The general principles, however, are that a working party should be established, the issue should be raised, the workforce should be consulted and the policy must then be formulated and implemented. It is in the interest of good industrial relations to work out an agreed policy between the company, employees and their representative trade unions (if any), taking into account the interest of smokers and non-smokers, rather than merely imposing an immediate and total ban. The control of smoking in the workplace through a professional process of formulating and implementing an appropriate non-smoking policy will enhance the healthiness or wellness of both smoking and non-smoking employees". The aim of this research is to assess the perceptions of smoking as well as nonsmoking employees of the said regulations of the Act and to assess if the targeted companies adhered to the new Regulations. Employees of three different companies in the Johannesburg in the Gauteng area in South Africa will be ask to complete questionnaires regarding the New Smoking Regulations in South Africa.