Thesis (M.Sc.)--Aberdeen University, 2008. / Title from web page (viewed on June 1, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006.

Αν και έχει περάσει τουλάχιστον μισός αιώνας από την πρώτη επιστημονική έρευνα που καταδείκνυε τις πιθανές επιπτώσεις του καπνίσματος στην υγεία και ενώ πλέον έχουν διερευνηθεί και διαπιστωθεί από την παγκόσμια επιστημονική κοινότητα, σε μεγάλο βαθμό, οι συνέπειες αυτών τόσο στον ενεργό όσο και στον παθητικό καπνιστή, ο αριθμός των καπνιστών παγκοσμίως αυξάνεται αντί να μειώνεται. Τα οικονομικά μεγέθη της καπνοβιομηχανίας, τα αίτια έναρξης του καπνίσματος και το οικονομικό κόστος που αυτό επιφέρει, οι μέθοδοι πρόληψης και διακοπής του καπνίσματος καθώς και η ανάλυση κόστους – αποτελέσματος αυτών των μεθόδων είναι μερικά από τα θέματα που θα μας απασχολήσουν στην παρούσα εργασία. / It has been at least half a century from the first scientific research that showed the likely repercussions of smoking in health and even it has been investigated and realised by the world scientific community, to a large extent, the consequences of smoking in the active and passive smoker, the number of smokers worldwide is increasing instead of decreasing. The economic sizes of tobacco industry, the reasons why people start smoking and the economic cost that this involves, the methods of prevention and interruption of smoking as well as the cost – effectiveness analysis of these methods are some of the topics that will occupy us in the present research.

When gas is inspired into the lungs it mixes with the gas left in the lungs at the end of the previous expiration. In health, this mixing is relatively efficient but in disease this gas mixing is impaired. Impairment of mixing is brought about by two processes, a maldistribution of inspired gas into a parallel system, or an inhibition of diffusion. The aim of this thesis was to illuminate the contributions made by these two processes to this impairment. This was done by investigating single and multi-breath alveolar mixing efficiency (AME) in never smokers and patients with chronic airway disease and by the use of mathematical models. Both indices of alveolar mixing efficiencies were found to be reproducible in never smokers and patients, AME(mb) and AME(sb) were both significantly lower in patients than in never smokers. A two-compartment parallel model was devised to evaluate the contribution of regional inhomogeneity. This showed that the only way both values of AME(sb) and AME(mb) could be reproduced was to include a component of diffusion limitation. Another model was devised to evaluate the contribution of diffusion limitation to mixing impairment. This model proved to be inadequate to permit any conclusions. The work presented in this thesis suggests that gas mixing impairment results from a maldistribution of inspired gas and gaseous diffusion limitation with the latter playing the most significant role in the generation of the alveolar slope, more especially in diseased lungs.

Orientador: Antonio Wilson Sallum / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T03:44:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_MirellaLindosoGomes_M.pdf: 1788022 bytes, checksum: 70f3db8a054b8c931bda5affa2bef41a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar os efeitos da inalação da fumaça de cigarros (IFC) na reabsorção óssea da região de furca de 1os molares inferiores induzidas por trauma oclusal primário (TO) a partir do aumento da dimensão vertical (DV) unilateral em ratos Wistar, assim como a influência do período de indução do TO. Noventa e seis animais foram aleatoriamente divididos em 3 grupos (N=32), segundo o tratamento, e cada grupo foi aleatoriamente dividido em 4 subgrupos (N=8), segundo o período de indução. Grupo 1 (TO+IFC): animais submetidos durante 8 minutos à IFC, 3 vezes/dia, por 7, 14, 21 ou 28 dias. Os períodos de indução do TO foram semelhantes àqueles da IFC. Grupo 2 (TO): subgrupos submetidos a 7, 14, 21 ou 28 dias ao TO. Grupo 3 (Controle Negativo): semelhantes períodos para obtenção de dados iniciais. Para detecção de diferenças, foi aplicado o ANOVA two way. Verificando-se diferenças, aplicaram-se os testes de Tukey para os tratamentos e o de Regressão Polinomial para os períodos de indução. Aos 7 dias verificou-se lesão por TO no grupo TO+IFC (p=0,05); aos 14 observou-se lesão por TO nos grupos TO+IFC e TO (p=0,05), com maior extensão em TO+IFC (p=0,05); aos 21 dias houve manutenção da lesão em TO+IFC e TO (p=0,05), já não se verificando diferenças significativas intergrupos; aos 28 dias verificou-se presença de lesão em TO+IFC (p=0,05), com maior redução de sua extensão, e a manutenção da lesão em TO (p=0,05), sem diferença intergrupos quanto sua extensão. A Regressão Polinomial mostrou resultados significativos entre os períodos de indução do grupo TO+IFC e do grupo TO (p<0,0001). Pôde-se concluir que a IFC atua sinergicamente com o TO, causando uma maior reabsorção óssea em 7 e 14 dias e que o período de indução influi significativamente na reabsorção óssea da região de furca dos grupos TO+IFC e TO. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI) effect on bone resorption of 1st molars furcation submitted to primary occlusal trauma (OT) induced by unilateral vertical dimension augumentation (VD) in Wistar rats, as the influence of OT induction period, using parallel time of CSI. Ninety six animals were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups of 32 animals per group, based on treatment type, and each group was divided in 4 subgroups of 8 animals, based on period of treatment induction. Group1 (OT+IFC) animals were exposed 3 times per day of CSI, during 8 minutes each exposition during 7, 14, 21 or 28 days and the OT periods were paralleled to CSI. Group2 (OT): each subgroup was submitted to 7, 14, 21 or 28 days of OT induction. Group3 (Negative Control): equal period subgroups to baseline values. ANOVA two way was applied to detect differences. Verifying differences, Tukey test was applied to treatments and Polynomial Regression to induction periods. Tukey test was statistically significant (p=0,05) in 7 days between OT+CSI and Negative Control (NC), 14 days between OT+CSI and OT and between them and NC, 21 days between OT and NC and between OT e NC and on 28 days between OT+CSI and NC and between OT and NC. Polynomial Regression showed statistically significant results between the different induction periods from OT+CSI group and from OT group (p<0,0001). The results shows that CSI acts sinergically with OT on early periods, 7 and 14 days, and resorption is time dependent, significantly influencing furcation bone resorption on OT+CSI and OT. / Mestrado / Periodontia / Mestre em Clínica Odontológica

Eight groups of approximately ten college students each who smoked at least one package of cigarettes a day were observed for two 30 -minute sessions a week for a 5-week period. During the treatment session, students either made commitments not to smoke during post-treatment sessions, made commitments along with reasons, only gave reasons why they should not smoke, or made no statements.

M.Tech. (Homoeopathy) / The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of homoeopathic hetero-isotherapeutic treatment to auricular acupuncture in smoking cessation. The study was a clinical trial, in which the two different treatment forms were compared. The study required sixty participants. The participants were paired and randomly divided into two groups. The first group received homoeopathic treatment, whilst the second group received auricular acupuncture treatment. The study took place over a six-week period, in which each participant completed a one-week screening period before and after the four-week treatment period began. During the initial consultation, participants were required to complete a questionnaire under the researcher's supervision. The questionnaire included the Fagerstrom tolerance test to determine the participant's dependence on nicotine. Each participant recorded a daily cigarette consumption log before, during and after treatment. Median values of the daily cigarette consumption were calculated and then statistically analysed. Prior to treatment, no significant different in daily cigarette consumption was found between the two groups. Consequent to treatment, both the auricular acupuncture group and the homoeopathic hetero-isotherapeutic group were found to show a significant decrease in the number of cigarettes smoked. At 6 weeks the cessation rate for the homoeopathic hetero-isotherapeutic group was 20%, and that of the auricular acupuncture group was 16.7%. Although there was no statistical difference between the two groups after treatment, the homoeopathic hetero-isotherapeutic treatment group showed a 3.3% improvement over the auricular acupuncture group. From the results, it was apparent that both the auricular acupunture treatment and the homoeopathic hetero-isotherapeutic treatment were effective in smoking cessation.

This thesis examined three different research questions to help build a knowledge base for future intervention strategies by better understanding the reasons behind smoking among pregnant women in Nunavut. The first study focused more at the individual level and investigates clinical and socioeconomic factors and their relationship to readiness to quit smoking. The second manuscript moved beyond the individual level to the broader social and structural environment to identify a broader range of barriers and facilitators to smoking and smoking cessation among Inuit women. This second manuscript draws upon in-depth interviews focusing on perceptions of smoking, and perceived barriers and facilitators of smoking behaviours. Finally, the third manuscript investigated the perspectives of health care providers regarding the barriers and facilitators of smoking cessation for pregnant women in the Baffin Region of Nunavut and describes perceptions of smoking cessation resources available to health care providers in the Baffin Region.

Class of 2008 Abstract / Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine the usefulness of expanded pharmaceutical care services and pharmacist involvement in smoking cessation for patients in a community setting, to identify demographical parameters for the population which might benefit the most from pharmacist intervention, and to examine the cost benefit of such intervention. Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was conducted through a MEDLINE search for all available literature regarding the efficacy of pharmacists in a community setting and smoking cessation outcomes. The results from these studies were then analyzed in order to identify demographic factors which may be associated with higher rates of positive outcome, and the potential cost benefit of such intervention. Information examined from the various articles included: type of study, method of data anaylsis, study/intervention location, patient age, sex, race, other comorbid conditions, and success rates including p values/odds ratios when stated. Results: After the original search, 63 publications were found using MEDLINE, including 12 systematic reviews and 3 clinical trials. After filtering, a total of 28 articles were analzyed. No correlations between demographic factors and successful smoking abstinence were found. All publications, save one, found a positive correlation between higher levels of intervention and increased smoking abstinence rates. Cost effectiveness varied depending on which method of NRT was utilized, ranging from $720 to $2360 per QALY saved. Several national health organizations have published guidelines stating the role of the pharmacist as essential in smoking cessation. Conclusions: Pharmacists have begun to play an essential role in smoking cessation, as evidenced by many successful ventures that have taken place to date. Still, there is vast potential for expansion of pharmaceutical care services in this area.

Background: The southern Appalachian states show a high prevalence of smoking, with associated high rates of both heart disease and cancer, yet cultural differences raise questions concerning the applicability of the most frequently used model for smoking cessation, the transtheoretical model, for smokers from this region of the country. Objective: To identify, by examining the applicability of the transtheoretical model for southern Appalachian smokers, the percentage of individuals in each of the five stages of change, the use of the processes of change from the transtheoretical model, and the scores on recognized predictors of smoking cessation including the temptation to smoke, the perceived barriers to cessation, the pros and cons of smoking, and nicotine dependence. Methods: This population-based, descriptive, cross-sectional study used a random sample of 3,800 telephone numbers, which were called up to eight times. The 659 smokers or former smokers who agreed to participate were mailed a written questionnaire consisting of six well-established scales that measure constructs from the transtheoretical model. The final sample consisted of 357 usable questionnaires. Results: The distribution of smokers in northeastern Tennessee differed from national samples across the first three stages of change, with 56% in precontemplation, as compared with previous findings of 40% in national samples. The subjects' scores for the pros of smoking were similar across the stages of change in this sample, and although the scores for the cons differed significantly across the stages in the sample, post hoc analysis indicated that the only significant change occurred between precontemplation and contemplation. The scores for temptation to smoke did not differ significantly across the stages of change in this sample. Discussion: Smokers from Appalachian Tennessee differ from smokers in other parts of the United States, and these findings raise questions about the applicability of the transtheoretical model for this population.