The large proportion of smokers in China and the social consequences have had a damaging impact on public health as well as on the society. As a sub-national legislation, the Guangzhou anti-smoking legislations in Guangzhou play an important role in the legislative control in China since it is one of the most severe local tobacco control laws in China. Many legislative experts, public health professionals and even decision makers have great hope on this law. But the consequence of this law is disappointed. And this anti-smoking legislation has exposed a lot of problems. This article introduces the current status of tobacco control legislation in Guangzhou; analyzes the effectiveness of Hong Kong and Canada's tobacco control law; identifies four areas (the weak effect of the anti-smoking law; inappropriate penalties; limited governmental capacity and uncertain political will and the lack of awareness) in the anti-smoking legislation in Guangzhou that are problematic. Finally, this project discusses what can we learn from other countries' legislative experiences, including making clear definitions of key terms in anti-smoking laws; change the way of penalty; increasing the regulation of tobacco packaging and increasing the governmental capacity, which aims at proposing some legislative options for a much more effective tobacco control movement in Guangzhou in the future. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

The purpose of this study is to assess whether or not enforcement of the Minors and Tobacco Laws in the form of a citation had an impact on the knowledge, attitudes, practices and policies of over-the-counter tobacco retailers in Oregon. Demographic factors, such as store type, store size, ownership type, and location of the store that may contribute to the retailers response to receiving a citation for selling tobacco to a minor, were examined. The study examines two randomly selected groups of over-the-counter tobacco retailers in Oregon. The treatment group received a citation selling tobacco products to a minor while the control did not. A mail survey was sent to retailers selected for the study. The survey instrument measured the characteristics in each group, representing knowledge, attitudes, practices, and policies relating to the Oregon Minors and Tobacco Laws. The unit of analysis was owners or managers of retail stores. Cross-tabulation and a chi-square test statistic was used to assess and determine if there was a significant association between selected variables. Multiple regression was employed to determine if there is a relationship between composite dependent variables representing retailers' attitudes and practices and several demographic variables. Stores that had received a citation were more vigilant in compliance practices and perceptions than stores that had not received a compliance check and citation. Retailers' believe that both negative and positive strategies are necessary to achieve retailer compliance, retailers need more educational materials for training employees, and that a training video and a device to help clerks calculate the age on a minors ID would be useful. Retailers in both groups opposed the licensing of retailers to sell tobacco. Owners and owner operated stores in country settings were found to be resistant to policies aimed at reducing minors' access to tobacco products. / Graduation date: 1997

Background: The tobacco epidemic causes a major burden to long-term global public health. Second hand smoke is one of the modifiable exposures causing adverse health effects to children; 40% of children in the world are regularly exposed to second hand smoke and children account for more than a quarter of all deaths from second hand smoke exposure. The global burden highlights the importance of implementation and enforcement of comprehensive smoke-free legislation. Despite smoke-free legislation having been shown to have a positive effect in reducing the prevalence of tobacco consumption and second hand smoke exposure, displacement of smoking from enclosed public places to homes after implementation of smoke-free legislation might increase second hand smoke exposure in children. Objectives: This systematic review aims to investigate the effect of smoke-free legislation on second hand smoke exposure in children and to explore the potential risk factors that may affect its effectiveness. Methods: Studies were searched in online electronic databases, PubMed and EMBASE Classic+ EMBASE 1980-via Ovid (from 1980 to 2014) under the Library website of the University of Hong Kong, by keyword search, hand search of references and Google Scholar for relevant articles published from 2004 to present. Observational studies assessing the effect of smoke-free legislation on second hand smoke exposure in children assessed from cotinine measured before and after the introduction of smoke-free legislation were included. Results: This systematic reviewed identified 8 relevant studies. 3 were assessed as good quality and 5 as average quality. All selected studies reported a decrease in the geometric mean of cotinine concentration after the implementation of smoke-free legislation, but only one of them showed that the reduction in cotinine concentration was significantly reduced from 0.3ng/ml to 0.2ng/ml. An increase in the percentage of cotinine concentrations below the limit of detection and a decrease in the percentage of harmful levels of cotinine concentration were also found. Lower socioeconomic status, more parental smokers and low level of home smoking restriction affected the reduction in second hand smoke exposure after implementation of smoke-free legislation. Conclusion: Smoke-free legislation has a positive effect towards reduction in second hand smoke exposure in children. There is no evidence supporting the possibility that smokers displace tobacco consumption from public areas to their homes after implementation of smoke-free legislation in Western settings. Whether more effort to encourage smoking cessation among parents and other family members living with children would be particularly effective in reducing the public health burden of tobacco consumption should be investigated. Further tobacco control strategies are suggested to work comprehensively with smoke-free legislation to further reduce the global burden of tobacco epidemic. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

The Health Belief Model developed by Becker ( 1984) cited in Katzenellenbogen et al. ( 1999) guided this study. The model attempts to identify beliefs and the way they may interact to influence individuals' conscious decisions to undertake certain healthrelated actions. "The most important health beliefs that influence actions are thought to be: • The person's perceived vulnerability to a particular condition or illness, • The person' s perceptions of the severity or effects of the condition or illness, • The Person's perception of the efficacy, costs, and benefits of any proposed actions" (Katzenellenbogen, joubert & Karim, 1999: 169). The three points mentioned above guided systematically the whole study as follows: 1. The students' perceived vulnerability to a particular cond ition or illness in this case guided the researcher to describe and to understand students' personal perceptions of the risk of diseases they run by smoking or that they can cause to other people in their surroundings. It was also necessary to find out whether or not non-smokers were aware of the consequences in terms of diseases of being permanently exposed to tobacco smoke. 2. Once smokers as well as non-smokers have agreed that smoking increases the risk of diseases, the following step was to ensure whether or not they continue to neglect and run the same risk. because smoking consequences occur only after a long period of time. 3. The last step was to ensure that students who smoked could actually accept and put into practices some available strategies for giving up smoking. after being sensitised or on their own initiative, in order to remain in good health. / Thesis (M.Cur.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

published_or_final_version / Community Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

M.B.A. / The South African Minister of Health has, in terms of Section 2 of the South African Tobacco Products Control Act, 1993 (Act No. 83 of 1993), as amended, declared the public places specified in the Regulations as permissible smoking areas, subject to the conditions also specified in the Regulations. "Swanepoel et al., (2000:597) argues that it is common knowledge today that smoking causes health problems. These problems can basically be categorised into two groups: The health implications for the employee who smokes; and The health and other implications for non-smoking employees who become passive smokers as a result of their colleagues' smoking habits. Apart from the implications for the smoker, there are also major implications for the non-smoking employees and for the organisation as a whole. It follows that, if cigarette smoke is a health risk for the smoker, it must also be so for the non-smoker. The breathed-out smoke contains the same harmful ingredients (such as carbon monoxide and recognised carcinogens — in other words, chemicals that cause cancer) to which the smoker is exposed. In addition, smoking often bothers non-smokers, causing conflict, hostility, negative feelings, deteriorating interpersonal relations — all of which may impact negatively on workforce morale and productivity. There is no single approach and policy for all organisations. The general principles, however, are that a working party should be established, the issue should be raised, the workforce should be consulted and the policy must then be formulated and implemented. It is in the interest of good industrial relations to work out an agreed policy between the company, employees and their representative trade unions (if any), taking into account the interest of smokers and non-smokers, rather than merely imposing an immediate and total ban. The control of smoking in the workplace through a professional process of formulating and implementing an appropriate non-smoking policy will enhance the healthiness or wellness of both smoking and non-smoking employees". The aim of this research is to assess the perceptions of smoking as well as nonsmoking employees of the said regulations of the Act and to assess if the targeted companies adhered to the new Regulations. Employees of three different companies in the Johannesburg in the Gauteng area in South Africa will be ask to complete questionnaires regarding the New Smoking Regulations in South Africa.

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a difference in opinion between chain and franchise restaurant managers and independent owner/operators toward the effects of a smoking ordinance. Results of this study showed a significant statistical difference between restaurateur groups toward the perception of economic effects.

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health