This thesis is deals with the suitability of Ag-Sn-Sb alloy for extrusion and selection of suitable materiál for the extruder nozzle. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with the general possibilities of 3D metal printing, especially the metal printing in the semi-solid phase and with it‘s problems. The experimental part describes the development of semi-solid alloys testing device and the research od the alloy and its interactions with solid materials in mutual motion. Analyzis of mechanical and chemical influence between alloy and solid material were performed by visual investigation and analysis of elements by EDS detector. The results of these analyzes led to the choise of nozzle material suitable for extrusion of Ag-Sn-Sb alloy.

This thesis project has studied a number of protocols that could be used to communicate between a vehicle and a remote server in the context of Scania’s connected services. While there are many factors that are of interest to Scania (such as response time, transmission speed, and amount of data overhead for each message), this thesis will evaluate each protocol in terms of how much data overhead is introduced and how packet loss affects this overhead. The thesis begins by giving an overview of how a number of alternative protocols work and what they offer with regards to Scania’s needs. Next these protocols are compared based on previous studies and each protocol’s specifications to determine which protocol would be the best choice for realizing Scania’s connected services. Finally, a test framework was set up using a virtual environment to simulate different networking conditions. Each of the candidate protocols were deployed in this environment and setup to send sample data. The behaviour of each protocol during these tests served as the basis for the analysis of all of these protocols. The thesis draws the conclusion that to reduce the data transmission overhead between vehicles and Scania’s servers the most suitable protocol is the UDP based MQTT SN. / I den här rapporten har jag undersökt ett antal protokoll som kan användas för att kommunicera mellan server och lastbil och därmed användas för Scanias Connected Services. Då det är många faktorer som är intressanta när det kommer till kommunikation mellan lastbil och server för Scania som till exempel responstid, överföringshastighet och mängden extra data vid överföring så har jag valt att begränsa mig till att utvärdera protokollen utifrån hur mycket extra data de använder vid överföring och hur detta påverkas av paketförlust. Rapporten börjar med att ge en överblick över vilka tänkbara protokoll som kan användas och vad de kan erbjuda gällande Scanias behov. Efter det så jämförs protokollen baserat på tidigare studier och protokollens specifikationer för att avgöra vilket protokoll som är bäst lämpat att användas i Scanias Connected Services. Sists så skapas ett virtuellt ramverk för att simulera olike nätverksförhållanden. Här testas varje protokoll och får sända olike datamängder för att sedan få sin prestanda utvärderad baserat på hur mycket extra data som sändes. Dessa resultat ligger sedan till grund för den analys och slutsats angående vilket protokoll som är bäst lämpat att användas av Scania. Rapporten drar slutsatsen att baserat på den information som finns tillgänglig och de resultat som ficks av testerna så skulle den UDP baserade MQTT-SN vara bäst lämpad för att minimera mängden extra data som skickas.

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Earthquakes pose a significant threat as one of the most destructive natural disasters globally. Despite ongoing efforts to predict earthquakes, the success of such research remains a challenge, necessitating interdisciplinary research and collaboration. The EU-funded Project artEmis seeks to address this challenge in earthquake-prone regions of Europe by establishing a multi-sensor Internet of Things (IoT) network to monitor radon gas concentration in groundwater near fault lines. This thesis focuses on supporting the project by developing the software interface for the transmission of data from a gateway controller to the cloud interface, addressing key functionalities. The goal is to establish two-way communication between the gateway controller and the cloud using the MQTT-SN protocol. Additionally, other functionalities such as data storage and sensor data anomaly detection are also explored and implemented. This research employs an applied research approach, consisting of literature reviews, development, and evaluation phases. The development phase consists of the design and implementation of memory storage, data generation, and bi-directional communication features which align with the project goals. The evaluation of the software development process is achieved through a comprehensive set of functional and end-to-end tests. These tests examine the intricacies of the different software components, with rigorous evaluation against all test criteria and project requirements. The evaluation process concluded with a favourable outcome, indicating that all tests were successful. Additionally, a detailed evaluation of memory capacity was conducted to understand the system’s data retention capability, alongside an analysis of throughput and latency. The memory evaluation demonstrated efficient allocation within the processor’s memory, offering 2.7 days of data storage with specific intervals. Throughput analysis revealed a positive correlation between larger data packets and increased transfer rates, and latency increased with larger packets, possibly due to network congestion and processing delays. However, it is important to acknowledge several inherent limitations in this work, including constrained bi-directional communication capabilities, the absence of a serial interface with sensors, limitations in report size, and constraints on storage capacity. These factors serve as essential contextual considerations for the scope and capabilities of our project. In summary, this research supports Project artEmis by developing a vital software interface for the IoT network. Successful evaluation of the software through comprehensive testing signifies a significant step forward in earthquake monitoring. Despite certain limitations, this work contributes to enhancing our understanding and response to seismic threats. / Jordbävningar utgör ett betydande hot som en av de mest förödande naturliga katastroferna globalt sett. Trots pågående ansträngningar att förutsäga jordbävningar förblir framgången för sådan forskning en utmaning, vilket kräver tvärvetenskaplig forskning och samarbete. Det EU-finansierade projektet artEmis syftar till att belysa detta problem i jordbävningsbenägna regioner i Europa genom att etablera ett multisensor Internet of Things (IoT)-nätverk för att övervaka radongaskoncentrationen i grundvatten nära förkastningslinjer. Denna uppsats fokuserar på att stödja projektet genom att utveckla programvarugränssnittet för överföring av data från en gateway-controller till molngränssnittet samt upplyser viktiga funktioner. Målet är att etablera tvåvägskommunikation mellan gateway-controllern och molnet med hjälp av MQTT-SN-protokollet. Dessutom utforskas och implementeras även andra funktioner, såsom datalagring och detektering av avvikelser i sensordata. Denna forskning använder en tillämpad forskningsmetod som består av litteraturstudier, utveckling och utvärderingsfaser. Utvecklingsfasen innefattar design och implementering av funktioner för minneslagring, datagenerering och tvåvägskommunikation som överensstämmer med projektets mål. Utvärderingen av programvaruutvecklingsprocessen uppnås genom omfattande funktionella och slutanvändartester. Dessa tester granskar de olika programvarukomponenternas komplexiteter och utvärderas noggrant mot alla testkriterier och projektets krav. Utvärderingsprocessen avslutades med ett gynnsamt resultat, vilket indikerar att alla tester var framgångsrika. Dessutom gjordes en detaljerad utvärdering av minneskapaciteten för att förstå systemets datalagringsförmåga, tillsammans med en analys av genomströmning och latens. Minnesutvärderingen visade på effektiv allokering i processorns minne och erbjöd 2,7 dagars datalagring med specifika intervall. Genomströmningsanalys avslöjade en positiv korrelation mellan större datapaket och ökade överföringshastigheter, och latensen ökade med större paket, möjligen på grund av nätverksstockning och bearbetningsförseningar. Det är dock viktigt att erkänna att det finns flera begränsningar i forskningen, inklusive begränsade tvåvägskommunikationsmöjligheter, begränsningar i rapportstorlek och lagringskapacitet, och ett saknande av seriellt gränssnitt med sensorer. Dessa faktorer är viktiga för förståelsen av omfattningen och förmågorna hos vårt projekt. Sammanfattningsvis stöder denna forskning Project artEmis genom att utveckla en avgörande programvarugränssnitt för IoT-nätverket. Den framgångsrika utvärderingen av programvaran genom omfattande tester har lett till ett betydande steg framåt inom jordbävningsövervakning. Trots vissa begränsningar bidrar detta arbete till att förbättra vår förståelse och förmåga att reagera på seismiska händelser.

The purpose of this project was to show the updated procedures and to make additions to the computer program called Tmin designed by E. I. DuPont De Nemours and Company. This program is used as a screening tool for determining the largest of the minimum pipe-wall thicknesses in a piping system. This project involved several additions that will be released in the next version of the Tmin computer program. The first major additions to be implemented are four alternating Stress-to-Number of cycles curves: Aluminum 1100, Aluminum 3003-0, Aluminum 6061-T6, and Nickel 200. In addition, procedures of the ASME for fatigue curve analysis and implementation of fatigue data were investigated. These four stress-to-number of cycles (S-N) fatigue curves were added to Tmin's internal Microsoft Access® database. Next, a 2-D vertical piping span configuration was incorporated. Finally, DuPont required a Microsoft Word® document output of the pipe-wall thickness data including the piping span model information. Other user-friendly additions were included. Since this computer program was to be American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) compliant, a study of the ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping standards and codes was made to determine how pipe-wall thickness calculations were to be processed. The 2-D vertical piping span calculation procedures were investigated. Once the 2-D vertical piping span analysis was complete, the largest pipe-wall thickness value calculated were passed to a Microsoft Word® document. The last implementation is the inclusion of help files. Help file button additions in all input boxes allowed for the user to know exactly what was needed before a data entry was made. / Master of Science

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / NASA's Space Network (SN) provides both single access (SA) and multiple access (MA) services through a pre-scheduling system. Currently, a user's spacecraft is incapable of receiving service unless prior scheduling occurred with the control center. NASA is interested in efficiently utilizing the time between scheduled services. Thus, a demand assignment multiple access (DAMA) service study was conducted to provide a solution. The DAMA service would allow the user's spacecraft to initiate a service request. The control center could then schedule the next available time slot upon owner approval. In this paper, the basic DAMA service request design and integration is presented.

We present multi-epoch mid-infrared (IR) photometry and the optical discovery observations of the "impostor" supernova (SN) 2010da in NGC. 300 using new and archival Spitzer Space Telescope images and ground-based observatories. The mid-infrared counterpart of SN. 2010da was detected as Spitzer Infrared Intensive Transient Survey (SPIRITS). 14bme in the SPIRITS, an ongoing systematic search for IR transients. Before erupting on 2010 May 24, the SN. 2010da progenitor exhibited a constant mid-IR flux at 3.6 and only a slight similar to 10% decrease at 4.5 mu m between 2003 November and 2007 December. A sharp increase in the 3.6 mu m flux followed by a rapid decrease measured similar to 150 days before and similar to 80 days after the initial outburst, respectively, reveal a mid-IR counterpart to the coincident optical and high luminosity X-ray outbursts. At late times, after the outburst (similar to 2000 days), the 3.6 and 4.5 mu m emission increased to over a factor of two. times the progenitor flux and is currently observed (as of 2016 Feb) to be fading, but still above the progenitor flux. We attribute the re-brightening mid-IR emission to continued dust production and increasing luminosity of the surviving system associated with SN. 2010da. We analyze the evolution of the dust temperature (T-d similar to 700-1000 K), mass (Md similar to 0.5-3.8 x. 10(-7) M circle dot), luminosity (L-IR similar to 1.3-3.5 x 10(4) L circle dot), and the equilibrium temperature radius (R-eq similar to 6.4-12.2 au) in order to resolve the nature of SN. 2010da. We address the leading interpretation of SN. 2010da as an eruption from a luminous blue variable high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) system. We propose that SN. 2010da is instead a supergiant (sg)B[e]-HMXB based on similar luminosities and dust masses exhibited by two other known sgB[e]-HMXB systems. Additionally, the SN. 2010da progenitor occupies a similar region on a mid-IR color-magnitude diagram (CMD) with known sgB[e] stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The lower limit estimated for the orbital eccentricity of the sgB[e]-HMXB (e > 0.82) from X-ray luminosity measurements is high compared to known sgHMXBs and supports the claim that SN. 2010da may be associated with a newly formed HMXB system.

Supernova (SN) 2005ip was a Type IIn event notable for its sustained strong interaction with circumstellar material (CSM), coronal emission lines and infrared (IR) excess, interpreted as shock interaction with the very dense and clumpy wind of an extreme red supergiant. We present a series of late- time spectra of SN 2005ip and a first radio detection of this SN, plus late-time X-rays, all of which indicate that its CSM interaction is still strong a decade post- explosion. We also present and discuss new spectra of geriatric SNe with continued CSM interaction: SN 1988Z, SN 1993J and SN 1998S. From 3 to 10 yr post- explosion, SN 2005ip's Ha luminosity and other observed characteristics were nearly identical to those of the radio- luminous SN 1988Z, and much more luminous than SNe 1993J and 1998S. At 10 yr after explosion, SN 2005ip showed a drop in Ha luminosity, followed by a quick resurgence over several months. We interpret this Ha variability as ejecta crashing into a dense shell located less than or similar to 0.05 pc from the star, which may be the same shell that caused the IR echo at earlier epochs. The extreme Ha luminosities in SN 2005ip and SN 1988Z are still dominated by the forward shock at 10 yr post- explosion, whereas SN 1993J and SN 1998S are dominated by the reverse shock at a similar age. Continuous strong CSM interaction in SNe 2005ip and 1988Z is indicative of enhanced mass- loss for similar to 10(3) yr before core collapse, longer than Ne, O or Si burning phases. Instead, the episodic mass- loss must extend back through C burning and perhaps even part of He burning.

Cloreto estanoso (SnCl2.2H2O) é o composto mais utilizado na redução do íon pertecnetato (TcO4-), obtido pela eluição do gerador, para a marcação de reagentes liofilizados para radiodiagnóstico. Estes reagentes liofilizados contêm um ligante, cloreto estanoso, e diferentes excipientes. Muitos métodos analíticos para a determinação de estanho não conseguem distinguir entre os íons estanoso (Sn(II)) e estânico (Sn(IV)) em soluções. Os dois métodos, descritos na literatura, para determinação seletiva de Sn(II) são análise titrimétrica e polarografia. O método mais confiável descrito para a quantificação do íon estanoso é a polarografia (voltametria) e pode ser utilizado para a determinação em concentrações de mg e g de Sn(II) e Sn(IV) (0,06-1,0 mg), com boa seletividade. Foi realizada análise titrimétrica, para quantificação de Sn(II), na matéria-prima e em 3 lotes consecutivos de 9 reagentes liofilizados produzidos pelo IPEN-CNEN/SP, utilizando-se sulfato cérico 0,1 mol L-1, diluído 10 vezes e iodo 0,05 mol L-1, diluído 10 vezes, como soluções titulantes. Polarografia por pulso diferencial foi utilizada com configuração convencional composta por três eletrodos: eletrodo de trabalho de gota de mercúrio, eletrodo referência de Ag/AgCl (saturado com KCl) e eletrodo auxiliar de platina. O intervalo de potencial analisado foi de -250 a -800 mV e o pico atribuído à redução de Sn(II) foi encontrado em -370 mV em eletrólito suporte de H2SO4 3 mol L-1 e, para Sn(IV), -470 mV, em eletrólito suporte de HCl 3 mol L-1. Para retirada do oxigênio da solução na cela polarográfica utilizou-se nitrogênio 5.0 por 5 minutos, antes e após cada introdução de amostra. Para determinação de Sn(IV) foi feita a oxidação do Sn(II), por adição de peróxido de hidrogênio, em 37 ± 5 ºC, por 5 minutos, seguida de purga com nitrogênio, e análise. A análise polarográfica desenvolvida mostrou-se adequada para a determinação de Sn(II), na presença de Sn(IV), e de estanho total nos kits radiofarmacêuticos estudados. / Stannous chloride (SnCl2.2H2O) is the major compound used for reduction of generator-derived 99mTc-pertechnetate in cold kits for on site preparation of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals. These cold kits usually contain a ligand, stannous chloride, and different additives. Various techniques were described for tin determination, but they cannot distinguish between stannous (Sn(II)) and stannic (Sn(IV)) ions in solutions. The two methods described in literature for selective determination of Sn(II) are polarography and mass analysis (redox-titration). Polarography is a good selective method in the mg range as well as in the g range for Sn(II) and Sn(IV) (0.06-1,0mg). Titrimetric analysis was performed for quantification of Sn(II) in Sn(II) reagents and in 3 consecutive lots of 9 radiopharmaceutical cold kits produced by IPEN-CNEN/SP, using Ce(SO4)2.4H2O 0.1 mol L-1, diluted 10 times and, I2 0.05 mol L-1, diluted 10, as a titrant solution. Differential pulse polarography was chosen with a conventional three-electrode configuration consisting of a static mercury drop electrode, an AgCl/Ag (saturated KCl) reference electrode and a platinum wire auxiliary electrode. The potential was swept from 250 to 800 mV and the current (A) was measured at 370 mV and 470 mV potentials for Sn(II) in H2SO4 3 mol L-1 and Sn(IV) in HCl 3 mol L-1, respectively. The supporting electrolytes were deaerated during 5 min with 5.0 nitrogen gas before and after each sample addition. For total tin determination the oxidation of tin (II) was carried out in the same vial, by adding H2O2 at 37 ± 5 ºC, for 5 min to quantify tin (IV). The developed polarographic method showed to be adequate to quantify tin (II), in the presence of tin (IV), in analyzed radiopharmaceutical cold kits.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-10-03T13:26:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo Bortolotto Ilha_.pdf: 35188571 bytes, checksum: cac488e47b7d5a9301e00e7ab4d1ad4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-03T13:26:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bernardo Bortolotto Ilha_.pdf: 35188571 bytes, checksum: cac488e47b7d5a9301e00e7ab4d1ad4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-16 / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / The aging and electromigration (EM) effects were evaluated when up to 0.19 wt.% Zn was added to Sn-0.7 wt.% Cu solder. Currently, the Sn-0.7 wt.% Cu solder is being widely used in the electronic industries due to its advantages of low cost and high temperature applications. However, its usage is also limited by detrimental properties – for instance, when compared to SAC305, Sn-0.7 wt.% Cu solder has lower electromigration life time, shear strength and drop reliability. Minor Zn alloying to Pb-free solders reportedly enhances some of their properties, e.g.: stabilization of bulk microstructures by decreasing undercooling; formation of a thin interfacial diffusion barrier and, thereby, suppressing Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 interfacial IMC growth rate and retarding under bump metallurgy (UBM) diffusion through the solder; and also, compensation for Sn self-diffusion due to reverse polarity effect. In this research, the aging and EM effects are assessed when 0.09, 0.16 and 0.19 wt.% Zn were added to Sn-0.7 wt.% Cu solder. The samples underwent up to 500 h of isothermal aging at temperatures of 125, 150 and 175 °C, and EM samples underwent up to 200 h of stressing at a constant temperature of 150 °C and current of 3.25 A. Solder balls were fabricated on a BGA structure for the aging tests, and for the EM tests, a pair of solders was assembled in a daisy-chain structure with organic solderability preservative (OSP) and electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) surface finishes. The microstructural evolution and compositional distribution analyses were carried out using optical microscope with brightfield and cross polarized light, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The addition of Zn suppresses the formation of Cu3Sn IMC and the total interfacial IMC thickness upon aging, and the samples with ENIG had smaller IMC thickness than OSP surface finish. In addition, the grains' microstructure becomes less interlaced and more stable, indicating lower undercooling. The electromigration effects on the microstructure is mainly governed by the relative orientation between the c-axis of Sn grains and the direction of current flow. When parallel, allows cathode UBM and alloying elements diffusion through the solder and formation of IMC, and, when transverse, inhibits this diffusion leading to failure by void formation at the anode UBM/solder interface due to depletion of the UBM and slow Sn self-diffusion.