Resisting external forces can be a source of beauty. This work represents an effort to understand how architecture can be derived from the struggle against natural forces to create a built-form. Starting with an idea, that of a tensile roof, the design of a soccer stadium developed into what is presented here. / Master of Architecture

Master of Regional and Community Planning / Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Katherine Nesse / Few things dominate American culture like sport. Sports function as a universal language, as something that people identify with. The provision of stadiums in the United States represents some of the largest public investments found on a municipal level. Over the past 10 years soccer has become one of the most popular sports in the U.S. Consequently, the provision of soccer stadiums is becoming an important economic issue. The lack of research regarding the economic impact of soccer stadiums and the techniques in which city planners can address the economic performance of soccer stadiums will be addressed in this study. The study employs a multiple regression analysis to understand the relationship between economically successful sports stadium characteristics and the economic impact of soccer stadiums. The multiple regression analysis considers each of the 16 Major League Soccer stadiums in the U.S. and discovers the relationship between the economic impacts of each stadium and the presence of successful sports stadium characteristics at those stadiums. The regression analysis resulted in a conditional estimate of the impact of successful sports stadium characteristics on the economic impact of soccer stadiums. No significance can be drawn between the economic impact of soccer stadiums and successful sports stadium characteristics. Although successful sports stadium characteristics have little impact on economic performance, planners should still encourage the use of successful characteristics in stadiums. Planners have the skill set to plan for stadiums that benefit the public economically, socially, psychologically, and environmentally. Planners must continue to find ways to ensure that soccer stadiums have a positive impact on the cities that build them.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A evacuaÃÃo de locais aglomerados, sujeita a restriÃÃes fÃsicas e temporais, à uma questÃo que merece atenÃÃo especial. Se uma multidÃo falha ao escapar em tempo de um ambiente perigoso, por tomar um caminho errado ou por escolher uma saÃda ruim, hà um grande risco de lesÃes e morte. SimulaÃÃes de evacuaÃÃo de multidÃo sÃo muito importantes para tentar minimizar esses tipos de riscos. PorÃm, tentar simular situaÃÃes de emergÃncia em ambientes reais ou à muito caro ou mesmo impossÃvel. Portanto, a simulaÃÃo da evacuaÃÃo de multidÃo por computador à uma alternativa melhor. Os estÃdios de futebol sÃo exemplos de ambientes que podem apresentar risco para as vidas das pessoas no caso de uma evacuaÃÃo de emergÃncia. O objetivo principal deste trabalho à ganhar compreensÃo sobre os aspectos inerentes ao problema de simulaÃÃo de evacuaÃÃo de emergÃncia. Para isso, foi proposto um novo modelo para evacuaÃÃo de multidÃo baseado no modelo de autÃmatos celulares. A fim de avaliar o modelo proposto, testes em diferentes situaÃÃes foram realizados. Foi mostrado que o modelo proposto à capaz de simular a evacuaÃÃo em ambientes complexos de uma forma eficiente. / The evacuation from crowded places, subjected to physical and temporal restrictions, is a matter that deserves special attention. If a crowd fails to escape in time from a hazardous environment, by taking a wrong way or by selecting a bad exit, there is great risk of injuries and death. Simulations of crowd evacuation are very important to try to minimize those types of risk. However, trying to simulate emergency situations in real environments is either very expensive or even impossible. Therefore, computer simulation of crowd evacuation is a better alternative. The soccer stadiums are examples of environments that may present risk to people's lives in case of emergency evacuation. The main objective of this work is to gain understanding of the inherent aspects of the problem of emergency evacuation simulation, and to investigate the dynamics of the evacuation behavior of crowds during an emergency evacuation from a soccer stadium. For this, it was proposed a new model for crowd evacuation based on the cellular automata model. In order to validate the proposed model, tests in different situations were performed. It was shown that the proposed model is able to simulate the evacuation of complex environments in an efficient way.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ao longo dos anos, inúmeros estádios de futebol no Brasil têm sido projetados para suportar as cargas acidentais (carga de pessoas) como sendo do tipo estática (4kN/m2). Entretanto, ultimamente com base na mudança do comportamento do público, especialmente em jogos de futebol, através da ação de torcidas organizadas e, ainda, com o emprego desses estádios para shows de música, os sistemas estruturais passaram a sofrer um maior impacto pela natureza dinâmica dos carregamentos solicitantes. Assim sendo, alguns destes estádios passaram a apresentar problemas de vibrações excessivas e tornou-se necessária a consideração efetiva das cargas dinâmicas nos projetos estruturais. Deste modo, este trabalho de pesquisa objetiva o estudo do comportamento dinâmico e avaliação do desempenho do sistema estrutural das arquibancadas do Estádio Nacional de Brasília, no que diz respeito ao conforto humano. Cabe ressaltar que o referido estádio foi projetado e construído para ser utilizado na Copa do Mundo de 2014, realizada no Brasil. Os resultados alcançados ao longo do desenvolvimento deste estudo são confrontados com aqueles fornecidos por normas e recomendações internacionais de projeto. Os resultados revelam a importância da análise dinâmica para o projeto de estádios de futebol, no que tange a obtenção de dados relevantes para o conforto humano e, bem como, segurança dos usuários desse tipo de estrutura. / Over the years, many soccer stadiums in Brazil have been designed to withstand accidental loads (people loads) to be of static type (4kN/m2). However, based on the changes in the peoples behaviour, especially in soccer matches, through the action of groups of fans and also with the use of these structures for music shows, these structural systems have been subjected to dynamic impacts related to the dynamic nature of the applied loads. Therefore, some of these stadiums have presented excessive vibration problems and have required an effective consideration of the dynamic loadings in the structural design. This way, this research aims to study the dynamic behaviour and evaluate the structural system performance of the Brasilia National Stadium grandstands, when the human comfort is considered. It should be noted that the stadium was designed and constructed to be used at the World Cup 2014, held in Brazil. The results achieved during the development of this study are compared with those provided by design standards and international recommendations. The presented results show the relevance of the dynamic analysis in the structural design of soccer stadiums, with respect to obtaining relevant data for human comfort and as well safety of users of this type of structure.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Ao longo dos anos, inúmeros estádios de futebol no Brasil têm sido projetados para suportar as cargas acidentais (carga de pessoas) como sendo do tipo estática (4kN/m2). Entretanto, ultimamente com base na mudança do comportamento do público, especialmente em jogos de futebol, através da ação de torcidas organizadas e, ainda, com o emprego desses estádios para shows de música, os sistemas estruturais passaram a sofrer um maior impacto pela natureza dinâmica dos carregamentos solicitantes. Assim sendo, alguns destes estádios passaram a apresentar problemas de vibrações excessivas e tornou-se necessária a consideração efetiva das cargas dinâmicas nos projetos estruturais. Deste modo, este trabalho de pesquisa objetiva o estudo do comportamento dinâmico e avaliação do desempenho do sistema estrutural das arquibancadas do Estádio Nacional de Brasília, no que diz respeito ao conforto humano. Cabe ressaltar que o referido estádio foi projetado e construído para ser utilizado na Copa do Mundo de 2014, realizada no Brasil. Os resultados alcançados ao longo do desenvolvimento deste estudo são confrontados com aqueles fornecidos por normas e recomendações internacionais de projeto. Os resultados revelam a importância da análise dinâmica para o projeto de estádios de futebol, no que tange a obtenção de dados relevantes para o conforto humano e, bem como, segurança dos usuários desse tipo de estrutura. / Over the years, many soccer stadiums in Brazil have been designed to withstand accidental loads (people loads) to be of static type (4kN/m2). However, based on the changes in the peoples behaviour, especially in soccer matches, through the action of groups of fans and also with the use of these structures for music shows, these structural systems have been subjected to dynamic impacts related to the dynamic nature of the applied loads. Therefore, some of these stadiums have presented excessive vibration problems and have required an effective consideration of the dynamic loadings in the structural design. This way, this research aims to study the dynamic behaviour and evaluate the structural system performance of the Brasilia National Stadium grandstands, when the human comfort is considered. It should be noted that the stadium was designed and constructed to be used at the World Cup 2014, held in Brazil. The results achieved during the development of this study are compared with those provided by design standards and international recommendations. The presented results show the relevance of the dynamic analysis in the structural design of soccer stadiums, with respect to obtaining relevant data for human comfort and as well safety of users of this type of structure.