Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Existe um perfil de torcedor de futebol que tem como prÃtica torcer por um time de seu estado e por outro, sediado em uma regiÃo diferente. Ele à pejorativamente chamado de âtorcedor mistoâ. Essa alcunha foi criada por torcedores que nÃo concordavam com esse modo de se torcer. O perfil de torcedor âmistoâ existe em praticamente todos os estados do Brasil. Essa realidade fez com que, desde 2008, alguns grupos de torcedores, contrÃrios Ãquele modo de se torcer, organizassem faixas, camisetas, vÃdeos e comunidades virtuais para mostrar seu ponto de vista e estimular os âmistosâ a torcerem somente por um time de seu estado. Esse movimento, conhecido como âanti-mistosâ, teve inÃcio na regiÃo nordestina, tendo como uma de suas sentenÃas de maior repercussÃo aquela que classifica os âmistosâ como âA vergonha do Nordesteâ. Este trabalho tem como objetivo compreender algumas das situaÃÃes sociais, histÃricas e subjetivas que estimulam o advento deste perfil de torcedor, tomando como recorte a RegiÃo Nordeste. Analisando o futebol brasileiro como um campo (Bourdieu), constatou-se que os times que detÃm os principais tipos de capital e sÃo mais ativos nas instituiÃÃes desse campo - sendo dominantes - sÃo clubes de Rio de Janeiro e SÃo Paulo. Os clubes nordestinos e das demais regiÃes ocupam a condiÃÃo de dominados. Essas situaÃÃes tornam os clubes dominantes bastante atraentes ao fà do esporte, que tambÃm và na escolha do time uma forma de conseguir reconhecimento e distinÃÃo. As principais emissoras de TV do paÃs sÃo sediadas nos estados de Rio de Janeiro e SÃo Paulo. AtravÃs de sua rede de afiliadas pelo territÃrio nacional, diariamente levavam aos fÃs de futebol por todo paÃs considerÃvel quantidade de informaÃÃes sobre os clubes daqueles estados, incluindo transmissÃes ao vivo de suas participaÃÃes em torneios brasileiros e internacionais. Essa presenÃa constante na mÃdia ajuda esses clubes a se tornarem simbolicamente muito prÃximos do dia a dia do torcedor nordestino, mesmo que geograficamente distantes. Essa proximidade contribui para que esse torcedor nÃo interprete aqueles clubes como algo que âpertence aos outrosâ (argumento recorrente entre os âanti-mistosâ), mas sim alguma coisa da qual ele tambÃm pode fazer parte. / There is a profile of soccer fans which usually supports a team from its state and another club, based in a different region. This kind of fan is pejoratively called âmistoâ (mixed). This appellation was created by fans who disagree with this way of cheering. The fan called âmistoâ exists in all the Brazilian states. Because of this, since 2008 some groups of fans, non âmistosâ, started to organize sashes, shirts, videos and virtual communities to show their point of view and encourage the âmistosâ to support only a team from its state. This mobilization, known âanti-mistoâ, started in Northeast. One of its most popular watchwords is âA vergonha do Nordesteâ (The shame of Northeast). This report aims to understand some of the social, historic and subjective situations that stimulated the advent of the fans called âmistoâ, analysing the Northeast case. Analysing Brazilian soccer as a field (Bourdieu), it could find some teams that holds the main types of capital and are more actives in the institutions. They are dominants. These teams belong to Rio de Janeiro and SÃo Paulo. The clubs from Northeast and other regions are dominated. The dominants are very attractive for the fans, who also found in the choice for a soccer team a way to conquest recognition and distinction. The main TV networks in Brazil are based in SÃo Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Using their net of affiliated TVs across the country, they give daily to soccer fans from every regions a lot of information about the teams from SÃo Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, including live transmit from their participation in national and international competitions. This constant presence in media makes these teams symbolically close to the routine of the Northeast fan, although geographically distant. Because of this proximity, the âmistoâ doesnât see that teams as clubs which belong to other people (an âanti-mistoâ recurrent argument), but as something to which he could belong.

The aim of the present research is to investigate three factors, namely perceptions of fairness in intergroup situations, ingroup identification and spatial dimensions that are assumed to contribute to why individuals participate in violence against the police in soccer stadiums. In Study 1 perceptions of fairness, identification and spatial perspective were manipulated and the results indicated a significant interaction effect between identification and spatial perspective. This interaction effect had a significant influence on negative behavioural tendencies towards police. In Study 2, identification and spatial perspective were manipulated and once again the interaction effect between identification and spatial perspective was found. A main effect of identification was found in that participants who identified lower with fans showed significantly more positive attitudes towards police. The results of the two studies highlight the importance of looking beyond the inherent nature of the crowd itself when analysing situations of police/fan conflict, and also the need to further investigate the spatial dimension and how it influences social judgment and decision making.

M. Tech. Marketing

Research paper (M.I.M.)--Victoria University of Wellington, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Fadul Andrade.pdf: 2345216 bytes, checksum: bd3bbfde593a3a0f958116001c23caa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-12 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / In the last two years, the preparations for the matches of the World Cup, that are to happen on the months of June and July of 2014, can be observed in Manaus. Since the official announcement, in 2009, that the city would receive those matches, different actions were projected, although not all of them were done, due to operational reasons, time exiguity, etc. During this preparation time, we could perceive situations that make it possible for us to say that many people from the city, especially soccer supporters and sympathizers but also people linked to public agencies, trade market, services, etc, have been living a bigger involvement with the sport (realization of sport events, presence in stadiums due to local championships, organized groups of soccer fans), as well as the creation of expectations about improvements of the urban infrastructure, realization of new businesses, etc. In these situations and other more, we can recognize the spirit of the World Cup, which has been intensifying in 2013, because this year takes up at the same time as the deadline of the construction of the new stadium, which is conventionally called Arena da Amazônia. This paper has the intention to show an anthropological approach concerning the preparations for the 2014 World Cup, in Manaus-AM, considering more than the urban improvement actions promoted by the public power and private initiative, the position that soccer has been occupying on the discussions that implicate the preparations for the event. Taking into consideration that soccer is the biggest reason for the realization of the World Cup and one of the biggest popular expressions of the world, including Brazil and Manaus, we try to interpret the vision of the soccer fans and sympathizers in Manaus, that are also citizens of Manaus and Brazilians, this set of urban changes, in a large scale, oriented to public spaces or from shared use. / Nos últimos dois anos tem se observado em Manaus os preparativos para os jogos da Copa do Mundo, cuja realização está prevista para os meses de junho e julho de 2014. Desde o anúncio oficial em 2009 de que a cidade receberia estes jogos, ações diferentes foram projetadas, mas nem todas serão efetivadas, tendo em vista motivos operacionais, exiguidade do tempo, etc. Neste período de preparativos, presenciamos situações que permitem dizer que muitas pessoas da cidade, sobretudo torcedores e simpatizantes de futebol, mas também pessoas vinculadas a órgãos públicos, comércio, serviços, etc., têm vivenciado um envolvimento maior com o futebol (realização de eventos esportivos, presença em estádios por conta de campeonatos regionais, torcidas organizadas), bem como criação de expectativas sobre melhorias de infraestrutura urbana, realização de novos negócios, etc. Reconhecemos nestas situações e outras mais, de um clima de Copa do Mundo, que tem se intensificado em 2013, posto que este ano coincide com o prazo limite para entrega do novo estádio, que se convencionou chamar de Arena da Amazônia. Este trabalho busca apresentar uma abordagem antropológica acerca dos preparativos para a Copa do Mundo de 2014 na cidade de Manaus-AM, considerando além das ações de regeneração urbana promovidas pelo poder público e iniciativa privada, a posição que o futebol tem ocupado nas discussões que envolvem os preparativos para o evento. Partindo do pressuposto que o futebol é o motivo maior para a realização do campeonato mundial de seleções e uma das maiores expressões populares do mundo, inclusive no Brasil e em Manaus, buscamos interpretar a partir da visão dos próprios torcedores e simpatizantes de futebol em Manaus, que também são cidadãos manauaras e brasileiros, esse conjunto de transformações urbanas, em larga medida orientadas para os espaços públicos ou de usos compartilhados.

M.A. (Fundamental Communications) / This research study investigated different practices defining and yet differentiating soccer supporters in various parts of Johannesburg. It highlights the major converging and diverging practices of the fanatics when communicating within the same and with different groups, publicly united by the objective of watching soccer. Participant observations and in-depth interviews were the two major techniques used to gather data which was thematically and comparatively analysed. While the foundational goal of the research were significant communication practices amongst soccer fans, findings from the study were more skewed towards diversity in socio-cultural attributes as evident amongst the fans the researcher engaged with. These were encountered at public places where soccer lovers from the north, south and central Johannesburg get together. There were Zambian, Zimbabwean and the dominant South African amongst the different groups of soccer fans. There were men and women speaking the English language in diverse accents with some even seeking pardon for diluting it with their native languages. Soccer teams that they support such as Kaizer Chiefs, Orlando Pirates and Mamelodi Sundowns from South Africa, as well as English and Spanish teams in Liverpool and Barcelona respectively, all exemplified multiplicity. The neighbourhood, within which each PVA is located, where individuals converge at Maponya Mall, Rosebank Bowling Club, Joubert City Park, Dollars Pub & Restaurant in Berea, and Mbanjwa.s Place in Naturena, south of Johannesburg, also determined the kinds of fans the researcher encountered, and the way they converged and/or diverged in their communication.

Soccer has a global reach and is entrenched in the lives of millions of people throughout the world, but the culture surrounding it is not as strong and never has been in the United States. Nonetheless, there is a recent emergence of American supporters groups that exhibit characteristics similar to those outside of the US. This ethnographic study focuses on one such group, the Timbers Army, to explore how they construct their own unique supporter identity and to understand how participants come to see the group relative to their understanding of the world at local and global levels. To explore this, this work employs globalization theory, in particular that of cultural hybridization and glocalization. In turn, through an iterative, grounded theory approach, the findings elucidate key concepts related to these theories. Briefly, the findings show how the Timbers Army's particular identity is constructed through multiple influences including an attachment to the city of Portland, a fierce regional rivalry, national references and recognition, and an awareness of and interaction with the global socio-cultural institution of soccer. This work is the first to acknowledge the burgeoning movement of American soccer supporters and provides a starting point for further inquiry into groups that exhibit both a strong local attachment and an outward looking global perspective.

Der Fußball lebt von den Zuschauern und mehr noch den Fans. Immer wieder jedoch zeigen sich jedoch auch die Schattenseiten des Sports: Aggression, Ausschreitungen, Diskriminierung, Extremismus, Risikogruppen, Stigmatisierung und Gewaltbereitschaft. Trotz geringer absoluter Zahlen von Vorfällen, stellt eine Teilmenge der Fanszene alle Beteiligten vor große Herausforderungen. Wir beleuchten Konzepte der Fanarbeit aus struktureller und methodischer Perspektive. Welche Strukturen und Rahmenbedingungen existieren bereits und wie ist das Netzwerk der Akteure beschaffen, die diese Arbeit leisten? Welche elaborierten Ansätze und Konzepte aus der Wissenschaft können künftig außerdem angewendet werden? Ein Fazit lautet, dass das Netzwerk der beteiligten Personen im Bereich Fanarbeit außerordentlich komplex ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund geben wir für diese überaus wichtige Arbeit einige Empfehlungen für einen gelungenen Transfer aus der Wissenschaft in die Praxis.

This study investigates Zambians’ construction of identities based on their following of the English soccer premier league. The study seeks to understand how Zambian supporters of this league construct their identities based on their encounter with foreign teams/players and how they appropriate the meanings obtained through such viewing in their daily lives. The study is informed by the theories of fandom. Using an ethnographic critique of the media imperialism thesis, the study attempts to explore the meanings that the fans of the English soccer league in urban Lusaka make of the mediated soccer games, while in and outside the viewing spaces – the bars – where the games are ritually watched in groups. Based on the qualitative methods of focus group discussions, individual in-depth interviews and observations, the study probes the phenomenon of the consumption of English premier league football in countries abroad, focusing specifically on the experiences of fans in Lusaka, Zambia. Observation of this phenomenon in Lusaka reveals that fans find pleasure in the tactics that the teams in the league display, the professionalism of the players, goal scoring and self-empowerment for the few women supporters. This study probes these issues in greater depth. The foremost conclusion of the research is that it neither completely rejects nor accepts the media imperialism thesis. Instead, meanings should be understood within the context of the lived experience and reality of the fans.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho investiga como se estabelecem as nomeaÃÃes entre torcidas e torcedores e que implicaÃÃes podem ser percebidas nas performances deles no contexto do futebol espetacularizado. Aqui, à entendido que hà um jogo ocorrendo nas arquibancadas de futebol, no qual as performances de torcedores e torcidas sÃo comunicadas ao pÃblico presente, mas tambÃm transmitidas a um nÃmero indefinido de pessoas que assistem, por exemplo, pela televisÃo. Esse jogo à um fenÃmeno cultural (se mantÃm mesmo apÃs finalizado) e atua paralelo ao que à disputado em campo (a partida de futebol em si), contendo elementos agonÃsticos semelhantes. As disputas circulam geralmente em torno das diversas maneiras de estar no jogo. Essas diferenÃas se expressam nas formas como torcem, cantam, vibram, o que usam no estÃdio, os lugares que escolhem para assistir Ãs partidas de futebol, dentre outros modos. Essa pesquisa tem carÃter antropolÃgico, utilizando-se principalmente de observaÃÃo participante e entrevistas em profundidade com membros de uma torcida do Cearà Sporting Club chamada Setor Alvinegro. Essa torcida se nomeia como âtorcida de alentoâ, uma barra brava ressignificada a partir da conduÃÃo de um outro habitus torcedor, em oposiÃÃo a um modelo entendido por eles como âtradicionalâ. A abordagem do jogo ocorre nas interaÃÃes face a face, geralmente nos estÃdios, com base numa perspectiva fenomenolÃgica, a partir de Schutz, e com o interacionismo, a partir das influÃncias de Simmel e Goffman. Nesse jogo, as vÃrias torcidas (aqui entendidas como equipes) estabelecem condutas (âideologiasâ) a serem performadas durante as interaÃÃes, o que cria condiÃÃes de disputas por reconhecimento, espaÃos e poder. No Ãnterim dessas disputas e tentativas de nomeaÃÃes, hà uma moral torcedora latente, como fio condutor que permite tambÃm o acontecimento de uma competiÃÃo em torno da universalizaÃÃo de um modo de participar do jogo, como se houvesse uma âverdadeiraâ maneira de demonstrar sua paixÃo clubÃstica. / This work investigates how to set appointments among supporters and fans and what implications can be seen in their performances in the context of spectacularized soccer. Here, it is understood that there is a game going on in the soccer bleachers, where the performances of fans and supporters are communicated to the audience, but also transmitted to an indefinite number of people watching, for example, on television. This game is a cultural phenomenon (is maintained even after processing) and acts parallel to what is played on the field (the soccer match itself), containing similar agonistic elements. Disputes usually circulate around the various ways of being in the game. These differences are expressed in the ways cheer, sing, vibrate, which use the stadium, the places they choose to attend soccer matches, among other ways. This research is anthropological, mainly using up of participant observation and interviews with members of a crowd of âCeara Sporting Clubâ called âSetor Alvinegroâ. This crowd is named as "torcida de alento" a new meaning from the conduction another habitus to fans, as opposed to a model understood by them as traditional supporters. The approach of the game occurs in face to face interactions, usually in stages, based on a phenomenological perspective, from Schutz, and interactionism, from the influences of Simmel and Goffman. In this game, the various supporters (here understood as teams) lay pipelines (ideologies) to be performing during interactions, which creates conditions for disputes by recognition, space and power. In the meantime these disputes and attempts to appointments, there is a latent moral supporter, as thread that also allows the event of a competition around the universalization of a way of playing the game, as if there were a "real" way to demonstrate your passion for a soccer team.