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This study investigates how anthropomorphism arises in Western and Japanese reports of non-human primate behaviour. Chapter 1 introduces the study and notes that differences in recording styles and incidence of anthropomorphism in Western and Japanese reports led to the thesis that the basis for anthropomorphism differed between the two groups. In Western studies it was found necessary to inquire into philosophical aspects of language use. In Japanese studies the inquiry centred on evidence for the retention of traditional attitudes to nature. Part One focuses on the basis for anthropomorphism in Western studies. Chapter 2 discusses the intellectual basis for the deeply ingrained belief in the West in the separateness of man and animals. The more immediate intellectual background to Western primate studies is traced in chapter 3 through the development of comparative psychology and ethology and then of primatology itself. A more precise formulation of the Western inquiry is developed in chapter h through discussion of ordinary language, distinction between categories of anthropomorphism and between the notions of a subjective approach to study and the ascription of human subjective experiences to animals. Cognitive ethology is briefly described. Chapter 5> identifies the characteristic of language use that gives rise to anthropomorphism as metaphor. Part Two focuses on Japanese studies. Japan had no tradition of objective science and Western science was imported to Japan. This section develops the argument that Western science was adapted to existing Japanese thought and that a traditional intuitive approach to nature and feeling of unity with animals was retained. The development of Japanese primate studies and evidence for the acceptability of anthropomorphism to Japanese primatologists are presented in chapter 6. Certain basic ideas of traditional Japanese views are outlined in chapter 7. The effects of the first small-scale importation of Western science on the Neo-Confucian precepts of Tokugawa Japan are traced in chapter 8. The way in which especially biology was understood in the subsequent major importation of science to Meiji Japan is examined in chapter 9. The methodology of the Japanese primatologists is examined in chapter 10 and newly translated material showing the application of traditional Japanese thought to primatology is presented. Other new material on the origins of the focus on personality and culture in monkey groups is given. The application of traditional Japanese ideas of nature to their methodology and the use of a socioanthropological framework for explanation of observed behaviour is seen to be compatible with anthropomorphism in the Japanese studies. Chapter 11 summarizes the course of the study and discusses what conclusions may be drawn.

Behavioral responses to social odors in Syrian hamsters are regulated by brain structures including the medial amygdala (Me) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). The role of these areas in regulating social behaviors has been previously studied in detail. However, the chemical phenotypes of neurons in these areas have not been well defined. Based on previous literature, we hypothesize that there is an increase in Me GABAergic signaling in response to social odors in male hamsters. To test this, we quantified colocalization of Calbindin and Fos in the Me of male hamsters after odor exposure. There were no significant differences in the percentage of Fos+ cells that were CB+ between odor conditions, but the percentage of CB+ cells that were Fos+ was higher in subjects exposed to conspecific odors versus clean odors. This implies that CB+ neurons transmit social information in the Me of male hamsters.

Hanuman langurs were studied for two years between 1980 and 1983 in Kanha Tiger Reserve, Mandla District, a 1945 sq.km tract of hilly, monsoonal, moist deciduous (sal) and dry deciduous forest, interspersed with anthropogenic meadows. Langur population density was 46.15/sq.km., 93% of troops were unimale, 69.6% of males were extra-troop (in bands), troop adult sex ratio was 1:7.9. Both gradual and rapid replacement of troop adult males occured. An all-male band attacked the study troop, killing three of six infants and, following a phase of consorting, a band male replaced the troop resident male. The observation of infanticide in a low density, undisturbed habitat supports the 'sexual selection' hypothesis and not the 'social pathology' hypothesis. Analysis of intraspecific variation suggests that troop structure and not density is associated with infant killing. The timing of takeovers with respect to the birth season agrees with that predicted if the sexual selection hypothesis is applicable. Activity, feeding and ranging budgets were estimated using scan sampling of the study troop over twelve months. Langurs selected against the use of meadow but for a clump of mixed forest at the centre of their 74.5 ha annual range. Evidence was obtained of territorial site-dependent defence. A dichotomy between troop-troop and troop-band spatial relationships is interpreted in terms of differences in male reproductive strategies and the costs and benefits of conflict. The diet was diverse, including gum and insects, but was dominated by mature leaf and fruit. Trees were not utilized in proportion to their abundance. Range patterns were related to the spatial distribution of highly selected trees and the seasonal consumption of ephemeral food items was related to their availability.

The selective costs and benefits affecting the evolution of group living have long interested behavioural ecologists because knowledge of these selective forces can enhance our understanding not only of why organisms live in groups, but also why species exhibit particular patterns of social organisation. Tamarins form stable and permanent mixed-species troops providing an excellent model for examining the costs and benefits hypothesised for group living. However, testing hypotheses in the wild is difficult, not least because participating species are rarely found out of association. In contrast, in captivity it is possible to compare matched single- and mixed-species troops and also to study the same individuals in single and mixed-species troops to see what effect the presence of a congener has on behaviour. In this way, captive work can help us confirm, reject, or refine the hypotheses, and aids in the generation of new ones, for relating back to the wild. The utility of this approach is demonstrated in this thesis which explored some of the foraging benefit hypotheses and, in particular, the underlying notion that individuals in tamarind mixed-species troops can increase their foraging efficiency through social earning. Single and mixed-species troops of Saguinus fuscicollis and S. labiatus were studied at Belfast Zoological Gardens. It was found that social interaction with conspecifics and congeners facilitated learning by individuals of various types of food-related information (food palatability, location, and method of access). However, although social learning operated in mixed-species troops, it did so under the shadow of inter-specific dominance. The results were used, in conjunction with field observations in Bolivia, to make inferences about the adaptive function of social learning in the wild. These findings strengthen the hypotheses which suggest that increased opportunity for social learning, through an increase in troop size and as a result of species divergence in behaviour, is an adaptive advantage of mixed-species troop formation in tamarins.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.P.H.M. (Primary Health Care Management))--Mahidol University, 2007. / LICL has E-Thesis 0023 ; please contact computer services.

Thesis (Ph.D.). / Written for the Faculty of Medicine, Dept. of Neurology & Neurosurgery. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2009/06/09). Includes bibliographical references.

Proefschrift--Utrecht. / Vita. "Bestaat uit twee delen, die afzonderlijk worden gepubliceerd ..." Text in English; introd., conclusion, vita, and summaries in Dutch. Includes bibliographical references.