Inledning: Den skapade bilden av att invandrare skulle vara farligare än den infödda populationen i landet riskerar leda till en undermedveten strukturell diskriminering som genomsyrar det västerländska samhället och således även rättssystemet. Tidigare forskning har visat att etniska minoriteter utsatts för negativ särbehandling vid såväl polisens ingripande som vid domstolens beslut. Denna särbehandling kan tänkas leda till en förlust av rättssystemets legitimitet och därmed till en ökad brottslighet i samhället. Som teoretiskt ramverk för problemet användes social conditioning theory och focal concerns theory. Syfte: Att undersöka huruvida det bland svenska juriststudenter förekommer negativ särbehandling av etniska minoriteter. Metod: En enkätstudie genomfördes på totalt 210 juriststudenter från fyra universitet i Sverige. Enkäten bestod av två fallbeskrivningar med åtta frågor till respektive fallbeskrivning. Av urvalet fick 104 studenter läsa om gärningsmän med typiskt skandinaviska namn och 106 studenter fick läsa om gärningsmän med typiskt arabiska namn. Mann Whitney-U test genomfördes mellan respondenterna som läst om skandinaviska respektive arabiska gärningsmän. Därtill undersöktes Spearmans rangkorrelation mellan respondenternas attityder till våldsbrott. Resultat: Vid grov misshandel uppfattades gärningsmannen med arabiskt namn vara farligare för samhället än gärningsmannen med skandinaviskt namn. Vidare fanns tendenser till att respondenterna undermedvetet uppfattade gärningsmannen med arabiskt namn som mer förekommande vid rån än gärningsmannen med skandinaviskt namn. Diskussion: Respondenterna visade tendenser till undermedvetna fördomar om etniska minoriteter, men lät inte dessa fördomar påverka det valda straffet. Resultatet visar att stereotypa fördomar kan finnas på ett undermedvetet plan, vilket torde kunna leda till negativ särbehandling i vissa situationer när det kommer till domstolsfrågor. Resultaten är i linje med tidigare forskning och studiens teoretiska ramverk, men påvisar samtidigt den komplexitet som ligger bakom problemet. / <p>2016-06-01</p>

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[pt] Esta tese teve como objeto de pesquisa a associação de aspectos econômicos e sociais ao fenômeno da dotação de sentidos ao trabalho. Considerados de forma articulada, tais aspectos viabilizam a observação do trabalhador como um ser social, passível de uma análise sob a perspectiva teórica de classes. A Teoria dos Condicionantes Sociais, de Pierre Bourdieu (2015), destacou-se como uma lente teórica útil na consideração deste objeto de pesquisa. Estabelecido o recorte de pesquisa - jovens trabalhadores do Centro do Rio de Janeiro - os objetivos deste estudo: a) compreender como se dá a dotação de sentidos ao trabalho entre jovens de diferentes classes sociais; b) remontar as origens do sentido do trabalho comuns a cada classe social entre os jovens; e c) identificar os condicionantes sociais do campo profissional referentes à cada classe social. Foram realizadas 18 entrevistas em profundidade com jovens trabalhadores que, para efeitos de análise, foram divididos em dois grupos: jovens zona norte - de estratos sociais menos abastados; e jovens zona sul – de estratos sociais mais afluentes. Em linhas gerais, nos dois grupos destacou-se a percepção do trabalho como uma forma de subsistência. Entre os jovens zona norte, a atividade profissional é carregada de forte sentido moral, já dentre os jovens zona sul, consideram-se também aspectos hedonistas referentes ao trabalho, que seria o exercício de uma vocação, dotada com uma função de relevância e impacto social. O cotidiano profissional e a família emergem como categorias que explicam a origem dos sentidos atribuídos ao trabalho para esses dois grupos. Todavia, dentre os jovens zona sul, depreende-se a percepção de que tal construção se daria de forma reflexiva, sendo ponderado por seus próprios valores e crenças. A socialização primária dos jovens zona norte é marcada por uma considerável fragilidade da sua experiência escolar e familiar - no sentido de provisão material. Em contraponto, os jovens zona sul gozam de uma experiência escolar axiomática e amplo suporte familiar. / [en] This thesis is about the association of economic and social aspects to the meaning of work phenomena. Considered in an articulated way, these aspects enable the observation of the worker as a social agent, through the theoretical perspective of social classes. Pierre Bourdieu s Theory of Social Conditioning stood out as a theoretical lens useful in the consideration of this object of research. Once stablished one specific group of interest – young workers at the Center of Rio de Janeiro City – the research objectives were: a) understand how the meaning of work phenomena happens among young workers from different social classes; b) set back the sources of meaning of work common to each social class; and c) identify the social determinants of the professional field related to each social class. Eighteen in-depth interviews were carried out with young workers who, for the purposes of analysis, were divided into two groups: north zone - concerning less well-off social strata; and south zone - concerning more affluent social strata. In general, the two groups emphasized the perception of work as a form of subsistence. Among the young people from the north zone group, professional activity has a strong moral sense, and among the ones from the south zone group, some hedonistic aspects are related to work, which would also be the performance of a vocation, endowed with a social function of relevance and impact. Work context and the family emerge as categories that explain the sources of the meanings attributed to work for both groups. However, among the subjects from the south zone group, there is a perception that such construction would take place in a reflexive way, being filtered by its own values and beliefs. The primary socialization of the young workers from the north zone group is marked by a considerable fragility of their scholar and familiar experience - in the sense of material provision. In contrast, the subjects from the southern zone group enjoy an axiomatic school experience and broad family support.

Identificar los factores que influyen (o afectan) en el proceso de diseño de una política pública permite un análisis más certero de cómo es la política y cuáles serán sus tendencias en las siguientes fases del ciclo de política. Así encontramos que, en el caso peruano, los factores influyen de modo tal que las políticas públicas responden más a la posibilidad de acción de las instituciones del Estado que a la demanda de una acción pública. A través del análisis de la fase de diseño de la Política de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en el Perú podemos reconocer la naturaleza del proceso de toma de decisiones del Ministerio del Ambiente sobre la base de las alternativas propuestas (o impuestas) por actores dentro del sistema político peruano. Estos actores (sociales, institucionales e internacionales) configuran un espacio donde las prio- ridades (aparentemente estables) del ministerio se van restableciendo para hacerse viables a las demandas recibidas por el sistema a costa de la calidad de la propia política pública.

Women today continue to struggle against male-dominated values and norms, and male prejudices, both in society and the Church. This balance of power needs to be altered to free women from the domination of men. The strategies proposed in this dissertation are based on the Christian ethic of justice and equality. Their implementation, I argue, would empower women to resist oppression, independently of men, to achieve liberation and equality so that male-dominated ideologies and structures could no longer oppress. A case study of women ministers in the Methodist Church of Southern Africa revealed discrimination against, and the limitation of the ministries of women clergy. The ethical dilemma of the Church appearing to follow, rather than to lead society on such issues was noted. The attainment of the liberation of women is dependent solely upon themselves and the extent to which they are prepared to take responsibility for their own lives. / M.Th. (Theological Ethics)

Women today continue to struggle against male-dominated values and norms, and male prejudices, both in society and the Church. This balance of power needs to be altered to free women from the domination of men. The strategies proposed in this dissertation are based on the Christian ethic of justice and equality. Their implementation, I argue, would empower women to resist oppression, independently of men, to achieve liberation and equality so that male-dominated ideologies and structures could no longer oppress. A case study of women ministers in the Methodist Church of Southern Africa revealed discrimination against, and the limitation of the ministries of women clergy. The ethical dilemma of the Church appearing to follow, rather than to lead society on such issues was noted. The attainment of the liberation of women is dependent solely upon themselves and the extent to which they are prepared to take responsibility for their own lives. / M.Th. (Theological Ethics)