With the coming of globalization and knowledge of economy that may hence the flows of goods, finance, and people as well as the rapid changes of work force structures, many countries are starting to look for international professionals. In Taiwan, we are encountering unclear immigration policy, low birthrate, disproportionate new immigrants and industrial transformation. Therefore, it is vital to come up with an effective policy to attract foreign professionals to migrate into Taiwan for meeting the demand of industries and improve population quality. Based on ¡§Public Affairs Management Integrated Reference Framework,¡¨ this study analyzed the current difficulties and critical problems of Taiwan authority¡¦s policy for foreign professionals. Through research and discussion from domestic and overseas references, it summarized four critical cues that may affect professionals¡¦ migration. These cues are ¡§the openness of immigration regulations,¡¨ ¡§innovation of working environment,¡¨ ¡§internationalization of society and culture¡¨ and ¡§tax reduction.¡¨ With the research method of Social Judgment Theory, it treated policy stakeholders as its respondents including government staff in central government, Taipei City and Kaohsiung City and local citizens and foreign residents from Taipei City and Kaohsiung City to examine whether the disparate groups have different cognitions toward the four cues. The findings are as follows: 1. In the average weights, all groups pay the most attention to ¡§tax reduction,¡¨ followed by ¡§innovation of working environment,¡¨ ¡§internationalization of society and culture¡¨ and ¡§openness of immigration regulations.¡¨ 2. In the judgment functions, all groups have positive attitudes toward the four cues; this indicates that all groups considered the incentive of the four cues are ¡§The more, the better.¡¨ 3. In the description questions, 55% respondents don¡¦t agree that they realize the current foreign professionals¡¦ policies. Among them, 23% are government staff. 97.6% respondents agree that the political stability affects the willingness of foreign professionals to migrate into Taiwan. 4. There are two statistical findings in one-way ANOVA: (1) All groups have significant differences in ¡§openness of immigration regulations¡¨ and ¡§innovation of working environment.¡¨ (2) There are significant differences in ¡§openness of immigration regulations¡¨ and ¡§innovation of working environment¡¨ among government staff, local citizens and foreign residents in Kaohsiung City and Taipei City 5. There are two statistical findings in t-test: (1) It is insignificant in the four cues between the decision groups in Taipei City and Kaohsiung City. (2) There are significant differences in ¡§innovation of working environment,¡¨ ¡§internationalization of society and culture¡¨ between central and local government staff.

In the face of the global trend of administrative reform, to cope with changing times and enhance the competitiveness, Taiwan restructures the administrative division into five Metropolitan Cities. To improve the administrative efficiency of the Government and responding to people's need, Central and local government implement reconstruction, rebuilding the organizational culture and the core values. After the Reform, among the five new Metropolitan Cities, Kaohsiung City has the biggest transformation in size of the city and organizational changes, also in geography, culture, industry, transportation, community, and more. It becomes more challenging for the local government to face the new problems. The Household Registration Office is the front-line of customer services and their core value is ¡§to better serve people¡¨. During the general public¡¦s visit to the Household Registration Office, people can feel the changes of better customer services and efficiency. This will change public¡¦s view of the government operation. Therefore, the Kaohsiung Household Registration Office has to set a very clear organizational mission and vision. Furthermore, with the limited resources, managers must worry about how to build the public value and vision, which will be recognized and implemented by the members of the Office. At the same time, these values and vision should be also recognized by the general public. The purpose of this study is to explore public value differences among different parties within the Kaohsiung Household Registration Office. Through Public Affairs Management and literature analysis, I outline the characteristics of regional governance in Kaohsiung City. With in-depth interview of the policy-setting officials of the Kaohsiung Household Registration Office, I also focus on the public values of the Household Registration Office. This study corresponds to four structure (Organization internal process, and financial, and customer, and learning and growth) of Balanced Score Card, and to establish a goal to evaluate the organizational performance. The Social Judgment Theory questionnaires are also based on this. Test target are the entry-level Household Registration Officers of previous known as Kaohsiung City and Kaohsiung County. At the same time, I asked the general public to answer the same Balanced Score Card questionnaires. This will help the manager to understand the variation of public value differences among different parties. This will also help the managers to solve the problem in-time, change the content of public value and to achieve the goal set by the Local Government. This result of the study, for the Household Registration Office, there are no big discrepancy before and after the Reform. The main reason is that Household Registration Office utilizes the nationwide Standardized Computer Operation System. And the regulation is base on Household Registration Act. Both Computer System and regulation are put in place by the Central Government. However, from this study, after the merger of city and County, I did find that the Kaohsiung Household Registration Office need to do an overall adjustment in the allocation of financial resources and staffing, local application of the separate regulations and organizational cultural.

The Community Policing should not take only the policing viewpoint into consideration, but be carried out by taking the community as the core network functioning conformity. Strategic formulation of Community Policing cannot be self-lauded as police professionalism, but be understood in the context of solving policing problems connected with other topics that depend on widespread opinion consultation, research questionnaires and public verification. Community Policing is precisely what police and people share in mutual governance; it is a witnessing of public affairs participation that carries out democracy at the grassroots level. However, its foundation is established on effective communication, mutual understanding and confidence between the police and citizens. It also depends on environmental social capital to develop gradually. Therefore, it is the key to learn how to respect and yet contain different societies and individuals with cognition of their roles in such societies. Accordingly, we can try to seek collective mutual recognition. This research puts emphasis on the operation pattern of the ¡§partnership spirit¡¨ and the ¡§network governance¡¨ from the ¡§acts as circumstances permit¡¨ characteristic of Community Policing. In addition, it discusses the problem of lack of people-participation in Community Policing in the Penghu area by literature discussion (including area background material analysis), expert interview, interactive management (IM), questionnaire survey of society judgment theory (SJT), cross-territory analysis and so on. Through question analysis and interactive conference, 12 items of the first plan and enhancement drawings are obtained. It belongs to the fourth level according to the IM success rank, i.e. it can discover a suitable plan that promotes the participation of the populace, and thus can be recommended to the policing governance and relevant administration agencies. This research takes Penghu as the background and the IM as the interface. The community populace and the performers of Community Policing network (including government institution, private enterprise and Non-governmental organizations) are the main participants. Then, the collective consensus containing multi-dimensional individual cognition was delivered. Furthermore, the endorsement of the local policing decision-making group was investigated through the V-C-S strategic triangle analysis and the SJT questionnaire. Overall, the twelve plans of top priority can be categorized into three essential strategies: ¡§strengthen the policing management to respond to the populace¡¨, ¡§enhance community empowerment to form a policing network¡¨ and ¡§specialization community policing¡¨, separately presenting the viewpoint of three main participants: the experts, the populace, and the basic unit police. Moreover, ¡§specialization of Community Policing¡¨ was considered to be the top priority. However, taking the above essential strategies as the judgment cues to perform the SJT questionnaire to the local policing decision-making group demonstrates that the policing decision-making commanding officer most take seriously the notion of ¡§strengthen the policing management to respond to the populace¡¨, but the ground-roots staff most take seriously the ¡§enhance community empowerment to form policing network¡¨ strategy. Through the investigation, the IM model is proven to be effective in enhancing public participation in Community Policing affairs and reaching a consensus; through SJT questionnaires, the local policing decision-making group gave high approval to the key strategies from interactive deliberation. The result of the survey also shows that people in different positions could have various considerations and judgments. Thus, this research suggests that enforcement authorities can actualize their policies by adopting IM and reach consensus through public participation and mutual understanding.

Decision making study has been the multi-disciplinary research involving operations researchers, management scientists, statisticians, mathematical psychologists and economists as well as others. This study aims to investigate the theory and methodology of decision making research and apply them to different contexts in real cases. The study has reviewed the literature of Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), Evidential Reasoning (ER) approach, Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) movement, Social Judgment Theory (SJT), and Adaptive Toolbox (AT) program. On the basis of these literatures, two methods, Evidence-based Trade-Off (EBTO) and Judgment Analysis with Heuristic Modelling (JA-HM), have been proposed and developed to accomplish decision making problems under different conditions. In the EBTO method, we propose a novel framework to aid people s decision making under uncertainty and imprecise goal. Under the framework, the imprecise goal is objectively modelled through an analytical structure, and is independent of the task requirement; the task requirement is specified by the trade-off strategy among criteria of the analytical structure through an importance weighting process, and is subject to the requirement change of a particular decision making task; the evidence available, that could contribute to the evaluation of general performance of the decision alternatives, are formulated with belief structures which are capable of capturing various format of uncertainties that arise from the absence of data, incomplete information and subjective judgments. The EBTO method was further applied in a case study of Soldier system decision making. The application has demonstrated that EBTO, as a tool, is able to provide a holistic analysis regarding the requirements of Soldier missions, the physical conditions of Soldiers, and the capability of their equipment and weapon systems, which is critical in domain. By drawing the cross-disciplinary literature from NDM and AT, the JA-HM extended the traditional Judgment Analysis (JA) method, through a number of novel methodological procedures, to account for the unique features of decision making tasks under extreme time pressure and dynamic shifting situations. These novel methodological procedures include, the notion of decision point to deconstruct the dynamic shifting situations in a way that decision problem could be identified and formulated; the classification of routine and non-routine problems, and associated data alignment process to enable meaningful decision data analysis across different decision makers (DMs); the notion of composite cue to account for the DMs iterative process of information perception and comprehension in dynamic task environment; the application of computational models of heuristics to account for the time constraints and process dynamics of DMs decision making process; and the application of cross-validation process to enable the methodological principle of competitive testing of decision models. The JA-HM was further applied in a case study of fire emergency decision making. The application has been the first behavioural test of the validity of the computational models of heuristics, in predicting the DMs decision making during fire emergency response. It has also been the first behavioural test of the validity of the non-compensatory heuristics in predicting the DMs decisions on ranking task. The findings identified extend the literature of AT and NDM, and have implications for the fire emergency decision making.

¡§Individual¡¨is the basic analytic unit in a pluralistic society. Especially, phenomenon of public affairs is essence of the problem and is based on individual cognition, hidden in group behavior. The individual cognition forms group judgment and interpersonal influence in the group. This interpersonal influence process may simplify as the power relations between group members, the communication network and the interaction form in the group, and the opinion relations within the group (French, 1956). The conflict is the essential situation of interpersonal influence and also is one kind of relational form and phenomenon for group judgment. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the interpersonal influence and conduct interpersonal mutual cooperation in the public affairs area. The group decision-making (or judgment) can be explored based on observable individual preference and group decision-making. That can infer unobservable interpersonal influence. This interpersonal influence process transforms the individual judgment into the group decision-making. There are two stages in interpersonal influence process, including opinion formation for individual members, and compromise among group members. Namely, the individual might revise his or her preference voluntarily. The group integrates the revised members¡¦ judgments into group decision-making. That is, the group process resembles the process which individual integrates multi-cues like information integration theory (IIT) (Friedkin, 2005; Sniezek et al., 1989). The average cognitive algebra pattern in IIT may measure the interpersonal influence effectively. The theories of group decision-making are still insufficient. For example, social power theory and social comparison theory explain the concept of choice shift, but not positivism. Social decision scheme (SDS) employs decision scheme to predict the group decision-making, but it is insufficient for explaining the group decision-making process. Although social dilemma explores both individual level and group level, it cannot provide the weighting method. Cognitive conflict paradigm (CCP) discusses judgment policy shift, but preference shift is still not mentioned. Although CCP focuses on interpersonal learning, it does not propose how to weight interpersonal influence. The functional measurement theory in IIT may supplement insufficiencies in these theories.. The research utilizes the concept and the method of IIT, which prodivides experimental validity for explaining the complex interpersonal influence process by using social weight. This research uses budget allocation as discussion cases. Interpersonal conflicts are divided by the cognitive conflict and the interest conflict. By using social judgment theory (SJT), this research can analyze cognitive difference in the case of cognitive conflict. Besides, using quasi-experimental procedure in IIT, the findings of this research include: 1. In the group process, group members¡¦ judgments are integrated to group decision-making based on unequal-weight rule mostly. Members¡¦ social weights are different and depend on the level of members¡¦ preferences. 2. The members in different groups have the same preferences initially. Although social weights of these members are not significant difference in statistic, these members still appear the differences between individuals. 3. In cognitive conflict case, the group consensus is not consistently accompanied by cognitive consensus. 4. The group influence results from normative social influence, rather than from informational social influence. 5. It shows that there is negative correlation between social weight and normative effect. Besides, social weight and comprise degree also show negative.correlation 6. The cognitive feedback and the outcome feedback don¡¦t affect decision-making result. 7. The relationship between social weight and the degree of satisfaction is not supported. The social weight and the fairness of decision-making process show significant correlation 8. The subjects¡¦ decision-making performances in the study don¡¦t show significant difference

This research is in accordance with ¡§The Integrating Reference Frame of Public Affair Management¡]PAM¡^¡¨ to demonstrate ¡§The policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland Area¡¨ and apply Moore ¡¦s V.C.S., the triangle strategic analysis in Value, Capacity and Support addressed in 1995, in searching for the reference variables in value, capability and support while making policy and explain the different comprehensions among each policy-maker by the mold of Social Judgment Theory, SJT, engaging in the questionnaires of SJT and proposing the policy modification after comparing with general questionnaires to enhance the acceptance of the policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland Area. In Sept 1982, the Ministry of Education engaged in drafting ¡§The Method of the Examination and Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China¡¨ in accordance with ¡§Act Governing Relations between Peoples of The Taiwan Area and The Mainland Area¡¨ and released and administered the method in Oct 1997. However, next two years, this method was redressed from Control Yuan and put off the administration till now. Nevertheless, in more than one decade, cross-Straits policy and conditions, including international, politics, economy and society, has been changed a lot; the policy of the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area has been craved and even explored the avenue of judicatory relief without hesitation. The case of administrative lawsuit of ¡§the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area¡¨ filed by Cheng Shi-Chi, Mainland spouse, in May 2006 can be a good example. For this public policy of ¡§The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China¡¨, the mode of policy-making what government considers seems closely bound up with the controversy of cross-Straits policy in Taiwan in these years. Its policy making is still being affected by the governing party and gets bogged down in the mud of dispute about nation independence and consolidation and becomes the clincher of social cognitive dispute in Taiwan. For solving such political predicament, the government must implement the perestroika on policy to decrease political factors in policy making. And for responding the intension of public policy which is under diversified society with various points of view, this text shall delve the related factors of policy in depth from the aspects of economy, society, politics and government to strengthen the systematic intension evaluated by public policy and refer this policy dilemma to the tactical issue. With using the V.C.S. tactical analysis to obtain the variables in the strategic decision and applying Social Judgment Theory in the individuals¡¦ cognition for the policy of recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area and expect to reconcile the conflict of policy by clarifying the differences of cognition. To sum up, the research can be summarized as following four points. I. Most of people who took the questionnaires all think that the more policy formulation matching with the people's demand and considering the impact on education, the more the policy of "The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China" shall be acceptable II. Most of people who took the questionnaires all think that the more policy formulation on considering the impact on the aspect of national security, the more the policy of "Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China" shall be unacceptable. III. With the three variables of policy-making, the students and parents from southern and northern Taiwan have different comprehensions for the policy of "Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland China". IV. Most of people who agree at the recognition of educational qualifications from Mainland area are pre-engaging regarding the policy of "The Recognition of Educational Qualifications from Mainland Area" as the issue of people's demand; therefore, students' options for the location of studying overseas should be much respected. And those who disagree are pre-engaging regarding that policy as the issue of national security; the evaluation of impact on our intelligence security should be much taken account of while policy making. The solution should be setting off in social aspect to let people self-determine to comprehend the public affairs and build up a public sphere arising from the mechanism of liberty and equality. Per the mold that the public join the policy making with rational thinking and debating and integrating the individuals¡¦ different recognitions, making a common consensus in group and affecting the government in measure of administration to get the public value of policy back must be able to decrease the conflict in society and advance the development of society in harmony.