Magister Public Health - MPH / Introduction: Health Sector Reform was initiated as a component of the Structural Adjustment Policies that were imposed on the developing countries by the international monetary organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank during the 1980s and the 1990s. It included three main components, that is, financing reforms, decentralization and introducing competition to the health sector. Changes to the Egyptian health system were introduced in the 1980s through the cost recovery projects, while the Health Sector Reform Program was announced in 1997. This culminated in a change from a Primary Health Care model to a Family Health Model as regards the Primary Health Care sector of the Egyptian health system. Changes in the health systems have profound effects on people, so that it is essential to study the ongoing transformation of the Egyptian health system and its implications. Aim: The aim of the current study was to determine the acceptability of the Family Health Model, which replaces Primary Health Care, as currently implemented in Wardan Village, Giza, Egypt. Methodology: The study was a cross sectional survey utilizing a structured questionnaire that was used to determine the awareness and perception/satisfaction of the community members in an Egyptian rural area (Wardan village, Giza Governorate) towards the transformation from primary health care to family health model. 357 subjects participated in this study. Results: Awareness of the study participants towards the transformation process was 15.6%. The overall satisfaction with the family health unit by the participants was 80.5% compared with 35.7% for the old PHC one. Higher satisfaction was associated with older age (p=0.02), less education (p<0.001), being married in the past or present (p=0.02), working status (p=0.007), and more years of using the unit (p<0.001). Acceptability of the family health model among the participants of the current study was high at 88.3%. Higher score of acceptability were associated with less education (p<0.001), being or have been married (p=0.048), and with working status (p=0.005). 93.8% of the participants think that family health unit services are accessible and 79.9% of the participants think that the family health unit provides quality services. Conclusion: The Family Health Model has achieved successes when implemented but encountered some difficulties that have limited the gains and interfered with some of its aspects. The current study has shown that the Family Health Unit has gained a high score of satisfaction and acceptability by the study participants, although the awareness of the study participants about the transformation of the Primary Health Care Model to a Family Health Model was low.

This study investigates how socially and economically disadvantaged young people, living in a semi-rural, post-industrial Atlantic Canadian community, experience and perceive social and economic health -- defined as participants' sense of comfort and security that their social and economic needs are, and will continue to be, met in their community. I argue that social and educational policies and practices must reflect the realities of local citizens if they aim to interrupt regional health disparities. A key objective of this research is to expose and challenge gender, class, and regional inequalities through an analysis of young adults' social and economic health experiences and perceptions. Drawing primarily upon Pierre Bourdieu's (1990b; 2001)concepts -- habitus, field, and symbolic domination -- relations between gender, class,and historical circumstances theoretically inform this research. Employing a critical ethnographic methodological framework (Madison, 2005),experiences and perceptions of ten economically disadvantaged youth -- five women and five men, ages 19-30 -- were gathered through focus groups, individual interviews, participant observation, critical dialogue (using media to stimulate dialogue among participants), and an adaptation of photovoice (a technique combining photography and narrative). Results suggest that the social and economic health needs of economically disadvantaged young adults are not being met. They confirm Bourdieu's (1999a)assertion of an interrelationship between physical place and the positioning of agents in social fields. Participants navigate economic, cultural, and social fields, aware of their social positioning as they 'work' the fields in order to secure enough capital to 'get by'. Their struggles are examples of symbolic domination and suggest a significant psycho-social cost to young adults seeking social and economic health through various fields. Analyses of their experiences suggest a disjuncture between gendered identities ascribed to participants through historically-rooted habitus and contemporary social fields. Recommendations call for gender, class, and regional inequalities to be addressed through structural interventions and investment in long term community-based education that is integrated with local economic development initiatives. Furthermore, this research calls attention to how research agendas and procedures can actually reinforce marginalization, making it difficult for the voices of disadvantaged communities to enter into dominant public discourse. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

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Guided inquiry is a teaching practice gaining popularity in the college setting, particularly within STEM classes, although it is a strategy that can be used across a broad spectrum of disciplines. Increasingly, courses are being offered online (asynchronously), which can present challenges for instructors seeking to help students become intellectually engaged, reaching deeper understandings of course concepts and the relationships among them. Guided inquiry may be one tool instructors can use to encourage students’ deeper exploration of course material. The purpose of this practice session is to explore how guided inquiry can be applied in an online setting, with discussion regarding its benefits and challenges. Examples from social science classes will be provided.

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