Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreza Sampaio de Mello.pdf: 1720717 bytes, checksum: 09a3c001e4a1239d0f3d02bce78a633c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Some business schools have lived the insertion of the theme sustainability in their curricula, worrying about promoting, in future administrators‟ education, the discussion about sustainability issues in this level of teaching. The objective of this research is to understand how the social learning process works for sustainability concerning two business administration courses. It adopts a theoretical reference that articulates the notion of social learning from authors who study the sustainability thematic, with the ones who investigate learning in organizations. In order to approach this thematic empirically, two case studies that made use of qualitative methodologies in their data collecting and analysis process were developed. Data collecting was performed in two private higher education institutions in the city of São Paulo, specifically in business administration courses. It evolved the exam of the institutions official documents as well as two kinds of interviews: (a) individual, with courses teacher and coordinators, (b) in groups: with students. After the interviews were performed and transcribed, data were analyzed by means of interpretative textual analysis process as well as templates. In a first moment, the analysis of the cases was made separately, but, a comparison item is presented as follows. The main results reveal that worrying about sustainability questions is highlighted in the objective and the focus of the business administration courses from both institutions researched, highlighting entrepreneurship. From the courses coordinators as well as professors testimonies it is possible to identify two great challenges that are present in the effort of integrating this theme in the process of futures business administrators education. The first one is about the adoption of an interdisciplinary approach in the proposal development and effectiveness process established in the pedagogical projects. The second one is associated with the formative process itself that, eventhough examines and discusses the sustainability theme, it reveals an individualized and fragmented treatment of the curricular actions for the theme development. Even though data show the use by the professors of diversified classroom strategies, what may give an idea of a less mechanic teaching, it is possible to infer, from the results found that professors seem to use those strategies worrying about instrumental issues in the sense of adapting the traditional management model to the perspective from the sustainability paradigm. In both institutions, it is possible to perceive that there is receptivity to the theme and that they offer resources as well as support for their strengthening in the studied courses. However, it is possible to understand that both institutions worry about marketing and search a differential in their courses concerning sustainability. The most frequent learning social processes used for sustainability approach among coordinators and professors in both institutions were: learning from sharing ideas and experiences inside the institution and learning from sharing ideas and experiences with other institutions. The content about sustainability most evidenced in the students testimonies from both institutions is that sustainability encompasses other aspects than the environmental ones. The reference used to analyze and interpret the results found showed that it is possible to understand both theoretical perspectives proposed with complementary and useful approaches for reflecting about questions evolved in the insertion of the sustainability thematic in the business administration courses. / Algumas escolas de administração tem vivenciado a inserção do tema sustentabilidade em seus currículos, preocupando - se em promover, n a formação dos futuros administradores, a discussão das questões da sustentabilidade nesse nível do ensino. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender como se dá o processo de aprendizagem social para sustentabilidade no âmbito de dois cursos de administração de empresas. Adota um referencial teórico que articula a noção de aprendizagem social a partir de autores que estudam a temática da sustentabilidade, com a de autores que investigam a aprendizagem nas organizações. Para abordar empiricamente essa temática foram desenvolvidos dois estudos de caso, que utilizaram metodologias qualitativas em seu processo de coleta e análise de dados. A coleta de dados foi realizada em duas instituições de ensino superior particulares da cidade de São Paulo, especificamente nos cursos de administração de empresas. Envolveu o exame de documentos oficiais das instituições, e a realização de dois tipos de entrevistas: (a) individuais, com coordenadores dos cursos e professores, (b) grupais: com alunos. Após realização e transcrição das entrevistas, os dados foram analisados por meio do processo de análise textual interpretativa e da utilização de templates . Num primeiro momento, a análise dos casos foi feita separadamente, porém, em seguida apresenta - se um item de comparação dos mesmos. Os principais resultados revelam que a preocupação com as questões da sustentabilidade é evidenciada nos objetivos e no foco dos cursos de administração das duas instituições pesquisadas, destacando - se também a ênfase no empreendedorismo. A partir dos depoimentos dos coordenadores de curso e docentes é possível identificar dois grandes desafios que estão presentes no esforço de integrar esse tema no processo de formação dos futuros administradores. O primeiro diz respeito à adoção de uma abordagem interdisciplinar no processo de efetivação e desenvolvimento das propostas estabelecidas nos projetos pedagógicos. O segundo está associado ao próprio processo formativo que, embora examine e discuta o tema sustentabilidade, revela um tratamento fragmentado e individualizado das ações curriculares destinadas ao desenvolvimento do tema. Embora os dados mostrem o uso, pelos professores, de estratégias diversificadas em sala de aula, o que pode dar ideia de um ensino menos mecanicista é possível inferir, a partir dos resultados encontrados, que os docentes parecem usar essas estratégias com preocupações de ordem instrumental, no sentido de adaptar o modelo tradicional de gestão à perspectiva do paradigma da sustentabilidade. Nas duas instituições é possível perceber que existe receptividade ao tema, e que elas oferecem recursos e apoio para seu fortalecimento nos cursos estudados. No entanto, é possível entender que as duas instituições tem preocupações mercadológicas e busca m um diferencial em seus cursos no que diz respeito ao tema sustentabilidade. Os processos de aprendizagem social utilizados para apropriação da temática da sustentabilidade mais frequentes entre os coordenadores e docentes das duas instituições foram: aprender a partir do compartilhar ideias e experiências na instituição, e aprender a partir do compartilhar ideias e experiências com outras instituições. O conteúdo sobre sustentabilidade mais evidenciado nos depoimentos dos alunos das duas instituições é que a sustentabilidade envolve outros aspectos além do ambiental. O referencial utilizado para analisar e interpretar os resultados encontrados mostrou que é possível entender as duas perspectivas teóricas propostas como abordagens complementares e úteis para a reflexão acerca das questões envolvidas na inserção da temática da sustentabilidade nos cursos de administração de empresas.

This master thesis is the qualitative research with a question whether principles Web 2.0 when implemented, could bring change to organizational knowledge process and influence barriers to knowledge sharing. Nowadays all the constantly growing companies present on the international market has their offices in many countries, separated not only by distance, but also by culture and working hours. This working style brings a lot of benefits to them on local markets, but it also brings some troubles and challenges in terms of management of whole enterprise. The obligatoriness of managing the tacit knowledge sharing is becoming more considerable, because companies face with a problem to bridge the knowledge gap between more experienced employees and new ones. The discussion about how to collect that knowledge and transfer it is still open. This case is sensible for big firms with departments which consult other employees, which are the main focus of this study. In this study there researched and found factors that influence social learning and knowledge sharing in the view of enterprise companies. Research found strong and weak sides of the currently implemented knowledge sharing systems at all and from the point of view of enterprise companies. This research used the qualitative research method as there is the need of exact understanding of how implementing of this system can improve work processes or what discomfort it can bring. In the analysis chapter factors that have direct influence on social knowledge sharing was found and analyzed. In discussion chapter suggestions to the company for further developing and improving present situation was provided.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Many animals socially learn, but very few do so through teaching, where an individual modifies its behaviour in order to facilitate learning for another individual. Teaching behaviour is costly, but can confer numerous advantages, such as high fidelity transmission of information or an increase in the rate of social learning. In many putative cases of teaching, it is not known whether the pupil learns from the modified behaviour. This thesis addresses this issue in three cases of potential teaching behaviour. In particular, it investigates whether the role of food transfers in wild golden lion tamarins is to teach which foods are good to eat (Chapter 5). There was little evidence that novel foods were transferred more than familiar foods, and this was not due to the juveniles attempting to obtain novel foods more than familiar ones, or by adults discarding novel foods more than familiar ones. Transfers were however more successful when donors had previously ingested the food type transferred. Successful food transfers also had a positive correlation with foraging choices once juveniles were older, suggesting they learned from food transfers. In golden lion tamarins, this thesis also examined whether juveniles learned from food-offering calls which substrates were good to forage on (Chapter 6). Juveniles that experienced playback of food-offering calls ate more on a novel substrate, than juveniles that did not experience those playbacks, both immediately as the calls were being played, and in the long term, six months after the playbacks. This suggests that juveniles learned from the playbacks. Finally, this thesis attempted to replicate previous findings showing that hens modify their behaviour when chicks feed from seemingly unpalatable food, and explored whether chicks learned what food to eat based on the maternal display (Chapter 7). The experiment failed to find evidence for teaching behaviour, but results were not inconsistent with previous findings. Moreover, there was little evidence that chicks learned from their mother, quite to the contrary, hens seemed to acquire their foraging decisions based on their chicks' choices.

Researchers in the field of social learning have suggested that certain biases may exist in whom animals learn from, creating a non-random flow of social information. A number of potential biases have been proposed based upon theoretical models, including biases to copy more dominant individuals or individuals who receive the best payoff from their behaviour, but empirical evidence for these biases is lacking. This thesis presents the first examination of dominance-based bias in a wild population of primates and of a payoff-based bias in captive capuchins. In two field experiments, dominant and low-ranking females from each of three wild groups of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa were trained to demonstrate contrasting behaviours to their group before observers were provided with a choice between the two modelled preferences. No evidence was found for a consistent bias to copy the behaviour of the dominant female in either experiment. Instead, in both experiments, a preference for one behaviour emerged, regardless of model rank. In the latter experiment, higher-ranking females were significantly more likely to match the dominant model's action than were low-ranking females. The low-ranking models were more likely than their high-ranking counterparts to switch behaviours, despite their trained behaviour continuing to be productive. An analyses of the observations revealed that observers were biased towards attending to kin, and observer age appeared to influence access to the dominant models, but no overall preference to attend to the dominant female was found. Together these findings indicate that kinship, sex, age and preferences for specific behaviours are more important factors than model rank in vervet monkey social learning. Finally, I examined whether captive tufted capuchins (Sapajus apella) utilized a payoff-based social learning bias in their foraging decisions. Subjects did not utilize public information when choosing between demonstrated resource-rich and resource-poor sites, suggesting that the social learning abilities of capuchins may not extend to determining the profitability of feeding sites, although limitations of the study are discussed.

The New Orleans Police Department history dates back to the 1800’s. Since its inception, the department has been pledged by misconduct, low morale, and low public opinion. This research used Akers Social Structure, and Social learning theory or SSSL to understand the socialization process of the department and determine if the process could attribute for misconduct, the blue wall of silence, and the thin blue line. A case study was conducted in which twenty former NOPD officers on the department from 1979 to 2004 were interviewed. They were only identified by race, gender, and the number of years on the police department. The interviews were transcribed coded and two themes emerged: “Journey to Blue” and “Cop’s Eyes.” Journey to Blue, was the transformation process to become a police officer. The steps involved the hiring process, the police academy, field training officers (FTO), mentors, and the early years on the department. Cop’s Eyes was the process of seeing the world as a police officer. It was determined training, experience, and social integrity were integral parts of being able to see the world as a cop. Cop’s Eyes became the way an officer sees the world both on and off-duty, they were not able to turn it on or off. Further, it was determined, socialization changes throughout decades, socialization influences policy violations, and officers rarely if ever see corruption. The academy was the beginning of the development of cop’s eyes, and field training officers were the primary source of socialization both good and bad. Future research would involve duplicating and comparative analysis of twenty former NOPD officers who were involved in misconduct.

M.Ed. (Educational Psychology) / Social interaction plays a key role in children’s social development and learning. Hence, social interaction is important for everyone, including individuals with intellectual impairment. Researches such as Vygotsky, Dockett and Perry (2003) has shown that opportunities for social interaction for people with intellectual impairment can facilitate increased community integration, improved quality of life, greater sense of life-satisfaction and wellbeing, the development of friendships, and increased social skills. I engaged with relevant literature in order to understand the characteristics of children with intellectual impairment and their social functioning. My theoretical framework was based on a socio-cultural theory. The research was conducted at a school in the East Rand region of Gauteng that caters for children with intellectual impairment. The sample of participants that participated has played a prominent role in the school concerts and their age range between 12 years and 23 years old, with intellectual impairment as their primary disability. A phenomenological research design was followed so as to understand social and psychological phenomena from the perspectives of the people involved, in how they experience the school concert. Data was collected from various participants form the school’s environment, such as educators, the identified participants parents/caregivers, support staff the participants themselves. I conducted unstructured and semi-structured interviews, such as focus group discussions and individual interviews, with participants, parents/caregivers, educators, and support staff (speech therapist). After the research was conducted, the central findings about the research is the use of creative expressive arts helps children with intellectual impairment to become more focussed and increase their communication skills, developing a sense of self and building relationships. The school concert boosted their self-esteem and their confidence, improving their social interaction.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / A number of programmes have been implemented in the field of development communication, with the specific aim of promoting social change among communities, and a series of studies have illustrated the positive effects of entertainment-education (EE) interventions on individuals’ behavioural change. These programmes can be applied in a variety of fields, including health, agriculture and sustainable development, and make use of a different range of media such as radio, television and theatre. In line with the theory and conceptual framework of the Integrated Model of Communication for Social Change (IMCSC), this research is intended to explore, empirically, how development communication programmes can foster collective action amongst community members. The research is based on a case study of Sesotho Media & Development (SM&D), a nongovernmental organisation that has been operating in Lesotho, using media to promote social transformation and individual change. For the past 10 years, SM&D has been working in Lesotho using a methodology based on facilitated documentary screening with a specific focus on HIV/Aids-related issues, combined with capacity building programmes aimed at training facilitators among support groups, youth groups and prison inmates around the country. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods of enquiry were employed throughout the research. Common research tools used include questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observation. In addition, a variety of secondary sources of information, including evaluation reports, funding proposals and journal articles were reviewed. The results of the study reveal that development communication initiatives are able to foster collective forms of action by increasing the level of efficacy amongst the audience. Conclusions highlight that participatory development communication with an educational aim allows people to identify problems and to strategise and mobilise resources for collective action.

This thesis examines whether problem solving strategies develop and improve through working in a collaborative environment and, if so, how. The study explored the way peer-topeer discussions which are focussed on finding solutions to mathematical problems might shape learners' attitudes and participation in mathematical problem solving. I use the Vygotskian (1978) socio-cultural perspective where the process of learning takes place within the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Polya's problem solving heuristics (Polya, 1973) and Kilpatrick's "Instructional Triangle" (Kilpatrick, Swafford & Findell, 2001) provided the analytical framework for the study. Seven grade 7 learners from a Ex-Model C school, volunteered to participate in the study. The data gathering process involved an initial problem solving assessment, a written questionnaire, observations and video recordings of the seven learners during a series of after school problem solving sessions and post intervention learner interviews. The study showed that group discussion can have a positive impact on learners' problem solving in several respects: My key findings point to: Mathematical communication does play a role in development of problem solving strategies. A more knowledgeable other, with regards to Vygotsky's (1978) ZPD and Kilpatrick et al's (2001) instructional triangle is a critical factor in the development of problem solving strategies. All five strands of Kilpatrick et al., (2001), strands for mathematical proficiency are required for correct solutions to be calculated. At times Polya's (1973) steps for problem solving move at a rapid pace and are difficult to notice. These steps develop at different speeds for different people.

L’apprentissage social améliore les performances non seulement chez l’homme et les primates non humains, mais aussi chez un grand nombre d’espèces. Chez le singe, les corrélats neuronaux de l’apprentissage individuel sont parfaitement connus, mais ceux de l’apprentissage social font cependant défaut, en partie à cause des conditions dans lesquelles il a été étudié, jusqu’à maintenant et qui n’étaient pas compatibles avec les enregistrements neuronaux. Ce travail aborde deux questions d’actualité : Les singes peuvent-ils apprendre par observation dans les conditions contraignantes de l’électrophysiologie ? L’apprentissage social est-il médié par les mêmes mécanismes et circuits cérébraux que l’apprentissage individuel par renforcement ? Nos résultats ont montré que les singes apprennent plus rapidement de l’expérience du model que de leur propre expérience, et que le bénéfice est plus important après observation des erreurs que des succès. L’activité neuronale du cortex préfrontal est modulée de façon parallèle aux résultats comportementaux. Nous proposons que l’apprentissage associatif, qu’il soit basé sur l’expérience individuelle ou celle d’autrui, implique les mêmes réseaux cérébraux incluant les cortex préfrontal, et qu’il est probablement médié par les mêmes mécanismes neuronaux de la prédiction de l’erreur durant l’apprentissage par renforcement. / Social learning improves the performance not only in humans and non-human primates, but in a host of animal species as well. In monkeys, the neuronal correlates of individual learning are well understood, but those of social learning are lacking partly because it has been addressed, so far, in conditions not compatible with neuronal recordings. Do monkeys learn by observation under the constraining conditions of electrophysiology? Is social learning mediated by the same brain circuits and mechanisms as individual, reinforcement based learning? This work addressed these two timely questions. Our findings showed that monkeys learn faster from the model’s experience than from their own experience, and that they benefit more from observed errors than from successes. Neuronal processing of observed errors in the prefrontal cortex parallels this behavioral result. We suggest that associative learning, whether based on individual or others’ experience, involves the same brain networks including prefrontal cortex, and is probably mediated by the same neuronal mechanisms of error prediction during reinforcement-based learning.