Cette thèse analyse le marché du travail dans l’industrie cinématographique, plus spécifiquement le marché des techniciens. Trois équipes de travail sont au cœur de l’analyse : l’équipe caméra, l’équipe électrique et l’équipe machinerie. Ensemble elles constituent le département image. Nous explorons les liens entre travail et carrière dans le contexte de la fluidité des relations d’emploi. À partir d’entretiens, d’observations et d’une base de données permettant de reconstruire les réseaux de collaborations, nous explorons ce que signifie « faire carrière » pour ces techniciens. La comparaison internationale nous permet de mettre en perspective le poids de chacune des régulations nationales sur la forme des carrières et les stratégies individuelles mises en œuvre par les acteurs. La première partie de la thèse montre comment la structure des collaborations supporte l’existence d’un monde social au sein duquel les individus partagent des conventions et des normes, et, au niveau des équipes de travail, des routines. Nous montrons comment l’activité et les relations entre les individus sur le plateau s’inscrivent dans la perspective plus large des carrières.La seconde partie de la thèse explore la question des entrées dans la carrière, montrant la place des réseaux relationnels. Les façons de recruter des individus, et particulièrement des chefs de poste, structurent les opportunités offertes aux individus. La troisième partie de la thèse se concentre sur le cas français pour explorer les combats des chefs opérateurs pour la reconnaissance de leur travail, notamment à travers les actions des associations professionnelles et par l’introduction d’un nouvel intermédiaire du marché du travail. / This dissertation deals with issues of labor market organization in the motion-picture industry, especially for the labor market of technicians. Three workteams are studied: the camera crew, electric crew and grip crew. As a whole, they constitute what is sometimes referred to as the “image department”. We explore the link between work and career in a context of fluid employment relations. Drawing from interviews, observations and a database allowing us to reconstruct collaboration networks, we explore what a career means for those technicians. The international comparison allows us to put into perspective the weight of national regulations on the form of careers and on the individual strategies of actors. The first part of the dissertation shows how the structure of collaborations sustains a social world in which individuals share conventions and norms, and, at the team level, routines. We show how activity and relations between people on set evolve in the larger context of careers. The second part of the dissertation deals with the question of entering the labor market, showing the role of social networks. The means used to recruit people, especially team leaders, structures opportunities for people. The third part of the dissertation focus on the french case to study the struggle of cinematographers to see their work recognized. In particular, we study the role of professionnal associations and of a new intermediary on the labor market.

Information networks represent relations in data, relationships typically ignored in iid (independent and identically distributed) data. Such networks abound, like coauthorships in bibliometrics, cellphone call graphs in telecommunication, students interactions in Education, etc. A large body of work has been devoted to the analysis of these networks and the discovery of their underlying structure, specifically, finding the communities in them. Communities are groups of nodes in the network that are relatively cohesive within the set compared to the outside. This thesis proposes Top Leaders, a fast and accurate community mining approach for both weighted and unweighted networks. Top Leaders regards a community as a set of followers congregating around a potential leader and works based on a novel measure of closeness inspired by the theory of diffusion of innovations. Moreover, it proposes Meerkat-ED, a specific and practical toolbox for analyzing students interactions in online courses. It applies social network analysis techniques including community mining to evaluate participation of students in asynchronous discussion forums.

With the continuous development of Internet technology, the mode of website operation has become much closer to users. Various types of network operation appear constantly as Web2.0 technology becomes matured, and the shiniest one is Virtual Community. The early development patterns of virtual community were BBS systems, blogs and then the recent social network and micro-blogging(or microblog). Rheingold et al. scholars also believe that virtual communities have become new methods of interaction among people, and this developing pattern is inevitable. Although virtual community is developing rapidly, the relevant domestic literatures and researches on development strategy for virtual community are still very limited. Hence, this research aims to use a systematic way to collect literatures by which we can understand the development background of virtual communities, the operation pattern of virtual community, and how to create the value which between virtual community and Internet users. In addition, this research also chooses a representative case for deep analysis by which we can understand what is the business environment for virtual community in domestic, how to find a niche market to avoid direct contention with competitors when the resources are insufficient, and we can also explore the development strategy for the case and give future recommendations. In conclusion, this study found that virtual community has the following characteristics: website members are not only consumers but also producers, and they can strengthen the interaction features and deepen website users¡¦ preference. Moreover, by combining virtual and physical mode to create win-win situations, focusing on a niche market can create a higher identification among users. Finally, how to overcome the market differences will be the key to expand overseas markets.

The interaction in massively multiplayer online role-playing games¡]MMORPGs¡^form a considerable component in enjoyment of playing¡]Kerr, 2006¡FCole & Griffiths, 2007¡^. So player is attracted by the more interactive online gaming. Therefore interaction is extremely important for MMORPGs. However, according to Freeman (2004), much of the research focused on individual behavior, but ignored the social dimensions of the influence between relationships and individual behavior. The research of online gaming has neglected that too. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore how is the social network of MMORPGs players in the game¡HAnd what effect will social network have on players¡¦ interaction patterns¡H In this paper, the survey has been completed online by 337 players, who reported on their buddy list, ego-centered network, and interaction patterns. This study explored that male role is more skilled in technical behavior¡Fthe social capital of players involved in online gaming communities is more prosperous. It is found that the ego-centered network of players positively affects players¡¦ interaction patterns. Friendships are connected with strong ties, but acquaintances are connected with weak ties. Both of them could affect players¡¦ interaction patterns, but the influence of friendship is relatively higher than that of acquaintance on players¡¦ interaction patterns.

A social network approach was used to investigate the structural features of various emergent leadership systems in a large financial organization (n = 137), including transactional and transformational-style leadership relations. Results indicate that macro-level patterns of leadership nominations may be explained by a small number of underlying structural features, some of which vary across types of leadership networks. Leadership nominations were shown to be less hierarchical, more reciprocal, and more triadic than traditionally thought. On top of effects associated with individual differences in sex, supervisor status, tenure, and physical location, leadership networks displayed tendencies towards reciprocity and loose core-periphery structures based on transitive hierarchies. There was also some evidence that transformational leadership networks tended to be slightly less centralized and more transitive than transactional leadership networks. Implications for bridging leadership theory across levels of analysis are discussed.

In Taiwan, the clan associations have some leverage over local affairs, including elections of legislator, county mayor, county congressman, township heads, town heads and town councilman, and so on. Some critics observe that the clan associations have far more significant influence than political party in some counties such as Tao-yuan, Hsin-chu, etc. This thesis aims to explore the interaction between local faction and clan association in Taiwan through analysis on several cases about Tao-yuan county. The author will focus on the social network and bring forward the following assumptions: (1) politicians influence the result of an election by involving themselves in local faction; (2) politicians influence the result of an election by involving themselves in clan association; (3) local faction forms an alliance with clan association to influence the result of an election. In sum, the interactive patterns between local faction and clan association can be divided into four categories: (1) clan faction, i.e. local faction comprised primarily of members of clan association; (2) clan faction with some other clan ; (3) non-clan faction, i.e. local faction comprised primarily not of members of clan association; (4) local faction unrelated to any clan association. The author attempts to explain the following aspects: first of all, how local faction develops cooperation relationship with clan association in various elections in Tao-yuan county; secondly, the alliance between local faction and clan association will be a short-term or long-term relationship; furthermore, if clan association will be in the cooperative process dwindled into factious clubs. Finally, what kind of interest exchanges will exist between local faction and clan association? The major findings of this study were as the following: (1) local faction develops a long-term cooperation relationship with clan association in various elections in order to win; (2) local factions win over clan associations by providing service and fellowship; (3) clan association has tendency to dwindle into factious clubs.

This thesis concerns Social Network Analysis as a mechanism for exploring Community Dynamics. To be able to use the Social Network methodologies, relationships existing between the modeling entities are required. In this thesis, we use two different kinds of relationships: e-mails exchanged and co-authorship of papers. The e-mails exchanged, as an indicator of information exchange in an organization, is used to facilitate the emergence of structure within the organization. In this thesis we demonstrate the effectiveness of using e-mail communication patterns for crisis detection in a hierarchically set organization. We compare the performance of a Social Network based Classifier with some of the traditional classifiers from the data mining framework for inferring this hierarchy. A generic framework for studying dynamic group transformations is presented and the co-authorship of papers, as an indicator of collaboration in an academic institution, is used to study the community behavioral patterns evolving over time. Enron e-mail corpus and the IISc Co-authorship Dataset are utilized for illustrative purposes.

This dissertation presents a theory explaining how characteristics of the resources exchanged in networks influence the outcomes actors experience. I draw upon social exchange theory and social network research to identify valuable benefits provided by networks and relevant dimensions of resource variation. I identify control benefits and diversity benefits as important outcomes driven by network processes. Control benefits derive from exchanging at a favorable rate; diversity benefits are due to the variety of resources an actor receives through exchange. Both of these outcomes have structural foundations; thus actors' benefits are contingent upon their location in the network. I identify two dimensions of resource variation that alter whether resources can be used in multiple exchanges. Duplicability refers to whether a resource provider retains control of the resource and can use it in a subsequent exchange. Transferability refers to whether a resource recipient can utilize that resource in another exchange. Variation along these dimensions affects the mechanisms that produce benefits, such that the advantage of a position depends upon the type of resource exchanged. Hypotheses generated through this theoretical logic are tested in a laboratory experiment. Results provide strong support for the theory: Across the same network structure, resource variation alone produces fundamentally different distributions of control and diversity benefits. The theory successfully predicts how resource characteristics determine 1) variation in control benefits across relations, 2) ordering of diversity benefits across positions, and 3) the correlation of control and diversity benefits across resource types. Implications of these results for social exchange and social network theories are discussed.

No description available.

Currently, mobile computing is mandating or influencing the direction of new developments in information technology. The high level of adoption that mobile devices have among individuals allows for multiple opportunities for new developments applicable to academic communities, governments and businesses. Data of various types can be collected in a crowd-sourced manner. As such, this thesis examines the collection and application of data collected through a purpose-designed app relying on Bluetooth and geo-location technologies on mobile devices. Through three distinct development iterations and using Bluetooth connectivity, information about connectivity to other mobile devices can be obtained, and in this way the number, type, and device names of “connecting” devices are gathered and stored. Another interesting aspect associated with this type of data collection is that the mobile device may be either moving or stationary during the data collection process. Information can be collected and mined to help map real-life events such as traffic patterns or crowd movement within mass gatherings, as well as ethereal social interactions, and these data can in turn be used as input to various models and simulators. When geo-location technologies are incorporated, a higher level of detail can be obtained on the location of devices. This technology allows for mapping movement and contacts made between people, allowing for the gathering of more detailed social patterns of individuals. As part of this study, the technology developed using Bluetooth connectivity and geo-location is then taken to an additional iteration to develop a mobile system that is able to find and establish direct connections with other individuals and initiate real-life interactions. The work demonstrates that mobile technologies can provide a broad framework of action for the generation and collection of valuable data that can be used for behavioural studies, simulations and other type of research that involves real-life social interactions.