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Orwell often treats liberal and radical figures sympathetically and explores his own political position through them. He discriminates between types of liberalism and strongly prefers nineteenth-century liberalism and radicalism to contemporary liberalism. His patriotism, and its distinction from nationalism, are influenced by G.K. Chesterton and by the 'Little England' section of the late nineteenth-century Liberal Party. Many of Orwell's other values, freedom of expression, privacy, and individual autonomy, are part of liberalism. He attacks Marxist forms of socialism which threaten liberal values, and becomes committed to socialism where it promises to protect or fulfil them, although such a form of socialism remains only a possibility. He is best described as a liberal committed to socialism. Orwell was dissatisfied with the exclusion of historical considerations from most contemporary literary criticism. Marxism was an exception to this. He is influenced by Marxist criticism in his treatment of proletarian literature, and in his critical method of analysing a writer's work in terms of its political tendency and the writer's position in society. His knowledge of passages of Marx's work itself can be traced to The Adelphi. Orwell argues that the writer must be a liberal, and that prose literature is associated with liberalism, yet also admits the Marxist case that liberalism is a product of capitalism. He then doubts whether the culture of liberalism will continue to exist if capitalism is replaced by socialism, and finds it definitely incompatible with the growth of totalitarianism. An uneasy resolution of these dilemmas is reached in the distinction between a man as a writer and as a citizen, the preservation of the writer's liberal mind in a separate compartment from his activity as a man in an increasingly non-liberal society. The witness-narrator of Orwell's reportage of the 1930s can be compared to the autonomous self preferred by liberalism. These works were not directly influenced by the contemporary documentary movement. Orwell's tendency to appeal to common sense and to argue from observation and experience can be connected with liberalism, as can his view of language as an instrument, and the validation of personal identity by sensation and memory in his work. The distance of the observing subject of his reportage from the observed person can disrupt attempts at empathy and run counter to his expressed socialism. A sequence of composition is established for the essays in Inside the Whale.

Thesis (B.A.(Hons.))-- University of Adelaide, School of German, 1973.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Göttingen, 1984. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-190).

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BÁRTL, ZDENĚK. The Reflection of Albania in the Czechoslovakian Environment of the Years 1948 - 1962. Praha: Faculty of Philosophy, Charles University in Prague, 2014, 86 pp. Diploma Thesis. This diploma thesis analyses the way how the Czechoslovakian print media reflected events in Albania in the years 1948 - 1962. It studies public knowledge based on the print media about political events, international relationship, economic situation, life and development in Albanian society. The chronological framework starts on alliance between Enver Hoxha regime and Czechoslovakia and ends with the first months after the real severance of all links between Albania and the Soviet Union bloc. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first, a general part, offers basic geographical information and a brief summary of Albanian history. The second part, more extensive, elaborates the key topic which means the reflection of Albania in the Czechoslovakian environment. Particular units follow up selected sphere or events which the print media dedicated the major attention in the years 1948-1962.

The following thesis examines the impact on the interpretation of Hebbel's personality and works of National Socialist ideology and propaganda. It comprises six chapters. The first five of these explore different areas of ideological influence and provide evidence of the nature and extent of this influence. The sixth chapter looks at the reception of Hebbel in the National Socialist theatres and at the growth and development of the Hebbel-Society between 1933 and 1945. The aim of the thesis is primarily to break down the National Socialist view of Hebbel into its constituent parts and to categorise these. An acquaintance with Hebbel's works and beliefs reveals that the National Socialist view of him is largely inaccurate and distortive. The thesis has to explain why the National Socialists developed a false view of Hebbel. And it has to point as frequently as necessary to the differences between Hebbel as he was in reality and Hebbel as the National Socialists saw him. The thesis does not present National Socialist interpretations as having totally revolutionised Hebbel-reception. In two chapters in particular, the second and the third, it will show how interpretations which were to become characteristic of National Socialist Hebbel-reception were being propagated long before 1933. Nevertheless the National Socialists standardised the picture of Hebbel as a Nordic dramatist who was committed to heroic ideals, anti-Semitic, politically conservative and anti-liberal. The ideal aim of the thesis is to "purify" Hebbel's character, works and beliefs of their association with National Socialist values. At the same time it will be shown how easily and at times almost imperceptibly a writer's views can be altered to make them consistent with those of the interpreter.

Thesis (doctoral)--Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-275) and index.

Thesis (doctoral)--Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-275) and index.

Thesis (M.A. (German)) - Rhodes University, 2009