4 pp. / This fact sheet explores the socioeconomic and cultural aspects of the Hualapai reservation, and includes the extension program methods which work well on the reservation as well as collaborators who work with extension.

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Little is currently known about the spatial-temporal dynamics of dengue epidemics in arid areas. This study assesses dengue outbreaks that occurred in two arid cities of Mexico, Hermosillo and Navojoa, located in northern state of Sonora. Laboratory confirmed dengue cases from Hermosillo (N=2730) and Navojoa (N=493) were geocoded by residence and assigned neighborhood-level characteristics from the 2010 Mexican census. Kernel density and Space-time cluster analysis was performed to detect high density areas and space-time clusters of dengue. Ordinary Least Square regression was used to assess the changing socioeconomic characteristics of cases over the course of the outbreaks. Both cities exhibited contiguous patterns of space-time clustering. Initial areas of dissemination were characterized in both cities by high population density, high percentage of occupied houses, and lack of healthcare. Future research and control efforts in these regions should consider these space-time and socioeconomic patterns.

Skin tone variation within American black communities has long been associated with intraracial stratification. Data from the National Survey of Black Americans (NSBA) indicate that lighter-skinned blacks – net of such factors as region of residence, age, and sex – consistently have higher levels of nearly every socioeconomic indicator including educational attainment, personal and family income, and perceived physical attractiveness when compared to their darker counterparts. What does this color caste system mean for the personal identities and emotional experiences of dark-skinned blacks in America? Using data from the NSBA and six interviews with dark-skinned blacks, I set forth social psychological implications of a phenotypically stratified subgroup in the United States.

faculty of Humanities School of Social sciences 0411881k muanzu@yahoo.fr / Previous studies on fertility in South Africa have mostly focused on the analysis of fertility trends, levels and differentials at the national level and have argued that socioeconomic development affects the national fertility level. This study examines the fertility levels in South Africa informal settlements with a view of examining whether there is any fertility variation between national and informal settlements. Data from the South Africa 2001 Census 10 per cent sample were used. Three levels of analysis were conducted. One examines fertility differentials. Two, multiple regression technique was applied to identify important socioeconomic factors of fertility in South African informal settlements and finally direct and indirect estimation of fertility was done. There is no difference in fertility levels between national and informal settlements. Fertility of 3 children per woman, in informal settlements is close to the national figure of 2.9. It is also shown that there is an inverse relationship between fertility and education and income, in South Africa informal settlements. Multivariate analysis shows that only about 6% of the variation in the dependent variable can be explained by the socioeconomic factors considered in the study. Fertility in the informal settlements was highest amongst women with higher education, among married women, and among those unemployed. In addition, the fertility of Christian women, and those women dwelling in households without radio and television was high. It is found that there is no difference between fertility levels at the national and informal settlements levels.

South Africa is passing through a phase of transition and children living in the country are still subject to many social and financial problems. They face high levels of social adversity, socio-economic deprivation, migration, displacement and morbidity. Rural South African children’s right to education and physical and mental health remains unfulfilled because of exposure to on-going adversity including poverty, family disruption through labour migration, malnutrition, inter-personal violence, chronic illness and death of family members due to HIV/AIDS. Although numerous studies highlight psychosocial problems amongst these children in South Africa and even document risk factors, there is paucity of studies that have focused on rural children’s mental health with consideration to both protective and risk factors. The study is focused on primary school children aged 8-12 in grades 5 and 6. It examines the prevalence of psychosocial problems among these children and determines the socio-demographic factors which can serve as predictors of psychological outcomes in these children. The study looks at both risk factors and protective factors as predictors of said psychological outcomes.

The manner in which socioeconomic forces direct environmentally unsustainable behaviour is largely unseen and unappreciated. North American cultural beliefs, norms and values reinforce the economic system and constitute significant barriers to large-scale societal ecological behaviour change. Overlooked in the degrowth literature, even by researchers who have examined the importance of socioeconomic barriers (materialism and consumption), is the role occupation plays in dictating the ecological footprint and forming our socioeconomic identities. We have gained some understanding of the motivation of those individuals who have chosen to pursue a low-carbon lifestyle, but are lacking information about those who go one step further and adopt a low-carbon livelihood. Fifteen individuals who successfully adopted low-carbon livelihoods were interviewed to examine socioeconomic barriers they may have experienced and learn how those challenges were met. To assume a low-carbon livelihood at present is likely to require forming a new social status identity, adopting new metrics for judging oneself, and creating a new social network supportive of that identity and its values. A four-quadrant framework was used to examine the systemic nature of emergent themes regarding socioeconomic barriers and how those were overcome. Themes that emerged revealed many similarities to individuals committed to a low-carbon lifestyle with some critical differences in terms of both inhibiting and enabling factors. A core finding was that motivational and personality characteristics of the low-carbon livelihood individuals mimic the attributes of moral exemplars that drive a deep sense of ethical obligation to create a pro- social occupation that can function in a low-carbon manner. Clear values, coupled with a strong sense of personal responsibility, overpowered the socioeconomic barriers participants encountered. Implications regarding interventions for fostering the adoption of low-carbon livelihoods and fortifying the Degrowth movement are examined. / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between the students to computer ratio and 6th grade student achievement in Math and Reading during the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 school years as compared by socioeconomic status at each of 562 schools in Tennessee. The independent variables in the study were the ratio of students to computer (low/middle/high), the change in ratio of students to computer from 2013-2014 to 2014-2015, and socioeconomic status (low/non-low). The dependent variables in the study were 6th grade mean Reading scores for 2014-2015, 6th grade mean Reading gain scores from 2013-2014 to 2014-2015, 6th grade mean Math scores for 2014-2015, and 6th grade mean Math gain scores from 2013-2014 to 2014-2015. There was not a significant difference between the mean TCAP scores in Reading and Math and low, middle, or high technology schools. There was no correlation between the changes in ratios and TCAP Reading and Math scores. There was no significant difference between low, middle, and high technology schools as compared by their low or non-low SES. There was no significant difference in TCAP Reading or Math scores for low, middle, or high technology schools as compared by their low or non-low SES. There was no significant difference in the change in TCAP Reading and Math scores as compared by low, middle, or high technology and their low or non-low SES. There was no significant difference in TCAP Reading and Math achievement scores as compared by low, middle, or high technology in low SES schools. There was no significant difference in TCAP Reading and Math achievement scores as compared by low, middle, or high technology in non-low SES schools.

acase@tulane.edu / The Socioeconomic Stratification System (SES) in Colombia is an official classification mechanism used by the government to determine eligibility for subsidies on a sliding scale based on conditions of the dwelling and access to infrastructure. This system classifies housing in up to six categories depending on the household’s features, surrounding area, and urban context. In this thesis, I analyze the social and epistemological implications of the SES in Colombia by looking at how the SES facilitates society to reimagine class identity affecting self-worth and social mobility. The two-main arguments are: 1) the SES categorization system has been transformed from a housing label to the identity of the individual, and 2) social dynamics in Colombia have been altered by the SES. Finally, this thesis should demonstrate the importance for research that not only focuses on the effectiveness of social programs, but also, on their social impact. / 1 / Ana María López

Compared to wealthy individuals, individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES) often receive health services of lower intensity or quality and have difficulty accessing care. This is particularly true in the area of inpatient surgery. Individuals with low socioeconomic status are often less likely than individuals associated with high socioeconomic status to receive timely surgical care, and less likely than high SES to receive evidence-based treatments for surgical care. Despite these large gaps, there is a lack of consensus whether disparities in surgical outcomes are primarily due to differences in patient characteristics such as acuity or whether they are attributable to disparities in the quality of surgical care among those with access. The overall goal of this dissertation is to illuminate the relationship between socioeconomic status and surgical outcomes. The project aims are: 1) classify trends in post-surgical quality and analyze data on the relationship between socioeconomic status and surgical outcomes; 2) to evaluate whether changes in access to care can eliminate disparities in outcomes by analyzing the impact of the Massachusetts health reform on socioeconomic disparities in inpatient surgery; and 3) to show the potential effects of SES on surgical outcomes by using the Theory of Fundamental Causes. To meet the study objectives, this study proposes to use data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) and the State Inpatient Database (SID). This approach uses socioeconomic information in the NIS and SID that is a quartile classification of the estimated median household income of residents in the patient’s ZIP Code. The outcomes of interest are widely used quality measures: post-surgery mortality and complications at the national level, post-surgical mortality in Massachusetts for select inpatient surgeries, and difference-in-difference estimates. The approach used to identify trends in post-surgical quality uses two analytical software products to analyze the NIS using a regression-based approach. Study findings will identify progress and gaps in the quality of inpatient surgical care over recent years and further determine whether improving access to care through policy design can eliminate or reduce disparities in surgical care outcomes. In the face of health reform, this research will offer important insight into the study of surgical disparities and potential impact following health policy changes such as the expansion of Medicaid, implementation of health insurance exchanges, and the individual mandate requiring individuals to obtain health coverage.