Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-103).

The present study examined the expectations and preferences about counseling for 211 undergraduate students representing four racial or ethnic categories as well as socioeconomic and gender categories. Participants were drawn from class sections and from student organizations at Texas A&M University. The study utilized a version of The Expectations About Counseling - Brief Form to assess both expectations and preferences for counseling. Analysis was conducted using ANOVA to examine differences between expectations and preferences for counseling for each of the racial or ethnic groups, as well as for comparisons between gender categories. A Pearson correlation procedure was used to examine differences between each of the five socioeconomic levels represented by the sample. Results indicate that differences exist between expectations and preferences for counseling in specific areas within each of the racial or ethnic groups examined. No differences were discovered between male and female expectations for counseling. Additionally, some differences were noted regarding expectations for counseling and participants' socioeconomic level. Results are interpreted in terms of literature demonstrating the patterns of utilization of mental health services of each of the groups represented in the study.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1966. / Vita. Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

En este estudio se explica en qué medida el impacto de un ecolodge influye en el desarrollo socioeconómico de las comunidades de la Florida y Pampas cercanas al centro arqueológico de Rúpac, provincia de Huaral, en la región Lima. Estas comunidades son las que administran de manera informal y con poco apoyo de los gobiernos locales y regionales, el flujo turístico a Rúpac This study explains to what extent the impact of an ecolodge influences the socioeconomic development of the communities of Florida and Pampas near the center archaeological site of Rúpac, province of Huaral, in the Lima region. These communities are which they manage informally and with little support from local governments and regional, the tourist flow to Rúpac.

Aujourd’hui, de fortes inégalités sociales de santé persistent entre les individus les plus favorisés socio-économiquement et ceux vivants dans des situations moins favorables, et l’alimentation y contribue fortement. Bien que les disparités sociales de nutrition soient bien documentées, notamment en ce qui concerne le niveau d’études, les connaissances relatives à l’influence indépendante des différents indicateurs socio-économiques sur l’alimentation et notamment ses dimensions comportementales sont insuffisantes. Par ailleurs, les mécanismes sous-jacents des disparités en nutrition sont encore mal compris. Parmi les déterminants individuels, nous manquons de connaissances sur l’influence du parcours de vie des individus sur leurs comportements alimentaires. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d’analyser les associations entre les facteurs socio-économiques et les comportements alimentaires, abordés sous différentes dimensions : apports en nutriments, prise des repas principaux, et pratiques de snacking (i.e. prises alimentaires différentes des repas principaux). Il s’agissait également d’évaluer l’influence d’événements de vie professionnels sur les comportements alimentaires. Les résultats montrent que les individus ayant la position socio-économique (PSE) la plus favorisée ont des apports plus élevés en nutriments recommandés (fibre, vitamine C, B9, magnésium, etc.). Le niveau d’éducation semble être un déterminant majeur des apports nutritionnels et modifie les associations entre revenus et apports en nutriments. Bien que les individus de PSE moins favorisée soient moins susceptibles d’avoir des prises de snacking, la qualité nutritionnelle de ces prises est moindre. Par ailleurs, le passage à la retraite est associé à des apports alimentaires moins favorables à la santé (qualité globale, lipides, sodium, acides gras saturés…), en particulier chez les hommes ayant les plus bas revenus avant la retraite (diminution de l’apport en produits laitiers et augmentation de l’apport en lipides). L’ensemble de ces résultats soulignent l’importance des déterminants socio-économiques ainsi que des événements de vie professionnels sur les comportements alimentaires et la nécessité de mieux adapter les politiques nutritionnelles de santé en fonction des sous-groupes de la population et des périodes et événements de la vie. / Strong health inequalities remain between socio-economically advantaged individuals and those of lower socioeconomic position. Diet appears to be an important modifiable factor, which contributes to health inequalities. Although social disparities in nutrition have been well documented, the independent influences of the different socioeconomic indicators on diet – in particular its behavioural dimensions – have not been deeply investigated. In addition, the pathways underlying these disparities are still poorly understood. Among individual determinants, there is a lack of knowledge regarding effects of life course on dietary behaviours.The objective of this Ph.D. thesis was to investigate the associations between socioeconomic factors and dietary behaviours, expressed in terms of nutrient intakes and snacking practices. The influence of occupational life events on dietary behaviours was also assessed.The results showed that individuals with high socioeconomic position (PSE) had higher intakes of recommended nutrients (fibre, vitamin C, folate, magnesium, etc.). Education appears to be a major determinant of dietary intakes and modifies the associations between income and dietary intakes. Although individuals with low socioeconomic position are less likely to snack, the nutritional quality of their snacks is lower. Moreover, retirement was associated with unhealthier dietary intakes (overall diet quality, lipids, sodium, saturated fatty acids,...), particularly in men with the lowest income before retirement (decrease in intake of dairy products and increase in intake of lipids).The results underline the importance of socioeconomic determinants and life events on dietary behaviours. The identification of life periods and events leading to changes in dietary behaviours enables on one hand to improve knowledge regarding pathways underlying socioeconomic inequalities in health related to nutrient and food intake, and on the other hand to determine target populations for interventions. Adapting nutritional public interventions among social subgroups of the population and throughout the entire life is key to improve dietary behaviours.

Parental involvement in children's education has been found to have a positive impact on academic achievement. Because the state has mandated that academic achievement in the study district needs to increase, identifying means of increasing parental involvement is important. Guided by the work of Epstein, this quantitative study was conducted to explore demographic factors related to parents' involvement in the education of their children. Specifically, research questions examined differences in parental involvement by socioeconomic status (SES), barriers to involvement for parents, and school strategies to improve parental involvement. Parents of all 5th grade students (n = 935) from a large East Coast urban district were surveyed using the Scale of Parental Involvement to address the research questions. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as an independent-samples t test to determine the differences in involvement by SES. A significant difference in parental involvement between low- and high-SES parents was not obtained. Parents reported that barriers such as work hours, lack of feeling appreciated, culture, transportation, and child care prevented full participation in the education of their children. The findings also suggested that districts might increase parental involvement through engaging in more frequent communication with parents; providing more activities to do at home; and providing more time for training, teaching, and meeting. Implications for positive social change include providing research findings to the local district on how to increase the involvement of parents in their children's education.

A popular belief in the exploding Pentecostal movement in the global South is the idea that if an individual has enough faith, God will bless them with financial prosperity. Although historically Pentecostalism has been identified as a religion of the poor, this study examines recent arguments that the current Pentecostal movement in Guatemala is a religion of the socially mobile middle and elite classes. Data from the Pew Forum on Religious and Public Life’s 2006 survey Spirit and Power: Survey of Pentecostals in Guatemala is used to conduct a logistic regression, in order to measure the effects of socioeconomic status on adherence to prosperity belief. Results suggest that, contrary to the current literature on Guatemalan Pentecostalism, prosperity belief is not necessarily concentrated among the upwardly mobile middle and upper classes, but rather is widely diffused across social strata, and in particular, among those that have lower levels of education. These findings have implications for the study of Pentecostalism in Guatemala and in the global South in general.

Economic explanations vs. cultural concerns. These two branches of research have been established as the two major approaches in understanding the electoral success of radical populist parties. As for economic hardship, the feeling of neglect by established parties and political discontent are considered as mechanisms translating into the preference of anti-establishment parties with a people-centrist rhetoric. From a cultural perspective, radical populist voting has been linked to people holding on to more conservative viewpoints and rejecting the perceived predominance of trends such as multiculturalism and postmaterialism they assume established parties to focus on. While there is evidence suggesting that an unfavorable socioeconomic status does foster voting in favor of populist parties, multiple previous studies agree that cultural or political concerns surpass the explanatory power of economic insecurity in that regard (e.g. Mudde & Rovira Kaltwasser, 2018; Oesch, 2008, Ramiro & Gomez, 2017). Nonetheless, economic approaches of populist voting should not be discarded. Instead, the inconsistency across previous studies in terms of evidence hints at the possibly crucial impact of the research design on the results to be obtained. In this respect, the predominant use of aggregate data in the field does not allow for conclusions on individual voting behavior whereas even the analysis of individual-level data often comes along with a static perspective on single-election years which makes the results context-dependent and limits their generalizability. Next to the substantial investigation on which aspects of socioeconomic hardship increase support for populism, it is another objective of this thesis to contribute to the state of research by illustrating the methodological impact on the evidence yielded. In order to achieve that, this thesis consists of four substudies, each approaching the research question from another perspective to provide a comprehensive overview on socioeconomic drivers of populist voting. Relying on survey data from the Belgian Election Study 2014, for a start it is analyzed if socioeconomic deprivation shapes populist attitudes. For that, both the individual and the contextual situation are considered. Another deepening of knowledge pursued in the first empirical chapter is the disentanglement of three attitude dimensions which are part of the rhetoric used by populist parties but have been cumulated in previous studies (i.e. anti-immigration views, people-centrism, and anti-elitism). The evidence suggests that populist views are stronger among persons with a lower level of education and a stronger sense of relative deprivation. The effect of relative deprivation on people-centrist views is furthermore stronger when the local surroundings are characterized by higher financial wealth. In the second empirical study, the outcome to be explained is the actual voting behavior in favor of a populist party, using the example of Flemish Interest (Vlaams Belang). Again, the analysis is taking place on a small-scale contextual level. The longitudinal perspective on Flemish municipalities covering the period from 2006 to 2018 is an additional contribution. Through the estimation of fixed effects panel regression models, possible sources of biased findings may be partially eliminated. This advantageous statistical method is not only exploited for substantial purposes but also to point out its benefits when contrasting it to other longitudinal strategies, such as separate year-specific and pooled models. Unexpectedly, the local unemployment rate is negatively related to the aggregate success of Vlaams Belang. Nonetheless, the comparison across analytical approaches underlines the relevance of advantageous statistical methods that reduce the risk of an omitted variable biasand allow to consider time trends. The third chapter also relies on a longitudinal design and illustrates the analytical benefits of panel data but gives attention to the individual level, using information from the Dutch LISS panel survey. Like in the previous sub-study, there is evidence illustrating the analytical potential of panel data. In substantial terms, however, multiple characteristics of individual deprivation do not significantly influence the support for radical populist parties. The fourth and final empirical chapter broadens the perspective in several regards as it gives up the previous focus on single countries in favor of a cross-country analysis on the election for the European Parliament 2019. What is more, another form of voting behavior is considered that is theoretically similar to populist voting, namely abstaining. With that alternative outcome being part of the study, additional analyses are conducted to identify attitudinal mechanisms which explain the preference for either populist voting or abstaining. Both prove to be more likely than mainstream party voting among person with a low educational level and frequent educational difficulties. An unfavorable position on the labor market, however, comes along only with an increased tendency of abstention. If socioeconomic vulnerability translates into anti-immigration views, however, radical populist voting is more likely than mainstream party voting or abstaining whereas an emerging political disinterest and feeling of powerlessness explain why socioeconomically vulnerable persons rather choose not to vote at all. The tendency of mainstream party voting is reduced if unemployment or financial troubles translate into the disapproval of politics but neither radical populist party voting nor abstaining are boosted more than the other.

No description available.

Antisocial behavior, both criminal and noncriminal, is a prominent yet poorly understood public health concern. Research on antisocial behavior typically focuses on either individual or environmental risk factors, rarely integrating risks across levels of analysis. Although low objective SES is clearly associated with antisocial behavior, the reasons why are unclear. Sociological theories suggest this relationship is due to neighborhood and environmental characteristics that create social disorganization and reduce informal social controls in the community. On the other hand, psychological theories suggest that elevated levels of psychological distress and psychopathic traits may influence individual risk for antisocial behavior. The purpose of this study was to integrate sociological and psychological models to examine how certain individual and environmental risk factors intersect in predicting antisocial behavior. In a demographically diverse adult male sample (N = 462), environmental (neighborhood distress) and individual (psychological distress) risk factors each mediated the SES – antisocial behavior relationship (as predicted), although findings depended on which definition of SES was used (objective versus subjective). In addition, psychopathic dimensions (specifically, meanness and disinhibition) were observed to exacerbate the effects of neighborhood and psychological distress on antisocial behavior, as hypothesized. Supplemental analyses also considered index variables comprising neighborhood disadvantage. Overall, results of this study help inform psychological and sociological theories of antisocial behavior, and may assist in clarifying potential neighborhood- and individual-level foci for interventions to prevent and reduce antisocial behavior in the community. / Ph. D.