This study was conducted to examine the use of multisystemic treatment for treating juveniles with serious delinquency, as a new approach within the Saudi Arabian context.Multisystemic treatment addresses behaviour problems as multidetermined by interacting individual, family, school, peers, and community systems. This study attempted to determine the impact of the multisystemic therapy on the behaviour of young offenders with serious delinquency and in increasing their level of self-esteem and religious behaviour.The fieldwork was conducted in 2000-0 I in the Social Observation Home in Riyadh City. The project consisted of three parts: therapists training for one month, a treatment programme for three months and follow up, conducted in two periods of two months each, with a seven months interval. An experimental and control group, prepost test design was adopted. Twenty juveniles with serious delinquency (age 14-18) were assigned to each group. The experimental group received multisystemic treatment, and the control group received the Home's usual service (individual therapy).Outcomes were measured by, self-reports (Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and Level of Religious Measurement), official misconducts, family relations, peer relations, school attendance & grades and observed religious practice. Qualitative information was obtained from six case studies (three experimental, three control) and from interviews with young offenders, their relatives and the Home staff.The results indicated greater gain and long-term positive impact on the behaviour of young offenders in the experimental than in the control group, on all measures. The improvement in self-esteem and religious practice in association with multisystemic treatment are especially noteworthy, as these factors have been subject to little or no previous investigation, and are particularly important in relation to delinquency in the Saudi context.It is concluded, that provided appropriate resources are allocated to the application, multisystemic treatment can be adapted to meet the unique cultural concerns of the Saudi context.

This thesis is the culmination of years of wondering why we ask people to 'be' certain things. One of the first things you notice about people is their keenness to be able to categorise things, so quickly human beings become men and women, criminal or non-criminal, healthy or sick. To deal with the world around us we reduce the infinite to a schema and then judge the infinite within that schema. We often forget that that 'the way things are' are not necessarily normal or natural. We come to expect men and women to act, behave and feel in certain ways rarely questioning the necessity of these expectations or the possible damage such expectations may create for the individuals required to 'fit' them. Studies of 'female' criminality and imprisonment highlighted the effects that socialisation into appropriate female gender roles has on the lives of women. If one starts from the premise that there are no major inherent differences between men and women, that is you view them as people first, this finding raises the question what impact does the socialisation of men into appropriate male gender roles have on men? This thesis attempts to explore the impact of socialisation of men into appropriate gender roles and what role, if any, their involvement in crime might play in men's attempts to 'be men'.

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This study engages in a conceptual analysis of human rights in Islam and international law, and the application of this analytical discourse to explore the nature of women's human rights in the Islamic tradition. It has been argued that women's human rights in Islam are not entirely irreconcilable with current formulations of international human rights instruments emanating from the United Nations. The basic premise of the argument stems from a recognition that the Islamic legal tradition is not a monolithic entity. On the basis of its main sources, namely the Quran, Hadith, Ijma and Qiyas, Islamic law lends itself to a variety of interpretations that have far reaching implications for women's human rights in Islam. (Part I)A further factor raised in this study is the disparity between the theoretical perspectives on women's human rights, and, its application to Muslim jurisdictions determined by elements of cultural practices, socio-economic realities and political expediencies on the part of governments. The present study uses the example of Pakistan to demonstrate the divergence between theory and practice of Islamic law in these jurisdictions. The concept of what has been termed an emerging 'operative' Islamic law, consisting of a combination of elements including principles of Islamic law, secular codes of law and popular custom and usage has also been introduced. (Part II)Part III of the thesis is devoted to an evaluation of the development of the international norm of non-discrimination on the basis of sex and some 'Islamic' human rights documents affecting women's human rights. The analysis provides an insight into the response of Muslim States to international human rights instruments affecting women through a discussion in the light of reservations to the Women's Convention. The study concludes by posing the question whether a move towards convergence between international and Islamic schemes of women's human rights is discernible or not.

The dissertation solves the empirical puzzle why similar regimes such as Morocco and Jordan vary in their engagement in family law reform between 1999 and 2013. Differences with respect to family law reform in the two monarchies are threefold: the way the reform processes were carried out, the content of the new family codes that were issued in Morocco in 2004 and in Jordan in 2010, and the way the laws were applied. Using Pierre Bourdieu's theory of practice as a theoretical framework the dissertation establishes the links between the designs of the legal systems, how reform processes are carried out, the family laws countries end up with, and the way the laws are applied. French and British colonialism had shaped the legal systems of Morocco and Jordan to different degrees, producing a legal system that was unified after independence in Morocco whereas the Jordanian one continued to be divided into regular and religious courts. As a result, Moroccan family courts are less autonomous and more subjected to political decisions than Jordanian sharia courts. The institutional design of both judicial systems affected how family law reform was carried out because those systems contain biases towards different actors who are seen as competent of reforming family law and thus came to influence the reform process. The different access criteria to the juridical fields promote different types of cultural capital, so that actors participating in the process have different preferences regarding the development of the content of family law. In Jordan, the absence of the Jordanian king allowed the sharia court administration to exploit the structural bias in its favour and come to dominate both the process and content of family law reform. For this reason the 2010 Jordanian family law reflects to a lesser extent the demands of women's groups. The absence of the Jordanian king from the reform process demonstrates that change in authoritarian states is not necessarily imposed from above nor is it predetermined from the beginning. The Jordanian reform process saw little engagement from the top-level of the regime and could be classified as a mid-level process. It was led by a government body, the sharia court administration, which however enjoyed relative autonomy from the upper echelon of the regime. By contrast, the Moroccan family law reform was a textbook example of authoritarian politics, the reform being imposed from above and the king playing a leading role during the process. In contrast to the process and content of reform, the application of the reformed law in Morocco challenges the notion of the omnipotent authoritarian regime. While the monarch could impose legislative change, the state is at best partially able to enforce this very law or to impose a consensus over its interpretation. The designs of the legal systems again had an impact here. International law occupies different places in the Moroccan and Jordanian constitutions: Jordanian sharia courts enjoy greater autonomy, reject international law, and thus were able to resist its intrusion.

Observa-se na presente dissertação um conflito social perene nas sociedades: o choque entre discurso legitimado pelo campo jurídico de gênero e o discurso cotidiano de gênero. A partir da experiência etnográfica no grupo de Assessoria Jurídica Universitária G8- Generalizando (SAJU/UFRGS), vivencia-se o contexto em que há uma intersecção jurídica e de gênero, na qual seus significados modificam-se no tempo. Para contextualizar a existência do campo de pesquisa observam-se significados de gênero na história da legislação brasileira (como o Estatuto da Mulher Casada e a Lei Maria da Penha). Da mesma forma, precedentes de tribunais demonstram significados de interpretação das leis (misturam-se a linguagem do direito e a do cotidiano), ressignificando o direito legitimado pelo campo. Por fim, apresentase a vivência no campo de pesquisa, buscando relatar o que acontece com alguns problemas de gênero e jurídicos que chegam ao G8-Generalizando. Busca-se apontar os diferentes significados das conflitualidades de gênero dentro e nas margens do campo jurídico. / The present dissertation observes an enduring social conflict in today society: the clash between the legal understanding of gender and the average person concept of gender. From the ethnographic experience in the group of University Counsel G8-Generalizando (Assessoria Jurídica Universitária G8-Generalizando – SAJU/UFRGS) the context in which there is a legal and gender discourse, in which their meanings change in time. The present dissertation also studies the history of the research field that observes the understanding of gender in the history of Brazilian legislation (such as the Statue of Married Women and the Maria da Penha Statute). The work also presents the courts understanding of laws that interprets gender issues and shows the daily clash of law and everyday meaning of gender. Finally, the dissertation shows the experience in the case-by-case research, seeking to demonstrate what happens to legal issues concerning gender that are represented by G8- Generalizando. That way the thesis demonstrates the different meanings of gender on different levels of society and the problem that it brings to the legal system.

Observa-se na presente dissertação um conflito social perene nas sociedades: o choque entre discurso legitimado pelo campo jurídico de gênero e o discurso cotidiano de gênero. A partir da experiência etnográfica no grupo de Assessoria Jurídica Universitária G8- Generalizando (SAJU/UFRGS), vivencia-se o contexto em que há uma intersecção jurídica e de gênero, na qual seus significados modificam-se no tempo. Para contextualizar a existência do campo de pesquisa observam-se significados de gênero na história da legislação brasileira (como o Estatuto da Mulher Casada e a Lei Maria da Penha). Da mesma forma, precedentes de tribunais demonstram significados de interpretação das leis (misturam-se a linguagem do direito e a do cotidiano), ressignificando o direito legitimado pelo campo. Por fim, apresentase a vivência no campo de pesquisa, buscando relatar o que acontece com alguns problemas de gênero e jurídicos que chegam ao G8-Generalizando. Busca-se apontar os diferentes significados das conflitualidades de gênero dentro e nas margens do campo jurídico. / The present dissertation observes an enduring social conflict in today society: the clash between the legal understanding of gender and the average person concept of gender. From the ethnographic experience in the group of University Counsel G8-Generalizando (Assessoria Jurídica Universitária G8-Generalizando – SAJU/UFRGS) the context in which there is a legal and gender discourse, in which their meanings change in time. The present dissertation also studies the history of the research field that observes the understanding of gender in the history of Brazilian legislation (such as the Statue of Married Women and the Maria da Penha Statute). The work also presents the courts understanding of laws that interprets gender issues and shows the daily clash of law and everyday meaning of gender. Finally, the dissertation shows the experience in the case-by-case research, seeking to demonstrate what happens to legal issues concerning gender that are represented by G8- Generalizando. That way the thesis demonstrates the different meanings of gender on different levels of society and the problem that it brings to the legal system.

Observa-se na presente dissertação um conflito social perene nas sociedades: o choque entre discurso legitimado pelo campo jurídico de gênero e o discurso cotidiano de gênero. A partir da experiência etnográfica no grupo de Assessoria Jurídica Universitária G8- Generalizando (SAJU/UFRGS), vivencia-se o contexto em que há uma intersecção jurídica e de gênero, na qual seus significados modificam-se no tempo. Para contextualizar a existência do campo de pesquisa observam-se significados de gênero na história da legislação brasileira (como o Estatuto da Mulher Casada e a Lei Maria da Penha). Da mesma forma, precedentes de tribunais demonstram significados de interpretação das leis (misturam-se a linguagem do direito e a do cotidiano), ressignificando o direito legitimado pelo campo. Por fim, apresentase a vivência no campo de pesquisa, buscando relatar o que acontece com alguns problemas de gênero e jurídicos que chegam ao G8-Generalizando. Busca-se apontar os diferentes significados das conflitualidades de gênero dentro e nas margens do campo jurídico. / The present dissertation observes an enduring social conflict in today society: the clash between the legal understanding of gender and the average person concept of gender. From the ethnographic experience in the group of University Counsel G8-Generalizando (Assessoria Jurídica Universitária G8-Generalizando – SAJU/UFRGS) the context in which there is a legal and gender discourse, in which their meanings change in time. The present dissertation also studies the history of the research field that observes the understanding of gender in the history of Brazilian legislation (such as the Statue of Married Women and the Maria da Penha Statute). The work also presents the courts understanding of laws that interprets gender issues and shows the daily clash of law and everyday meaning of gender. Finally, the dissertation shows the experience in the case-by-case research, seeking to demonstrate what happens to legal issues concerning gender that are represented by G8- Generalizando. That way the thesis demonstrates the different meanings of gender on different levels of society and the problem that it brings to the legal system.

Setting out from the works of Max Weber and Karl Polanyi, this chapter outlines a sociology of economic constitutionalism. The starting point is a functional definition of economic constitution as the law constituting the market order, no matter if it is public or private, national or international, official or informal law. Economic constitutionalism is understood as a system of thought, which emphasises the role of a liberal economic constitution in integrating the global economy. Adapting Weber's ideal-typical method, the economic constitution is conceived as a constitutional ideal type, next to juridical constitution, political constitution, social constitution, and security constitution. Sociologically speaking, these ideal types capture different constitutional rationalities, which are all culturally significant but not equally successful in the global age. Drawing on Polanyi's work, which exposes the self-regulating market as an artefact of economic thinking, the argument proceeds by highlighting the constitutive role of economics in constructing the law of the globalised market society. After economic law came to be embedded in national welfare states in the twentieth century, economic constitutionalism furthers the opening up of national laws and economies. In contrast to the rule of law, the rule of the market is inherently transnational in character.