The primary problem considered was to what degree anxiety and sociopathy are found in groups that, by external criteria, differ in level of adjustment.

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Damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) can lead to disturbances in personality, emotional dysregulation, impairments in social conduct, and difficulties in decision-making. Many researchers have likened the conduct of individuals with vmPFC lesions to that of criminal psychopaths, labeling the effects of vmPFC damage “pseudopsychopathy” or “acquired sociopathy.” However, although psychopathy—a condition marked by a distinct mosaic of antisocial personality traits and behaviors—has been studied and characterized as a psychological and behavioral disorder by many researchers, the overlap between acquired sociopathy and psychopathy remains ambiguous. This study assessed the severity of psychopathic personality traits in neurological patients with acquired damage to the vmPFC using both informant-report and self-report measures. On both informant-report and self-report measures, individuals with vmPFC damage showed no significant elevations across a wide range of psychopathic traits relative to demographically-matched neurologically healthy comparison participants and patients with damage outside of the vmPFC. The results showed only one trait, Fearlessness, that was significantly higher in patients with vmPFC lesions relative to the neurologically-healthy comparison group.

Diplominiame darbe „Sociopato portreto vaizdavimas kinematografijoje“ nagrinėjama kaip ir kokiomis priemonėmis kino filmuose vaizduojami sociopatijos paveikti asmenys. Šis reiškinys psichologiškai dar nėra visiškai išnagrinėtas, todėl yra labai sunku visuomenėje nustatyti sociopatus. Pasireiškia tik atskiri atvejai kai jie yra demaskuojami dėl to, kad nusižengė įstatymams ir nepakluso teisėtvarkai. Nemažai įvairaus laikotarpio filmų sukuriama remiantis sociopatijos reiškiniu, kuriuose sukuriami jos paveikti personažai. Nors jie yra visi skirtingi, bet turi nemažai bendrų bruožų, tiek savo išvaizdoje ir elgesyje, tiek vizualiniame portreto vaizdavime. Diplominį darbą sudaro dvi dalys – teorinė ir praktinė. Pirmojoje dalyje remiantis Aleksanrd Mitta, David A. Cook, Béla Balázs, Nerijaus Mileriaus knygomis nagrinėjami ir bendrai aptariami sociopatų portretai kino filmuose, supažindinama su jų vaizdavimo ypatybėmis ir būdo bruožais. Aptariamas sociopatijos reiškinys šiuolaikiniame Lietuvos kino kontekste. Atidžiau įsigilinama į pasirinktus filmus, aprašomos psichologinių portretų vizualinės savybės, taip pat aktoriai, jų būdo bruožai, elgsena, pagalbinės portreto formavimo priemonės. Antrojoje, praktinėje dalyje aprašomas analizuotos medžiagos pritaikymas praktiniam darbui, idėjos, koncepcijos suformavimas ir vizualiniai bei techniniai sprendimai. Diplominio darbo praktinės dalies tikslas – sukurti sociopato psichologinį portretą ir perteikti jį muzikiniame klipe. / The thesis “Representation of the Sociopath Portrait in Cinematography” examines how and by what means the represented people in cinematography are affected by sociopathy. As this phenomenon is not yet fully examined psychologically, it is hard to detect sociopaths in the society. Only special cases are discovered, due to the fact that the law was broken and the person disturbed the law and order. A significant number of films from different periods were created with sociopathy phenomenon as its basis, in which the characters are affected by it. Even though all of them are different, however, a lot of them share similar traits, be it outward appearance and behavior, as well as in representing the visual portrait. The thesis consists of two parts – theoretical and practical. The first part deals with the general examinations and postmortem of the sociopath portraits in cinematography, introduction to the representation qualities and their mannerisms based on books by Aleksanrd Mitta, David A. Cook, Béla Balázs, Nerijus Milerius. The phenomenon of sociopathy in contemporary Lithuanian film context is discussed. A closer investigation of the selected films is conducted, the visual psychological features of the portraits are described, as well as the actors and their traits, behavior, auxiliary portrait-making means. In the second, practical part of the thesis, the application of the analyzed material to the practical part, ideas, concept formation and visual as well as technical... [to full text]

The aim of the present thesis is to study radical criticism of psychiatry in public discussion in Sweden between 1968 and 1973. Although it was not the first time psychiatry had been challenged, the debate during these years displayed an unprecedented intensity. What is mental illness – a myth, an etiquette, an illusion? Is psychiatry a means of social control? Such were the questions raised at the time. In my thesis, I study the contexts as well as the arguments of these discussions. To this end, a great variety of sources have been consulted: books, newspapers, magazines, films etc. In part, the Swedish debate on psychiatry ran parallel to international discussions on the topic, which have been regarded as a manifestation of anti-psychiatry. This standpoint is often associated with psychiatrists such as R. D. Laing, David Cooper and Thomas Szasz. In my thesis, I challenge the concept of anti-psychiatry, arguing that other concepts are better suited to capture the diversity of the debate in all its nuances. Thus, I make use of radical and reformatory criticism – concepts which have been suggested by the sociologist Tommy Svensson – while also seeking to develop them further. In addition to the international perspective, the psychiatry debate must also be interpreted in its specifically Swedish context. One aspect of this is the Swedish tradition of Government Official Reports: psychiatry had been subject to many investigations prior to the debate in the 1960s and 1970s, and others would follow in its wake. Another characteristic feature of the Swedish debate is two events that formed very suitable targets for critique: Sociopatutredningen and Mentalhälsokampanjen. These events seemed to confirm the most farreaching concerns of the radical critics, namely that psychiatry is a means of social control.

殺人犯罪是所有犯罪類型中嚴重性被評為最高的罪行,也最令社會大眾與媒體關切.國內對殺人犯罪的研究仍少,而且主要是以問卷的形式進行.為了對此一現象做另一種方式的初步探討,研究者以台中監獄中刑期十年以上與無期徒刑的殺人犯為對象,研究中以「失抑量表」、「社會化量表」與「社會病態量表」來瞭解殺人犯的心理病態（psychopathy）的程度,並根據其在「失抑量表」得分的高低而分為組一與組二兩組.Rorschach墨漬測驗則用來探討他們的客體關係（object relations）能力的差異,同時也呈現出兩組在Exner系統中描述性變項上的統計結果.研究者除了採用Blatt等人的量表來對受刑人的Rorschach protocol進行計分外,並根據客體關係理論,結合Blatt與Urist的量表而發展出一套新的客體關係量表. 研究結果支持殺人犯可以依其心理病態的程度做進一步的區分,而且不同的心理病態程度可以對應到不同的客體關係能力.最後,研究中分析了新量表的有效性. 第一章 緒論-第1頁 第一節 研究背景-第1頁 第二節 反社會行為的異質性-第3頁 第三節 心理病態的生理、心理與行為特徵-第11頁 第二章 本研究的相關理論、研究與研究目的-第21頁 第一節 Kernberg的客體關係理論-第21頁 第二節 Rorschach測驗的本質-第28頁 第三節 Human Contents與客體關係-第32頁 第四節 M反應與客體關係-第33頁 第五節 客體關係理論的研究取向與批評-第38頁 第六節 研究工具的編製與研究目的-第48頁 第三章 研究方法-第56頁 第一節 受試、工具與程序-第56頁 第二節 資料分析-第60頁 第四章 結果-第66頁 第五章 討論-第80頁 附註-第83頁 參考文獻-第85頁 Notes-第97頁 附錄一 相互自主性量表-第98頁 附錄二 Rorschach互動量表-第100頁 附錄三 客體概念的發展分析-第101頁 附錄四 失抑量表、社會化量表與社會病態量表-第112頁 附錄五 信度計分表一-第115頁 附錄六 信度計分表二-第116頁 附錄七 信度計分表三-第117頁 / The seriousness of criminal homicide is evaluated as the highest among all crimes, and receives the most concern from the public and mass media. There is still few researches on criminal homicide in Taiwan, and the major study tools are questionnaires. In order to investigate this phenomenon from a different perspective, the researcher selected the homicides in Taichung prison who get a 10-year sentence or life sentence as his subjects. In this study, "Disinhibition Scale", "Socialization Scale", and "Sociopathy Scale" were applied to understand the psychopathy level of the homicides, and subjects are divided into two groups according to their scores on the "Disinhibition Scale". Rorschach inkblot test was selected to investigate their different capacity for object relations, meanwhile presented the descriptive statistics of Exner's Comprehensive System for both groups. Besides scoring subjects' Rorschach protocols on the scale developed by Blatt et al., the researcher intergrated Blatt's and Urist's scales on the basis of object relations theory into a new object relations scale. The results of this stydy provide suppport for the hypotheses that homicides can be differentiated from each other on the basis of their psychopathy level, and different levels of psychopathy reflect different capacity for object relations. Finally, the utility of the new scale is analyzed and discussed.