To complement the Inabanga Watershed Project (BSWM, 2005), the study reported here was conducted to assess erosion and water resources degradation focussed on the Upper Inabanga Watershed using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) erosion model and geographic information system and GIS tools. The study was divided into two sections. The first section was the assessment of the impact of land uses and farm management practices using five runoff experimental plots and two watersheds. The second section of the study was an application of the WEPP and GeoWEPP erosion models. Except for most of the crop management parameters, local climate, soil and topographic parameters were determined and used as inputs to run the model. The WEPP-GeoWEPP watershed simulations predicted that any increase in agricultural areas increased on-site soil loss and sediment yield from the watershed. / Master of Science (Hons)

This thesis studies the Riam Kanan Catchment (RKC), located in Indonesia, in order to: evaluate the effect of land use on runoff, erosion and soil properties; examine rainfall-runoff-erosion relationships under different land use types; evaluate the suitability of runoff and soil erosion models; develop an understanding of the interaction between physical, demographic, socio-economic and political aspects in relation to soil erosion; evaluate population pressure and its impacts; develop a suitable methodology for identifying potential erosion hazard areas; and develop suitable soil conservation strategies. Rainfall pattern and water level fluctuation; changes in runoff, erosion and soil properties under different land use types; relationships between soil properties as well as between rainfall and runoff-erosion; population pressure; and potential hazard areas were all analysed. Selected runoff and erosion models were evaluated for their suitability, and soil conservation strategies were developed, considering physical, demographic, socio-economic and political aspects. Results show that changes in inflow patterns are most likely due to changes in volumes of surface and subsurface runoff values; erosion in RKC is occurring at various levels depending on the land use types; there is a relationship between rainfall-runoff and erosion parameters; population pressure is above the critical limit and can be reduced by various methods; and RKC has a moderate to high erosion hazard. The soil conservation strategies outlined in this study appear promising. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

An in-situ water-induced soil erosion study of two years duration was conducted at a low slope of about 10%, and also on steep slopes of about 50%, 60% and 70% at the experimental site located at a soil and water research area contiguous to the Department of Agricultural Engineering and Applied Mathematics of the Visayas State College of Agriculture (ViSCA). ViSCA is located in the town of Baybay at the island of Leyte in humid tropical Philippines (latitude of 10 degrees 44' north and longitude of 124 degrees 48' east). The study has the following aims, namely: 1) to investigate the effect of local farming practices on soil erosion, particularly at steep slopes; 2) to study the hydrology and soil erosion processes in steep slope conditions in humid tropical climate; and 3) to apply and determine the limitations of a physical process-oriented sediment transport model for water-induced soil erosion model (Griffith University Erosion System Template, GUEST) to a very permeable soil under very high rainfall conditions. In the context of the steep slope experiments at ViSCA: a) across the slope planting of corn is equally effective in controlling soil loss as hedged farming alone or in combination with peanut intercrop; b) across the slope planting of corn in hedged runoff plots is as effective in controlling soil loss as when combined with peanut intercrop; c) farmer’s practice of planting a rowcrop like corn along the slope (providing ready-made downslope pathways for runoff water thus, encouraging flow-driven soil erosion) produces significant soil loss, often larger than from a bare runoff plot; d) hedgerows significantly reduced sediment concentration provided they remain intact; e) "failure" in hedgerows, often results in massive soil loss, being even greater than that in a comparable bare runoff plot. (Failure is manifested by runoff breaching the litter barrier at the base of the hedgerow in a localized position, leading to concentrated flow and extension of rills upslope from base of hedgerow) of hedged runoff plot (even though contour planted) and f) application of stubble in combination with across slope planting in hedged runoff plots (with or without a closely growing intercrop) provided both maximum surface cover (aerial and contact) and protection against soil loss in steep slopes. These conclusions are likely to apply to crops similar to corn, with an intercrop similar to peanut in morphology and root system. These conclusions might also be expected to apply to low slopes, though the effect of such protection might not be as pronounced as in steep slope runoff plots. Soil erosion mechanisms in steep slopes are dominated mainly by the runoff-driven processes of entrainment and re-entrainment. Average sediment concentration c and total soil loss M are shown to be functions of positive coefficient runoff related regressors and a parameter that measures rills formed and permanently imprinted on soil surface, and of negative coefficient regressors related to surface contact cover, at least for the steep slopes considered in this study. The relatively high streampower associated with overland flow on steep slopes suggests that overland flow dominates over rainfall impact as a source of soil sediment concentration. This was confirmed by the low value of the measured ratio of soil sediment concentration shed by net-rainfall detachment trays to that lost from the bare runoff plots. On the effect of surface contact cover on average sediment concentration c, the following findings were made, namely: a) surface contact cover of only about 20% to 30% is sufficient to reduce c to low levels, assuming the cover is well distributed; b) an "exponential-decay" form of relationship existed between surface contact cover and the average sediment concentration from the non-bare soil without normalizing with respect to sediment concentration from a reference bare soil runoff plot; and c) such nonlinear relationship is indicative of the dominating runoff processes of entrainment and re-entrainment compared to the linear form of relationships if rainfall –driven processes of detachment and re-detachment dominate. In runoff dominated soil erosion processes, surface contact cover (including both living and dead vegetative cover close enough to the soil surface to impede overland flow) is more significant in curtailing soil erosion than aerial surface cover. ...continued.

Graduation date: 1995

This research determined the soil erodibility factor for Morley, Blount, and Pewamo soils in Delaware County, Indiana, using simulated rainfall mathods. Five test runs were made on each site and the runoff (water and sediment) from each site was collected. Three sites were used for the research and data were collected from five test plots on each site. The T-test was used to determine if significant differences occur between the erodibiltiy factors of the same soil series. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine if significant. differences occur between Morley, Blount, and Pewamo soils in relation to their erodibility factors.The results indicate there are no significant differences between the erodibiltiy factors of the same soil series for Blount and Pewamo soils to the .05 level of confidence. A significant difference was found within the two Morley soils, but the difference could have been due to experimental error and natural soil variation. While there is no significant difference between erodibility values for the Morley and Blount soils, there is significant difference between the Pewamo soil series and the Morley and Blount soil series.This study demonstrates that the use of the rainulator may be a valid method for deriving erodibility factors, especially on higher slopes. The rainulator, however, may not be appropriate for determining erodibility factors on flat or shallow slopes such as found with the Pewamo soil. More erodibility data need to be collected from the same soil series to determine their soil erodibility factors and to verify the effectiveness of using the rainulator for data collection on flat and shallow soils.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

La producción de sedimentos en zonas de montaña es un motivo de preocupación no sólo por la pérdida de la fertilidad de la capa superficial de suelo, sino también debido a sus efectos aguas abajo, tales como la deposición de sedimentos en embalses. En este trabajo, la producción de sedimentos se estudio a dos escalas espaciales: una cuenca pequeña y una grande en el noreste de los Pirineos orientales. La cuenca pequeña es Cal Rodó (4,2 km2), y la grande es la cuenca Alta Llobregat del Río Llobregat (504 km2), donde a la salida se encuentra el embalse de La Baells, la primera cuenca está anidado dentro de la última. En Cal Rodó, el objetivo fue determinar y comparar los intervalos de confianza de la carga de sedimentos en suspensión a escala de evento y a escala anual. Los datos utilizados abarcan 10 años (1996-2005). Estos incluyen muestras discretas de agua recogidas por un muestreador automático de agua, lecturas de turbidez proporcionada por un sensor de infrarojo de turbidez, un sensor de ultrasonidos, y mediciones de la lámina de agua. Todo conectado a un registrador de datos. La incertidumbre de producción de sedimentos fueron evaluados por simulaciones de Monte Carlo usando la función de distribución de la carga de sedimentos y modelación de residuales. La producción total para el periodo estudiado y estimada a través de la calibración de sensores de turbidez fue 17,217.0 Mg (4,1 Mg/ha/año) y su intervalo de confianza al 90% está entre 16,311.4 Mg y 18,395.8 Mg. Por otra parte la producción de sedimentos a través de las curvas de transporte de sedimento a escala anual fue de 103,441.0 Mg (24,6 Mg/ha/año), y su intervalo de confianza oscila entre 49,107.0 Mg y 254,803.0 Mg. Las conclusiones generales son que la incertidumbre de la carga de sedimentos por las curvas de transporte de sedimentos son amplias (> 300%) y que la producción de sedimentos se sobreestimo en un orden de magnitud. Una buena distribución de las muestras en todo el hidrograma es necesaria, a fin de desarrollar las curvas de transporte más fiable. La segunda fase de este estudio fue realizada en la cuenca Alta del Río Llobregat donde la cubierta del suelo es principalmente bosque de coníferas y pastos, con presencia de algunas zonas intensamente erosionadas (badlands). El promedio anual de erosión de suelo se estimó cuantitativamente a través de RUSLE integrado en SIG. Los datos tratados provienen de las precipitaciones registradas en ocho estaciones meteorológicas que abarcan 14 años (1991-2004), las propiedades físicas del suelo, el inventario de cubierta vegetal, las características de gestión del suelo y un modelo digital de elevaciones. Todo ello se utilizó como entradas (inputs) para generar cada uno de los factores de RUSLE, las imágenes tienen una resolución de 20 m. La producción de sedimentos se calculó mediante la aplicación de una tasa de entrega de sedimentos (sediment delivery ratio SDR) a los resultados obtenidos por RUSLE. También se llevaron a cabo análisis de sensibilidad para cada uno de los factores de RUSLE y una evaluación de la incertidumbre global de erosión de suelo. Adicionalmente diversos escenarios de erosión de suelos debido al Cambio Global fueron desarrollados. La producción de sedimentos media anual fue de 3,35 Mg/ha/año y el intervalo de confianza al 90% fue entre 0,95 y 13,7 Mg/ha/año. Estos resultados son similares a los resultados de un estudio previo de batimetría del embalse el cual fue de 4.54 Mg/ha/año, y su intervalo de confianza al 90% fue entre 4,29 Mg/ha/año y 4,79 Mg/ha/año. El mapa de riesgos de erosión muestra que pequeñas áreas altamente erosionables (5%) producen el 50% de sedimento. / A better understanding of soil erosion and sediment yield in mountainous areas is needed, for management purposes and to envisage uncertainties when developing soil erosion models. In this thesis, sediment yield estimates and associated uncertainties were studied at two spatial scales: a small catchment (Cal Rodó 4.2 km2) and a relatively large basin (Upper Llobregat Basin 504 km2), the former is nested within the latter, in the SE Pyrenees, Spain. In Cal Rodó stream which is characterized by an event based regime, is assessed the uncertainty of suspended sediment load (SSL) at event and annual scales. SSL in streams are currently estimated using diverse types of sediment rating curves (SRC) that allow the interpolation and extrapolation of the discrete observations of sediment concentrations to the whole range of recorded discharges. However, the accuracy of outcomes using SRCs in mountain event based streams is still unknown. The parameters of the non-linear relationship are obtained by a log transformation and then a bias correction factor is applied, based on the residual analysis. The uncertainty of SSL can be assessed by using Monte-Carlo approaches based on the simulation of residuals. Nevertheless, when these methods are going to be applied in streams with a regime characterized by events, it is necessary to verify if different events have different discharge-concentration relationships; if this occurs, the role of events must be taken into account in the load analyses, as they modify the structure of the residuals. Results showed that when SRCs are used for interpolation between samples, paying attention to the role of events allows to avoid nonlinear bias overcorrection and to reduce the uncertainty associated with the sediment load estimates. The sediment yield from annual and seasonal rating curves were 6.0 and 5.1 times larger than the estimated by sensor calibrations. Therefore a good distribution of samples throughout the hydrograph needs to be ascertained in order to develop reliable SRCs. The second part of this research deals with soil erosion and sediment yield assessment and its associated uncertainties in the Upper Llobregat River Basin. Land cover is mainly coniferous forest and pastures with some intensely eroded areas (badlands). Annual average soil erosion was quantitatively estimated with an integration of GIS and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Maps for each of the factors involved where obtained with a 20 m resolution. Rainfall dataset from eight weather stations and spanning 14 years, soil properties, land cover inventory, land management features and digital elevation model were used as resource datasets to generate each of the RUSLE factor maps. Annual average sediment yield was computed by applying a sediment delivery ratio to the results obtained by RUSLE, and this result was compared with an existing bathymetric survey. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were undertaken for each of the RUSLE factors, in order to assess its magnitude and determine which of the factors influences the most the soil loss estimate. Results show that the annual average sediment yield was 3.35 Mg km-2 yr-1 and its confidence interval lied between 0.95 and 13.7 Mg km-2 yr-1 with 90% confidence. These results are in agreement with results from reservoir bathymetric survey. Additional comparisons of estimated sediment yield were done with empirical methods such as PSIAC and FSM. Erosion risk maps showed that about 5% of the area generated 50% of soil loss. These areas are located in steep slopes and coincide in many cases with badlands which are near the streams. Finally, sediment yield changes under climate conditions for the late 21st Century where not relevant, whilst spreading agricultural activity as in the 1950's had a relevant increase in sediment yield.

Meander migration is a complex and dynamic process of the lateral movement of a river due to erosion on one bank and deposition on the opposite bank. As a result, the channel migrates in a lateral direction, which might be a major concern for the safety of bridges during their life span of 75 years. Although there are several existing models for predicting meander migration of a river, none of them are based on the physical model tests on a specific type of soil. A total of eight flume tests are conducted to develop a prediction equation of meander migration in clay. The test results of migration rate follow a hyperbolic function, and spatial distribution of the maximum migration distance is fitted with the Pearson IV function. The proposed equations of the initial migration rate and the maximum migration distance, obtained by a multiple regression technique, are validated with the laboratory data. A new methodology for risk analysis is developed to process a number of predicted channel locations based on each future hydrograph generated in such a way that all the hydrographs have the same probability of occurrence. As the output from risk analysis, a CDF map is created for a whole river representing a general trend of migration movement along with the probability associated with new location of the river. In addition, a separate screen is generated with a CDF plot for a given bridge direction so that bridge engineers can read a specific migration distance along the bridge corresponding to the target risk level (e.g. 1 %). The newly developed components through this research are incorporated with the other components in the MEANDER program which is a stand-alone program and the final outcome of the research team. Verification study of the MEANDER program is conducted with full-scale field data at the Brazos River at SH 105, Texas. The prediction results matched quite well with the measured field data. However, a more extensive verification study for other sites is highly recommended.

The response of geomorphic systems to disturbance has been a major focus of geographic research. Nevertheless, because the sensitivity of geomorphic systems to external perturbation is complex, the response of those systems is still poorly understood for many agricultural systems in various geographic settings. This study investigates geomorphic sensitivity and soil erosion under traditional slash-and-burn cultivation. The response of soil erosion to this agricultural practice was investigated in selected plots at different stages of cultivation, representing a chronosequence of slash-and-burn cultivation for the study site. Selected physical and hydrological properties were measured in the field or determined in the laboratory from soil samples obtained from the selected plots. Soil erosion was monitored for the selected plots using bounded runoff plots. Finally, the response of soil erosion to slash-and- burn was assessed at the watershed scale by adapting the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation to local field conditions. The study results showed that soil’s selected physical and hydrological properties differed according to the age of cultivation. In general, soil properties, such as organic matter, aggregate stability, and infiltration, showed signs of deterioration during the cultivation phase and improvement during the fallow stage of slash-and-burn cultivation. These differences in turn resulted in differences in the erodibility of the soil and the response of soil erosion at the plot scale. The soil erosion rate was observed to be higher during the cultivation stage of slash-and-burn cultivation and lower during the fallow stage. The lowest rate of erosion was recorded in natural forest plots. Overall, soil erosion rates were low considering the study site’s mountainous nature. The results of this study suggest that the response of soil erosion under the practice of slash-and burn cultivation could be minimal in a potentially sensitive humid tropical mountainous environment depending on the specific cover produced, the environmental factors, and the specific cultural management, such as cropping and tilling practices. Maintaining adequate ground cover through cropping and fallow management is the key to keeping soil erosion minimal under the practice of slash-and-burn cultivation in the study area. / text

Soil erosion is a long standing problem in the Scotland District of Barbados. Many workers, including pedologists, geologists, hydrologists and soil conservationists have recently undertaken investigation into the causes of soil erosion and the possible means of its control. These studies have focussed on a problem in a restricted field. As accelerated soil erosion is an important ecological process, it was felt that an investigation into the problems of erosion from an ecological viewpoint was necessary. [...]

High rates of runoff and soil loss occur in temperate areas in late winter and early spring. A low-intensity rainfall simulator and a snowmelt simulator were developed to study soil erosion by snowmelt and/or spring rainfall on a sandy loam soil of southern Quebec. Erosive agent, land slope, thaw depth of partly frozen soil, and intensity and duration of the event were studied in the laboratory using the simulators. All these factors had significant effects on soil erosion. Sediment concentration, soil loss rate, and total soil loss increased with increasing land slope, thaw depth, and intensity, duration, and impact energy of the erosive agent. Duration showed a significant interaction with each of the other factors. interaction between thaw depth and intensity of the event was significant under both snowmelt and rainfall simulation, whereas interaction between land slope and intensity was significant under rainfall simulation, but not under snowmelt simulation. Erosive agent also interacted with each of the other factors. All these interactions increased soil loss. The presence of a frozen sublayer interacted with the other factors and greatly increased runoff, sediment concentration and total soil loss. Rainfall caused more soil loss than did snowmelt under the same conditions.