Thesis (MSc. (Soil Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / There exists a considerable level of spatial variability in soil physical and chemical properties within the research block; and the soils are generally shallow. Of all the measured parameters, electrical conductivity, Bray-1 P, exchangeable potassium, calcium and sodium as well as extractable iron and zinc showed a huge percent of variation across the field. Soil variability maps indicated the degree of variability within the research block. The spatial variability of the characterized parameters was significant across the research block. A correlation study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the measured soil physical and chemical properties. Regular soil analyses should be conducted to avoid failure/delay of experiments. It is recommended that inputs such as irrigation and fertilizer application must be varied based on varying soil conditions across the research block. / VLIR project 6 leaders

O conhecimento detalhado da distribuição espacial dos solos e principalmente seus atributos torna-se essencial com a implantação da Agricultura de Precisão. Neste sentido, há a demanda por um grande número de análises químicas de solos. Porém, o custo destas análises é elevado, sendo um dos principais entraves para a avaliação da variabilidade espacial dos solos, tanto na área de manejo químico como em levantamentos pedológicos. Logo, o sensoriamento remoto surge como uma técnica alternativa e eficaz na obtenção de informações sobre a variabilidade espacial dos solos e de seus atributos químicos, físicos e mineralógicos nos diferentes tipos de aquisição de dados, mostrando-se promissor não só pela sua rapidez, mas também por ser uma técnica não destrutiva das amostras e livre de qualquer reagente químico. Desta forma, este trabalho tem por objetivos avaliar através de métodos convencionais de análise de terra e de sensoriamento remoto, as variações químicas ocorrentes em dois tipos de solos cultivados com milho, pela aplicação de corretivos com diferentes graus de reatividade. Além disso, este trabalho visa identificar bandas espectrais relacionadas com as mudanças químicas ocorridas no solo devido à aplicação de calcário, assim como calibrar e avaliar modelos de estimativa de atributos do solo, além de quantificar os valores de corretivos necessários numa amostra de terra. Para tal, dados químicos foram obtidos em laboratório através de métodos já consagrados e permitiram avaliar três calcários com diferentes reatividades. Já os dados radiométricos foram obtidos através do sensor FieldSpec Pro em laboratório na faixa de 350 2500 nm, para amostras de solos coletadas durante quatro ciclos de cultivo do milho. Os dados obtidos através da espectrorradiometria permitiram identificar possíveis bandas relacionadas com alguns atributos químicos dos solos; determinar os teores de atributos químicos dos solos a partir da metodologia utilizada; obter modelos de estimativa específicos para cada atributo químico dos dois solos estudados, assim como estimar a necessidade de calagem destes através de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, havendo a possibilidade de redução das numerosas e demoradas análises químicas tradicionais, contribuindo desta forma para viabilização da prática da agricultura de precisão. / The detailed knowledge of spatial distribution of soils and mainly its attributes became essential with the Precision Agriculture implementation. Therefore, there is the demand for a high number of soil chemical analyses. However, these analyses cost is high, being one of the main impediments to evaluate the soil spatial variability, as in chemical management as in pedologycal surveys. However, the remote sensing rises as an alternative and efficient technique to obtain information about the soil spatial variability and its chemical, physical and mineralogical attributes in different kinds of data acquisition. Showing itself promising not just by its speed, but also because it is a non-destructive technique for the samples and do not uses any chemical reagents. In this way, the objectives of this work are to evaluate through conventional methods of soil analyses and remote sensing, the chemical modifications occurred in two soils cultivated with corn, by the lime application with products of different reaction degrees. Besides, this work seeks to identify spectral bands related to the chemical changes occurred in soil due to the lime application, as to calibrate and to evaluate the soil attributes estimation models, beyond to quantify the lime rate needed in a soil sample. For that, chemical data were obtained in lab through methods already consecrated and allowed to evaluate three lime products with different degrees of reaction. The radiometric data were obtained with the FieldSpec Pro sensor in lab in the range of 350 2500 nm, for soil samples collected during four corn cycles. The data obtained by spectroradiometry allowed to identify possible bands related with some soil chemical attributes; to determine the content of chemical attributes from the used methodology; to obtain specific estimative models for each chemical attribute of both studied soils, as to estimate the need of lime application using remote sensing techniques, with the possibility to reduce the amount of conventional chemical analyses, beyond to contribute to development of the practice of precision agriculture.

O conhecimento detalhado da distribuição espacial dos solos e principalmente seus atributos torna-se essencial com a implantação da Agricultura de Precisão. Neste sentido, há a demanda por um grande número de análises químicas de solos. Porém, o custo destas análises é elevado, sendo um dos principais entraves para a avaliação da variabilidade espacial dos solos, tanto na área de manejo químico como em levantamentos pedológicos. Logo, o sensoriamento remoto surge como uma técnica alternativa e eficaz na obtenção de informações sobre a variabilidade espacial dos solos e de seus atributos químicos, físicos e mineralógicos nos diferentes tipos de aquisição de dados, mostrando-se promissor não só pela sua rapidez, mas também por ser uma técnica não destrutiva das amostras e livre de qualquer reagente químico. Desta forma, este trabalho tem por objetivos avaliar através de métodos convencionais de análise de terra e de sensoriamento remoto, as variações químicas ocorrentes em dois tipos de solos cultivados com milho, pela aplicação de corretivos com diferentes graus de reatividade. Além disso, este trabalho visa identificar bandas espectrais relacionadas com as mudanças químicas ocorridas no solo devido à aplicação de calcário, assim como calibrar e avaliar modelos de estimativa de atributos do solo, além de quantificar os valores de corretivos necessários numa amostra de terra. Para tal, dados químicos foram obtidos em laboratório através de métodos já consagrados e permitiram avaliar três calcários com diferentes reatividades. Já os dados radiométricos foram obtidos através do sensor FieldSpec Pro em laboratório na faixa de 350 2500 nm, para amostras de solos coletadas durante quatro ciclos de cultivo do milho. Os dados obtidos através da espectrorradiometria permitiram identificar possíveis bandas relacionadas com alguns atributos químicos dos solos; determinar os teores de atributos químicos dos solos a partir da metodologia utilizada; obter modelos de estimativa específicos para cada atributo químico dos dois solos estudados, assim como estimar a necessidade de calagem destes através de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, havendo a possibilidade de redução das numerosas e demoradas análises químicas tradicionais, contribuindo desta forma para viabilização da prática da agricultura de precisão. / The detailed knowledge of spatial distribution of soils and mainly its attributes became essential with the Precision Agriculture implementation. Therefore, there is the demand for a high number of soil chemical analyses. However, these analyses cost is high, being one of the main impediments to evaluate the soil spatial variability, as in chemical management as in pedologycal surveys. However, the remote sensing rises as an alternative and efficient technique to obtain information about the soil spatial variability and its chemical, physical and mineralogical attributes in different kinds of data acquisition. Showing itself promising not just by its speed, but also because it is a non-destructive technique for the samples and do not uses any chemical reagents. In this way, the objectives of this work are to evaluate through conventional methods of soil analyses and remote sensing, the chemical modifications occurred in two soils cultivated with corn, by the lime application with products of different reaction degrees. Besides, this work seeks to identify spectral bands related to the chemical changes occurred in soil due to the lime application, as to calibrate and to evaluate the soil attributes estimation models, beyond to quantify the lime rate needed in a soil sample. For that, chemical data were obtained in lab through methods already consecrated and allowed to evaluate three lime products with different degrees of reaction. The radiometric data were obtained with the FieldSpec Pro sensor in lab in the range of 350 2500 nm, for soil samples collected during four corn cycles. The data obtained by spectroradiometry allowed to identify possible bands related with some soil chemical attributes; to determine the content of chemical attributes from the used methodology; to obtain specific estimative models for each chemical attribute of both studied soils, as to estimate the need of lime application using remote sensing techniques, with the possibility to reduce the amount of conventional chemical analyses, beyond to contribute to development of the practice of precision agriculture.

Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / To meet growing demand for goods and services of modern society there is an increase in industrial activity, is highlighting the versatility of steel for use of its products. Meanwhile, as well as all human activity there is the generation of waste that may contain contaminants, among these heavy metals, which are arranged in an inappropriate manner pose a risk to humans and other living organisms. In soil heavy metals can exist in different chemical forms, presented each of them a degree of availability, and the total content of an indication of soil contamination. The phytoremediation is a technique of bioremediation, which uses the cultivation of plants to remediate contaminated soil and water, either by the extraction (phytoextraction) or stabilization (phytostabilization) of the contaminant in the environment. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the culture of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., the distribution of chemical fractions of zinc and cadmium in the soil, in three of pH values, after contamination with industrial waste containing high levels of these elements, and their possible influence germination and development of the plant. It was conducted in a completely randomized experiment 2x2x3 factorial system, in a sample of Bt horizon of a Argisol Yellow, contaminated and not contaminated with residue from Cia Mercantile and Industrial Ing?, with and without cultivation of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., and receiving the application of three doses of CaCO3. The soil used was collected in the municipality of Pinheiral - RJ, being part of the sample contaminated with waste (66.67 g kg-1) to raise the level pseudo-Zn total of the values above 1500 mg kg-1. The sample was contaminated and not contaminated divided into three groups each received a different dose of CaCO3 (0.00, 0,75; 1,5 mg kg-1). After being incubated for 40 days to 80% of the field capacity, there were planted three Seedpieces of Pennisetum purpurem Schum., genotype Cameroon, in each unit cultivated. At 18 days after planting and germination were evaluated at the average height of the seedlings. At 135 days after planting were collected to shoot and root plants. The substrates were sampled after hatching and at the end of the experiment. In substrates was determined the pH in water and, for the treatments that received waste, the levels of Zn and Cd in the following fractions: soluble (F1), exchangeable (F2), precipitated (F3), absorbed more strongly (F4) and residual (F5). The extractors used to determine the fractions were: deionized water, MgCl2, acetic acid, DTPA and aqua regia. The results showed that the germination and development of Pennisetum purpurem Schum. were limited by the content of Cd and mainly in fractions of Zn more bioavailable (F1, F2). The levels of Zn in the soluble fraction (F1) exceeding 125 mg kg-1, caused a reduction in the germination and the initial development of culture. The cultivation of Pennisetum purpureum Schum. promoted reduction of soil pH of all treatments, and favored the solubility of Zn of contaminated substrates. Leaf contents of Zn greater than 1380 mg kg-1 caused sharp reduction in growth and phytotoxicity symptoms. The Pennisetum purpureum Schum did not show a behavior as plants hyperaccumulative of Zn and Cd, but they showed Zn accumulation and they were efficient in the remediation of Zn and Cd. / Para atender a demanda crescente por bens e servi?os da sociedade moderna houve um incremento da atividade industrial, se destacando a siderurgia pela versatilidade de emprego dos seus produtos. Entretanto, assim como toda atividade humana h? a gera??o de res?duos que podem conter contaminantes, dentre estes os metais pesados, que se dispostos de forma inadequada representam um risco a o homem e outros organismos vivos. Em solos os metais pesados podem existir em diferentes formas qu?micas, apresentando cada uma delas um grau de disponibilidade, sendo o teor total um indicativo de contamina??o do solo. A fitorremedia??o ? uma t?cnica da bioremedia??o, que utiliza o cultivo de plantas para remediar solos e ?guas contaminadas, seja pela extra??o (fitoextra??o) ou estabiliza??o (fitoestabiliza??o) do contaminante no ambiente. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cultivo de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., na distribui??o das fra??es qu?micas de zinco e c?dmio no solo, em tr?s valores de pH, ap?s a contamina??o com res?duo industrial contendo altos teores destes elementos, e a sua poss?vel influ?ncia na germina??o e desenvolvimento da planta. Foi conduzido um experimento inteiramente casualizado no sistema fatorial 2x2x3, em amostra de horizonte Bt de um Argissolo Amarelo, contaminado e n?o contaminado, com res?duo da Cia Mercantil e Industrial Ing?, com e sem cultivo de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., e recebendo a aplica??o de tr?s doses de CaCO3. O solo utilizado foi coletado no munic?pio de Pinheiral ? RJ, sendo parte da amostra contaminada com res?duo (66,67 g kg-1), para elevar o teor pseudo-total de Zn a valores superiores a 1500 mg kg-1. A amostra contaminada e n?o contaminada foi dividida em tr?s grupos cada um recebeu uma dose diferente de CaCO3 (0,00; 0,75; 1,5 mg kg-1). Posteriormente sendo incubadas por 40 dias a 80% da capacidade de campo. Ap?s a incuba??o foram plantados tr?s toletes de Pennisetum purpurem Schum., gen?tipo Cameroon, em cada unidade cultivada. Aos 18 dias ap?s o plantio foram avaliadas a germina??o e a altura m?dia das pl?ntulas. Aos 135 dias ap?s o plantio foram coletadas a parte a?rea e raiz das plantas. Os substratos foram amostrados ap?s a incuba??o e no final do experimento. Nestes substratos foi determinado o pH em ?gua e, para os tratamentos que receberam res?duo, os teores de Zn e Cd nas seguintes fra??es: sol?vel (F1), troc?vel (F2), precipitada (F3), adsorvida mais fortemente (F4) e residual (F5). Os extratores utilizados para a determina??o das fra??es foram: ?gua deionizada, MgCl2, ?cido ac?tico, DTPA e ?gua r?gia. Os resultados mostraram que a germina??o e o desenvolvimento de Pennisetum purpurem Schum. foram limitados pelo teor de Cd e principalmente de Zn nas fra??es mais biodispon?veis (F1 e F2). Os teores de Zn na fra??o sol?vel (F1) superiores a 125 mg kg-1, provocaram redu??o na germina??o e no desenvolvimento inicial da cultura. O cultivo de Pennisetum purpureum Schum. promoveu redu??o do pH do solo de todos os tratamentos, tendo favorecido a solubilidade de Zn dos substratos contaminados. Teores foliares de Zn superiores a 1380 mg kg-1 provocaram acentuada redu??o no crescimento e sintomas de fitotoxidez. O Pennisetum purpureum Schum. n?o se comportou como hiperacumulador de Zn e Cd, mas apresentou acumula??o de Zn e efici?ncia na remedia??o de Zn e Cd.

Characterization of phosphorus (P) in organic amendments is essential for environmentally sustainable fertilization of agricultural soils. The sequential chemical extraction (SCE) technique commonly used for P characterization does not provide any direct molecular information about P species. Studies were conducted to characterize P species in organic amendments and amended soils at a molecular level. The SCE was used to fractionate P in organic amendments including biosolids, hog, dairy and beef cattle manures, and poultry litter. The extracts were analyzed for total P and P species using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. The relative proportions of P species in intact organic amendments and residues after each extraction, and calcareous soils amended with organic amendments and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) were estimated using the synchrotron-based P 1s X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The solution 31P NMR provided a detailed characterization of organic P in the non-labile NaOH and HCl fractions of organic amendments, but was limited in characterizing the labile fractions of most of these organic amendments due to their proneness to alkaline hydrolysis. The XANES analysis, however, identified the actual chemical species constituting the labile P that was only characterized as inorganic P or orthophosphates by sequential extraction and solution 31P NMR. In the amended Vertisolic and Chernozemic soils, XANES analysis estimated ‘soluble and adsorbed P’ as the dominant P species. For the Vertisolic soil, both the unamended and soil amended with biosolids and MAP contained hydroxyapatite (HAP). In addition, soil amended with biosolids, hog and dairy manures contained β-tricalcium phosphate (TRICAL), a more soluble CaP than HAP. TRICAL was found in all amended soils except in that amended with hog manure, while HAP was present in appreciable amount only in the control. Overall, the combination of techniques used in these studies improved the understanding of P species in organic amendments and amended soils that would not have been possible with any individual technique. Technological advances in P analysis should therefore be combined with conventional chemical extraction techniques to determine the fate of P in the environment.

Characterization of phosphorus (P) in organic amendments is essential for environmentally sustainable fertilization of agricultural soils. The sequential chemical extraction (SCE) technique commonly used for P characterization does not provide any direct molecular information about P species. Studies were conducted to characterize P species in organic amendments and amended soils at a molecular level. The SCE was used to fractionate P in organic amendments including biosolids, hog, dairy and beef cattle manures, and poultry litter. The extracts were analyzed for total P and P species using inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, respectively. The relative proportions of P species in intact organic amendments and residues after each extraction, and calcareous soils amended with organic amendments and monoammonium phosphate (MAP) were estimated using the synchrotron-based P 1s X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The solution 31P NMR provided a detailed characterization of organic P in the non-labile NaOH and HCl fractions of organic amendments, but was limited in characterizing the labile fractions of most of these organic amendments due to their proneness to alkaline hydrolysis. The XANES analysis, however, identified the actual chemical species constituting the labile P that was only characterized as inorganic P or orthophosphates by sequential extraction and solution 31P NMR. In the amended Vertisolic and Chernozemic soils, XANES analysis estimated ‘soluble and adsorbed P’ as the dominant P species. For the Vertisolic soil, both the unamended and soil amended with biosolids and MAP contained hydroxyapatite (HAP). In addition, soil amended with biosolids, hog and dairy manures contained β-tricalcium phosphate (TRICAL), a more soluble CaP than HAP. TRICAL was found in all amended soils except in that amended with hog manure, while HAP was present in appreciable amount only in the control. Overall, the combination of techniques used in these studies improved the understanding of P species in organic amendments and amended soils that would not have been possible with any individual technique. Technological advances in P analysis should therefore be combined with conventional chemical extraction techniques to determine the fate of P in the environment.

Orientador: Raimundo Leite Cruz / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Tarlei Arriel Botrel / Resumo: No ano de 2005 foi realizado, em área da Estação de tratamento de Esgoto da Fazenda Experimental Lageado, campus da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Botucatu, SP, experimento com lodos de esgoto, proveniente da própria estação do Lageado, da estação de tratamento de esgoto da SABESP, no município de Franca-SP, e com lodo do tratamento de água, proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Água da SABESP no município de Botucatu-SP, tendo por objetivo, a avaliação dos efeitos causados pela aplicação desses resíduos em Neosolo Quartzarênico e Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico , irrigados com água tratada fornecida pela SABESP e por água residuária da própria estação de tratamento do Lageado. As variáveis analisadas foram : pH, acidez potencial, matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), soma de bases (SB), saturação em bases (V%), P(resina), Al3+, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. O experimento foi constituído de tratamentos, os quais foram montados ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x2x3x2, sendo 3 épocas, dois tipos de solo, 3 tipos de lodo, 2 tipos de água, com 3 repetições por tratamento, resultando no total 108 amostras. Os tratamentos foram preparados em recipientes de 9,50 litros, contendo uma mistura de 70% do volume de solo e os 30 % restantes de lodo. 2 O lodo da ETE-Lageado apresentou para a maioria dos elementos estudados, teores médios maiores, que os do lodo da ETE-Franca e ETA-Botucatu que foram semelhantes. Os teores da maioria dos elementos variam com a época, para os três lodos, sendo seus comportamentos explicados por modelos polinomiais de segunda ordem na quase totalidade. Os lodos podem ser aplicados ao solo, uma vez que os níveis dos nutrientes, foram considerados de médio para alto de acordo com Raij et al. (1996), e os níveis de Cu e Zn não se apresentaram tóxicos (U.S.EPA,1996). / Abstract: An experiment using sludge from Lageado sewage farm, from SABESP sewage farm in the city of Franca-SP and sludge from SABESP waterworks in the city of Botucatu-SP was carried out in Lageado Experimental Farm, campus of Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP in the year of 2005, with the purpose of assessing the effects caused by the application of these residues to quartzose sand and oxisol irrigated with purified water supplied by SABESP and residuary water from Lageado waterworks. The analysed variables were: pH, potencial acidity, organic matter, cation exchange capacity (CEC), base addition (BA), base saturation (V%), P(resin), Al+3, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The experiment consisted of treatments, which were assembled at random, in a 3x2x3x2 factorial scheme, being respectively: 3 time, 2 types of soil, 3 4 types of sludge, 2 types of water, with three repetitions for each treatment, resulting in a total of 108 samples. The treatments were prepared in 9,5 liter containers with a mixture of 70% of the soil volume and 30 % of sludge. The sludge from the Lageado sewage farm presented, for most of the analysed elements, higher average contents than the ones from Franca sewage farm and Botucatu waterworks that were both similar. The amount of most elements varies according to time for all of 3 types of sludge, their behavior being explained through second order polynomial models almost in its totality. The sludges may be used as a soil conditioner, since the levels of the nutrients were considered as average to high according to Raij et al. (1996) and Cu an Zn levels havenþt showed as being toxic (USEPA, 1996). 1 1 kKey words: sludge; soil - chemical properties, wasted waters, sanitation. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:05:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_cgr_dr_ilha.pdf: 1288552 bytes, checksum: c150dab3b3f61e74fde21a91ed18c297 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os índices de produtividade agrícola dependem primordialmente da capacidade produtiva dos solos. Deste modo, as práticas de manejo do solo objetivam modificações nas suas características físicas, químicas e biológicas, com vistas a proporcionar melhor condição ao desenvolvimento das culturas e conseqüentemente maior produtividade e qualidade do produto. No ano agrícola de 2009/2010, na Fazenda Valença I (Usina Vale do Paraná S/A Álcool e Açúcar), município de Suzanápolis (SP), Brasil (20° 27’ 33” S; 51° 08’ 05” W), foram analisados, como atributos da cana-soca queimada a produtividade de colmos (TCH), a população de indivíduos por área (POP), teores de açúcares totais recuperáveis (ATR), sólidos solúveis totais (BRI), sacarose no caldo (POL), pureza aparente (PUR) e teor de fibra (FIB); e como atributos de um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico, o pH (pH) sob diferentes metodologias e o Delta pH (DpH), em profundidade no perfil (0-0,20m; 0,20-0,40m; 0,80-1,00m). O objetivo foi avaliar as correlações lineares e espaciais entre os atributos da planta com os do solo, visando selecionar aqueles de melhor interação com a produtividade e qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar. Para tanto, foi instalada uma malha geoestatística para a coleta de dados do solo e planta, contendo 118 pontos amostrais, numa área de aproximadamente 10,5ha. No geral, os atributos estudados seguiram padrões espaciais com boa definição, apresentando alcances entre 75,0-465,9m. As correlações lineares entre os atributos da planta com os do solo foram baixas, porém altamente significativas. Os de melhor correlação com a produtividade da cana (TCH) foram o pH em KCl (0,80-1,00m), o pH em CaCl2 (0,80- 1,00m), e o Delta pH (0,80-1,00m). Por outro lado, constatou-se uma maior explicação significativa... / The rate of agricultural productivity depends primarily on the productive capacity of soils. Thereby, handling practices with agricultural aim to modify your characteristics to physical, chemical and biological soil in order to provide better conditions for crop growth and hence productivity. The attributes of plant, in no-tillage sugarcane productivity (SP), population of individuals (PI), total recoverable sugars (TRS), total soluble solids (TSS), sucrose in the broth (SB), apparent purity (AP) and fiber (FIB); and chemicals of soil (hydrogenic potential-pH and Delta pH-DpH) depth (0-0,20m; 0,20-0,40m, 0,80-1,00m layers) in a Red Ultisol of Valencia I Farm (Vale do Parana S/A Alcohol and Sugar Industry), were analyzed in crop year of 2009/2010 in the Suzanapolis County, Sao Paulo State, Brazil (20° 27' 33 S; 51° 08' 05 W). The purpose was to study the linear and spatial correlations among the attributes (plant and soil), aiming to elect an index of soil chemical quality with good capacity to represent the productivity, particularly at high depths. A grid geostatistical to collect soil and plant attributes data was installed, with 118 sample points, in an area of 10,5 hectare. In the general, the studied attributes showed high to low variability, with good spatial performances, and ranges between 75,0 and 465,9 meters. The linear correlations between the sugarcane productivity (SP) with the soil attributes were low, but highly significant. Those of best correlations with SP were the pH in KCl (0,80-1,00m), pH in CaCl2 (0,80-1,00m) and Delta pH (0,80-1,00m). However, there was a significant interaction given by the largest multiple linear correlations between sugarcane productivity, with the PI, Delta pH (0,20- 0,40m), and pH in KCl (0,80-1,00m). From the spatial point of view there was good response from the productivity... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-01-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:06:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ml_dr_ilha.pdf: 555261 bytes, checksum: da8e831c2f2bce1da57b93f6210639f9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Estudos realizados em várias regiões permitiram constatar que o sistema de semeadura direta (SSD) é capaz de alterar as propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, ocasionando um gradiente de concentração de nutrientes principalmente na sua camada superficial. Alterarando o comportamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas que são cultivadas. Em função da escassez de informações, referente ao cultivo do algodoeiro em SSD na região de Cerrado, objetivou-se estudar os efeitos de fontes e doses de N em diferentes sistemas de manejo de palhada, sobre os atributos químicos do solo, teores foliares de nutrientes e produtividade do algodoeiro em SSD. O trabalho foi desenvolvido nos anos agrícolas 2005/06 e 2006/07, na Fazenda Experimental de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia (FE/Unesp), Campus de Ilha Solteira/SP (22º23’’ latitude S; 51º27’’ longitude W). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema de faixas, sendo os fatores manejo da fitomassa (rolo faca, triton, roçadora e sem manejo), doses de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1 de N) e, fontes de N (sulfato de amônio e uréia), com quatro repetições. Pode-se constatar que o implemento rolo faca, demonstrou ser a melhor opção de manejo da fitomassa do milheto, pois na maioria das vezes apresentou-se como a melhor opção para ciclagem de nutrientes e disponibilização do mesmo ao solo, para serem posteriormente absorvidos pelas plantas. Fato comprovado pelas analises dos teores foliares de nutrientes e da caracterização química do solo após o cultivo do algodão, onde verificou-se através das analises estatísticas. As doses crescentes de N evidenciaram que influenciam na absorção de N, P e K pelas plantas de algodão, e tendem a diminuir o pH e aumentar o H+Al no solo, devido à acidificação do solo proporcionado pelos fertilizantes nitrogenados... / Through countless studies conducted in various regions, it was noted that the system of direct seeding (SSD) is capable of amending the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil, causing a gradient of concentration of nutrients mainly its superficial soil layer, and thus provide changes in the behavior of growth and development of plants which are grown. In the light of the scarcity of information, on the cultivation of cotton SSD in the region of Cerrado, aimed to evaluate the leaf content of cotton, the yield components and the chemical attributes of soil layers: 0.00 to 0.05; 0.05 to 0.10; and 0.10 to 0.30 m soil profile, after the cotton cultivation. It Was developed two trials in agricultural seasons 2005/2006 and 2006/2007, out at the Experimental Farm of the São Paulo State University (FE/Unesp), Campus of Ilha Solteira/SP (22 23'' S latitude; 51 27'' longitude W). The experimental design was the randomized completely blocks, with factors management phytomass , nitrogen levels - 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1, and nitrogen sources - ammonium sulfate and urea, distributed in strips with the amount of thirty and two treatments with four replications. May-it appears that the cutting-roller, has proved to be the best option for the management of phytomass millet, because in most cases presented-as the best option for rapid nutrient cycling and provision of the same to the soil, to be subsequently absorbed by plants. It was verified by analyzes of leaf nutrient contents and chemical characterization of the soil after the cultivation of cotton, where see-through the effects of treatments. The increasing doses of N showed that can influence the absorption of N, P and K by cotton plant, and tend to decrease the pH and increase the H+Al in the soil, due to acidification of soil nitrogen, and the increase of N in the cultivation of cotton, promotes... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: A fertilidade do solo é um dos principais fatores relacionados à baixa produtividade das áreas destinadas tanto para a produção de grãos como de forragem de milho. O adequado fornecimento de nutrientes para o milho é de grande importância, pois, plantas bem nutridas apresentam maior potencial de produção. Assim sendo, os atributos químicos do solo são de extrema importância à sua produtividade. O objetivo foi estudar a variabilidade e as correlações lineares e espaciais entre os atributos da planta e do solo, visando selecionar um indicador da qualidade química do solo de boa representatividade para estimar a produtividade da forragem. Foi instalada a malha geoestatística para a coleta dos dados do solo e da planta, contendo 125 pontos amostrais, numa área de 2500 m2. No ano de 2005, na Fazenda Bonança (Agropecuária Dahma), município de Pereira Barreto (SP), Brasil (20o40'12'' latitude S; 51o01'50'' longitude W), foi instalado o presente ensaio em uma área irrigada por pivô central e manejada no sistema de integração agricultura-pecuária, com plantio direto de milho sobre brachiária. Os atributos analisados foram: produtividade de forragem do milho (MSF), fósforo (P), matéria orgânica (MO), pH, potássio (K), acidez potencial (H+Al), alumínio (Al), soma de bases (SB), capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), saturação por base (V%) e a necessidade de calagem para elevação da saturação por bases a 70% (NC), nas profundidades 1 (0-0,20 m) e 2 (0,20-0,40 m). No geral, os atributos estudados, além de não terem revelado distribuição aleatória, apresentaram variabilidade entre baixa e muito alta. Seguiram padrões espaciais claramente definidos, com alcances da dependência espacial entre 7,6 e 42,0 metros. Assim, o maior alcance que poderá assegurar extrema ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The soil fertility is one of the most important factors which are linked to low yields of the areas for growing grains or corn forage. The appropriate nutrient supply for corn is of great importance as plants with the right nutrient content show better yields. Therefore, the soil chemical features are extremely important for good yields. The objective of this experiment was to study the variability and the linear and spatial correlations between plant and soil features, aiming at selecting an indicator which appropriately represents the soil chemical quality for forage yield. A geostatistical mesh was installed to collect the soil and plants data; there were 125 sampling stations in an area of 2500 m2. This experiment was established in 2005, on Bonança Farm (Agropecuária Dahma), in Pereira Barreto (SP), Brazil (20°40'12'' latitude S; 51°01'50'' longitude W); the area was irrigated by center pivot and under crop-livestock integration, no-tillage system for growing corn after Brachiaria. The analyzed features were: corn forage yield (CFY), phosphorus (P), organic matter (OM), pH, potassium (K), potential acidity (H+Al), sum of bases (SB), cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (V%) and liming need in order to increase the base saturation up to 70% (LN), in two different depths: 1 (0-0.20 m) and 2 (0.20-0.40 m). Overall, the studied features, besides not revealing random distribution, showed variability between low and very high. They showed clearly defined spatial patterns which range between 7.6 and 42.0 meters. Thus, the greatest range which can ensure extreme magnitude similarity with any of the studied features and feed the precision farming software must be of 42.0 meters. Although the linear correlation between CFY and K1 and K2 was low, it was extremely significant. However, from the spatial point of view, there was an...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Luiz Malcolm Mano de Mello / Coorientador: Morel de Passos e Carvalho / Banca: Marcelo Andreotti / Banca: Zigomar Menezes de Souza / Mestre