A study was conducted to determine (1) the N contribution of lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i> Medikus) and its effect on subsequent wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) crops in the Dark Brown and Brown soil zones of Saskatchewan, (2) if synchronization of available N contributes to the rotation benefit, and (3) N fertilizer replacement value of the N effect of lentil on the subsequent wheat crop. Two approaches were used: a landscape-scale study established at Dinsmore in 1994, and a repeated small-plot study established at several locations (Dinsmore, 1993 and 1994; Clavet, Conquest, Eston and Zealandia, 1995). In the landscape-scale study, N2 fixation by lentil ranged from 28 to 46 kg ha-1, with an average of 34 kg ha -1 N and an N balance of -36 kg ha-1. In the small-plot study, N2 fixation ranged from 10 to 112 kg ha -1 with an average of 59 kg ha-1 N and an N balance of -22 kg ha-1. In the landscape-scale study, preseeding available N on the rotation that incorporated lentil was 29 and 61% higher than in the monocropped wheat in the first and second subsequent crops, respectively. The corresponding values for the small-plot study were 59 and 14%, respectively. N availability was well synchronized with the period of maximum N demand by the wheat crop in both rotations. However, both lentil-residue N and wheat-residue N were poorly synchronized with the period of maximum N demand by the wheat. The rotation effect was exhibited in higher grain yield (23% higher in the landscape-scale study, and 21% higher in the small-plot study). Approximately 10 and 70% of the rotation benefit in the landscape-scale and small plot studies, respectively, were attributed to the N effect. Nitrogen fertilizer replacement value ranged from 47 to 89 kg ha-1 N. Therefore, lentil can fix enough N and indirectly contribute to greater available N in subsequent crops than in crops following non-legumes. However, the actual amount of N derived from lentil residue is small. The greater available N is attributed to spared N and enhanced soil N mineralization. Hence, under the conditions of this study, enhancement of available N contributed more to the rotation benefit than synchronization. The high NFRV show that inclusion of lentil in the rotation can enhance available N in the cropping system and potentially reduce fertilizer N application.

The Canadian greenhouse gas offset system was proposed and developed with the objective of assisting Canada in achieving its Kyoto target by means of low cost emission reduction. This study estimates the potential of agricultural soils in Canada to provide carbon credits. Carbon sequestration practices such as moderate till, no-till and perennial crop activities were considered in the analysis. Crops under different tillage regimes, hay and alfalfa were also included in the study. Simulation analysis was undertaken using the Canadian Regional Agricultural Model (CRAM) for carbon prices ranging from $5 to $100/t of CO2e. Carbon credits generated as a result of the sequestration activities were estimated by endogenizing a carbon price for the sequestration activity into the CRAM model. The analysis was done regionally, provincially, and nationally. Two scenarios were investigated; one that included tillage practices and perennial crops (Policy All) and the other that only included tillage practices (Policy Till). Cropping pattern changes, carbon sequestration levels, carbon revenues, and adoption rates were estimated in the simulation. In addition, the role of transaction costs in the offset system was also examined. / The results of the simulation indicated that crop shifts towards hay and alfalfa occurred in the Policy All scenario, while practice shifts towards moderate and no-till occurred in the Policy Till scenario. Simulation analysis indicated that carbon sequestration levels vary by province and region. Among the provinces, the Prairie provinces had the highest carbon sequestration levels ranging from 50 percent under the Policy Till scenario, while under the Policy All scenario it was close to 97 percent. Nationally at a medium price of $15/t of CO2 approximately 1.08 Mt of CO2 and 0.11 Mt of CO2 were sequestered under Policy All and Policy Till scenario. When transaction costs were included in the analysis, approximately 30 to 40 percent less sequestration from the baseline was estimated. The results varied by province and region.

The two archipelagos of Orkney and Shetland, which form the Northern Isles of Britain, are an active focus of archaeological research. The rich Neolithic heritage of Orkney has been acknowledged by the granting of World Heritage status. Although set in both a biogeographically peripheral position and within what may be considered to be marginal landscapes, these North Atlantic islands have a large number of settlement sites with long occupational sequences, often stretching from the Neolithic to the Late Iron Age or into the Norse period. The mixed paleoeconomic strategy presented by three of these settlements¿Tofts Ness, Sanday, Orkney (excavated 1985¿1988); the Iron Age sequences at Old Scatness, Shetland (excavated 1995¿2006); and Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultivated middens from Jarlshof, Shetland (investigated in 2004)¿provide the core of the evidence discussed within this paper (the radiocarbon chronologies for the key sequences from these three sites are provided as Appendix 1). The role of the prehistoric paleoeconomy is argued to be of central importance in the longevity of these settlements. In particular, barley production is evidenced on all three sites by the plant macrofossils and by the human investment in the creation and management of manured soils, providing an infi eld area around the settlement. This paper focuses on the identifi cation of these anthropogenic soils in the archaeological record. The investment in and management of these arable soils provides clear evidence for resource creation on all three sites. It is argued that these soils were a crucial resource that was necessary to support intensive barley cultivation. The intensive management implied by the presence of these soils is seen as a catalyst for sedentary living and sustainability within a marginal landscape. The evidence also demonstrates the continuity of agricultural practice from the Neolithic to the Iron Age together with the social dynamics that such a practice generates. This paper is in two parts: the fi rst section examines in detail the evidence for the presence of anthropogenic soils and the mixed economic strategies for the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age presented by the evidence from Tofts Ness and Jarlshof. The evidence for the continuity of this intensive strategy of soil management is seen from the later evidence of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age at Tofts Ness and the Middle Iron Age evidence at Old Scatness. The second part of the paper examines the importance of these soils as an inherited resource within the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age paleoeconomic system. Two models are presented. The fi rst examines the cyclic importance of human creation and maintenance of small arable plots to high barley production yields and therefore to site viability, and the effect this has within a mixed resource system in providing settlement viability through time. The second explores the theoretical land and seascape that would provide this mixed resource base.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第24060号 / 地環博第223号 / 新制||地環||42(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 准教授 深町 加津枝, 教授 瀬戸口 浩彰 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. / Bibliography: leaves 173-196. / xviii, 197 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The objective of this thesis is to investigate the factors affecting swelling and dispersion of alkaline sodic soils containing lime and the ways to manage these soils to improve their physical condition. Studies on pure clay systems are included to understand the fundamental process involved in swelling and dispersion of pure and soil clays. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Umeå : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Soil structure and its associated physical properties are essential soil components. Soil texture and mineralogy are inherent soil properties that influence soil management. This study assessed the implication of tillage, texture and mineralogy on soil sieving, aggregate stability indices and physical fractions of organic matter in soils of Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. An Iris FTLVH – 0200 digital electromagnetic sieve shaker (Filtra Vibraciόn SL Spain), was used to determine settings for sieving efficiency. Mean weight diameter (MWD), water stable aggregate (WSA), state of aggregation (SA), dispersion ratio (DR), water dispersible clay (WDC), clay dispersion ratio (CDR), clay flocculation index (CFI), and potential structural deformation index (PSDI) were aggregate stability indices evaluated to check for sensitivity in evaluating aggregate stability of soils under two tillage systems and physical fractions of carbon and nitrogen in soils of Eastern Cape Province. The T4I3P2 and T4I4P3 settings were sensitive under tillage and T4I1P4, T3I4P3 and T4I4P3 were sensitive under mineralogical considerations for sieving efficiency. The total carbon in soils under conventional tillage (CT) was 17.7 g/kg and in soils under no tillage (NT) it was 15.8 g/kg. The total carbon content in the clay fraction of soils under CT was 24.1 percent higher than the total carbon content in the clay fraction of soils under NT. The total nitrogen content in the clay fraction of soils under CT was 5.4 percent higher than the total nitrogen content in the soils under NT. The total carbon in the sandy loam (SL) textured soils was 17.4 g/kg and in the sandy clay loam (SCL) textured soils it was 17.1 g/kg. The total nitrogen in SL soils was 3.7 g/kg and in SCL soils it was 3.7 g/kg. The clay fraction had higher total carbon than other fractions in Sl and SCL soils. The higher values of nitrogen were observed in the silt fraction for SL soils and clay fraction for SCL soils. The total carbon in the soils dominated with kaolinite was 17.3 g/kg and in quartz dominated soils the value was 16.9 g/kg. The total nitrogen in the soils dominated with kaolinite was 3.7 g/kg and in the soils dominated with quartz the value was 3.7 g/kg. For soils under NT the WDC was 135.8 g/kg and for soils under CT it was 139.7 g/kg. The ASC was 72.5 for soils under NT and 92.0for soils under CT. The DR was 0.9 for soils under NT and 0.8 for soils under CT. The CFI was 0.5 for soils under NT and 0.5 for soils under CT. The CDR was 0.5 for soils under NT and 0.5 for soils under CT. The MWDw was 1.6 mm for soils under NT and 1.4 mm for soils under CT. The MWDd was 4.0 mm for soils under NT and 4.0 for soils under CT. The percent WSA > 0.25 mm was 61.7 percent for soils under NT and 56.2 percent for soils under CT. The PSDI was 55.2 percent for soils under NT and 61.15 percent for soils under CT. The SA was 43.2 percent for soils under NT and 37.89 percent for soils under CT. The WDC was 125.7 g/kg for SCL soils and 151.4 g/kg for SL soils. The CDR was 0.5 for both SCL and SL soils. The DR was 0.9 for SCL soils and 0.8 for SL soils. The CFI was 0.5 for both SCL and SL soils. The ASC was 56.2 g/kg for SCL soils and 115 g/kg for SL soils. The MWDw was 1.5 mm for SCL soils and 1.4 mm for SL soils. The MWDd was 3.6 mm for SCL soils and 3.6 mm for SL soils. The percent WSA > 0.25 mm was 53.0 percent for SCL soils and 62.5 percent for SL soils. The PSDI was 59.2 percent for SCL soils and 59.7 percent for SL soils. The SA was 33.6 percent for SCL soils and 45.2 percent for SL soils. The WDC was 313.3 g/kg for kaolinitic soils and 120.7 g/kg for quartz dominated soils. The CDR was 0.5 for kaolinitic soils and 0.5 for quartz dominated soils. The DR was 0.9 for kaolinitic soils and 0.8 for quartz dominated soils. The CFI was 0.5 for kaolinitic soils and 0.5 for quartz dominated soils. The ASC was 110.0 g/kg for kaolinitic soils and 101.7 g/kg for quartz dominated soils. The WSA > 0.25 mm was 57.3 percent for quartz dominated soils and 68.4 percent for kaolinitic soils. The MWDw was 1.6 mm for quartz dominated soils and 0.8 mm for kaolinitic soils. The MWDd was 3.6 mm for quartz dominated soils and 3.4 mm for kaolinitic soils. The PSDI was 56.3 for quartz dominated soils and 76.0 for kaolinitic soils.

An important strategy to obtain better quality of soil is the association of conservative systems on soil management with ground cover cultures which provide increased additions of carbon and nitrogen. Among the soil quality indicators, N has been pinpointed due to its relation to the productive capacity of the soil, once the increment on the yield of economical cultivations, when done subsequently to ground cover cultures, has been attributed to the increasing availability of N. In this way, leguminous plants are mainly preferred because of their symbiotic capacity with Rhizobium bacteria, which trap atmospheric nitrogen. The aim of this work was to evaluate three species of leguminous (crotalaria, guandu and black mucuna) for utilization of Direct Cultivation System (DCS) in maize culture. The statistical outline was done in randomized blocks with four repetitions in subdivided parcels, leguminous in parcels and two applications of N (0 and 80 kg ha-1) in subparcels. Before the seeding of DKB 333 B hybrid maize, the experimental area was prepared with limestone and cultivated leguminous before mentioned leguminous, in order to promote the implementation of the SPD. At 155 days after seeding, the high flowered leguminous were desiccated by apllication of 4 L ha-1 Glyfosate herbicide. The seeding of maize was then held making use of sowing machine propelled by mechanical traction with a spacing of 0,80 m x 0,20 m. The guandu species not only presented a better performance concerning the production of biomass and total accumulated N per hectare when compared to the other species. Crotalaria positively influenced the productivity of successively cultivated maize grains. The addition of 80 kg ha-1 of N for higher production of maize provided a reduction in the proportions of P, K, Ca + Mg, T and V in the soil. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A associação de sistemas conservacionistas de preparo do solo com culturas de cobertura que proporcionem elevadas adições de carbono e nitrogênio é estratégia importante na qualidade do solo. Entre os indicadores de qualidade do solo, destaca-se o N total por sua relação com a capacidade produtiva do solo, uma vez que o incremento no rendimento de culturas econômicas, quando cultivadas em sucessão a culturas de cobertura, tem sido principalmente atribuído ao aumento da disponibilidade de N. Neste sentido, as leguminosas são preferidas, principalmente pela sua capacidade de se relacionar simbioticamente com bactérias do gênero Rhizobium, que fixam nitrogênio atmosférico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar três espécies leguminosas (crotalária, guandu e mucuna preta) para utilização em Sistema Plantio Direto (SPD) na cultura do milho. O delineamento estatístico foi em blocos casualisados com quatro repetições em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, ficando as leguminosas nas parcelas e duas doses de N (0 e 80 kg ha-1) nas subparcelas. Antes da semeadura do milho híbrido DKB 333 B, a área experimental recebeu calagem e em seguida foi cultivada com as espécies de leguminosas mencionadas, de maneira a viabilizar a implantação do SPD. Aos 155 dias após a semeadura, quando as espécies leguminosas encontravam-se na fase de pleno florescimento, as mesmas foram dessecadas, aplicando-se 4 L ha-1 do herbicida Glyfosate, sendo realizada, posteriormente, a semeadura do milho, utilizando-se uma semeadora à tração mecânica no espaçamento de 0,80 m x 0,20 m. Constatou-se que o guandu apresentou uma melhor performance quanto à produção de fitomassa e N total acumulado por hectare quando comparado às demais leguminosas. Entretanto, a crotalária influenciou positivamente a produtividade de grãos de milho cultivado em sucessão. A adição de 80 kg ha-1 de N promoveu uma redução dos valores de P, K, Ca + Mg, T e V no solo.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:46:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_mr_me_jabo.pdf: 565961 bytes, checksum: c8eff938fb73584dff30e69ce86bede4 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O crescimento da produção e o aumento da capacidade competitiva da soja brasileira estão associados aos avanços científicos e à disponibilização de tecnologias ao setor produtivo. A fim de maximizar os benefícios da FBN, o estudo da diversidade genética de Bradyrhizobium japonicum e Bradyrhizobium elkanii relacionada com diferentes sistemas de manejo da cultura da soja é imprescindível para entender as interações entre a população de rizóbios presentes no solo com as estirpes de inoculantes em ambientes diferentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade genética de rizóbios em solos cultivados com soja sob diferentes sistemas de manejo caracterizados com rotação e sucessão de culturas recomendadas para o estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. A partir de amostras de DNA extraídos destas bactérias foi utilizado o marcador molecular fAFLP para estimar a diversidade genética dos 119 isolados de nódulos de soja, e em seguida realizado o sequenciamento parcial do gene 16S rDNA para definir a posição das bactérias em nível de gênero e, em alguns casos, em nível de espécie. Os resultados obtidos, com base no fAFLP, permitiu a divisão dos isolados em dois grupos. No primeiro grupo posicionaram se a maioria dos isolados do sistema plantio direto e dois representantes do sistema convencional que pertencem à safra 2006-2007. Em relação ao segundo grupo, foi observada uma heterogeneidade elevada entre os isolados de diferentes safras e sistemas de manejo (convencional, plantio direto e sistema integrado lavoura pecuária. Com a análise de diversidade genética com base no sequenciamento do gene 16S rDNA, as sequências das 42 estirpes (incluindo as estirpes padrões recomendadas para a fabricação de inoculantes para soja) foi constatado a formação de 2 filos: Proteobactérias... / The growth of crop production and increased competitiveness of Brazilian soybean are associated with scientific advances and the availability of technology to the productive sector. In order to maximize the benefits of BNF, the study of genetic diversity of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii related to different management systems of the soybean crop is essential to understand the interactions between the population of rhizobia in the soil with the inoculant strains in different environments. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of rhizobia in soils cultivated with soybean under different management systems characterized by crop rotation and succession recommended for the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Fluorescent AFLP molecular marker was used to estimate the genetic diversity of 119 isolates from soybean nodules. Samples of DNA extracted from these bacteria were used and partial sequencing of the 16S rDNA was performed to define the position of bacteria at genus level and, in some cases, species level. The results, based on fAFLP, allowed the division of the isolates into two groups. Most isolates of the no-tillage system and two isolates from the conventional system that belong to the 2006-2007 season represented the first group. The second group was represented by a high heterogeneity among the isolates from different crops and management systems (conventional, no-tillage and integrated crop-livestock). The analysis of genetic diversity based on the sequencing of the 16S rDNA of forty-two strains (including standard strains recommended for the production of inoculants for soybeans) allowed the formation of two phyla: Proteobacteria (with the alpha, beta and gamma classes) and Firmicutes. Also a sister group of Firmicutes was... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)