Yuen Siu-man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-180). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.ix / List of Tablcs --- p.xvi / List of Figures --- p.xix / List of Plates --- p.xx / List of Appendices --- p.xxi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- lntroduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The Problem --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Towngas pipeline --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Environmental impact assessment (EIA) --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Landscape restoration --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Ecosystem disturbance and soil impacts of pipeline construction --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Scope and baseline --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Mitigation and restoration guidelines --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the Study --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of the Study --- p.21 / Chapter 1.6 --- Scope of the Study --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7 --- Terminology in the Thesis --- p.23 / Chapter 1.8 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Ecosystem Disturbance and Impacts of Pipeline Construction --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2 --- Soil as an Important Natural Resource --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3 --- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Theory and practice of EIA --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- EIA in Hong Kong --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Soil assessment in EIA --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Ecological impact assessment in EIA --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Mitigation --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Significance of impacts --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Weaknesses of EIA --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- "Post-project analysis, monitoring and audits" --- p.41 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Study Area and Methodology / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Climate --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3 --- Geology and Soils --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4 --- Study Plots --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5 --- Methodology --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Experimental design --- p.56 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Fieldwork --- p.57 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Laboratory analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Date processing and statistical analysis --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- EIA report review --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Soil Baseline / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Texture --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Bulk density --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Soil acidity --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Exchangeable acidity and aluminum --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Soil organic matter (SOM) --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Total and mineral nitrogen --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Total and available phosphorus --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- Exchangeable cations --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- "Effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC), base saturation (BS) and aluminum saturation" --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.10 --- C/N ratio --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3 --- Discussion --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Acidity problem --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Soil texture and bulk density --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Soil organic matter and nitrogen --- p.76 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Soil phosphorus --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- "Exchangeable cations, ECEC. BS and aluminum saturation" --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3.6 --- Implications on landscape restoration --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Impacts of Pipeline Construction on Soils / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2 --- Results --- p.85 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- "Soil acidity, exchangeable hydrogen and aluminum" --- p.86 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Soil texture and bulk density --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Soil organic matter --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Soil TKN --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Phosphorus --- p.91 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Soil exchangeable cations --- p.94 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- "ECEC, BS and aluminum saturation" --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3 --- Discussion --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Nature of the soil impacts --- p.99 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Causes of soil impact --- p.101 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Spatial difference of soil impacts --- p.108 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Significance of the impacts --- p.111 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Mitigation measures --- p.117 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.120 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Improvement of EIA on Soil Management / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.122 / Chapter 6.2 --- Evaluation of Information Provided by the EIA --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Need of more detailed soil baseline --- p.124 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Inadequate soil impact prediction --- p.126 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Need of site-specific soil mitigation --- p.128 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Soil management in EIA --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3 --- Soil Impact Assessment (SIA) --- p.136 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Soil baseline --- p.138 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Impact prediction and significance --- p.140 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Mitigation in SIA --- p.142 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Monitoring in SIA --- p.143 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- Post-project evaluation in SIA --- p.144 / Chapter 6.3.6 --- Application of SIA --- p.145 / Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusion --- p.146 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary of Findings --- p.147 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- Undisturbed soil conditions --- p.147 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Soil impacts and resultant soil properties --- p.149 / Chapter 7.1.3 --- Evaluation of the EIA Report --- p.151 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implications --- p.152 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Challenge to Aber's disturbance level theory --- p.152 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Consolidation of impacts assessment in EIA --- p.153 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Information for soil impact assessment --- p.154 / Chapter 7.3 --- Limitations of study --- p.154 / Chapter 7.4 --- Further Research --- p.156 / References --- p.158 / Appendices --- p.181

Thesis (MScAgric (Soil Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The natural resource condition or health has been accepted as a valuable indicator of sustainable land use. The assessment of soil health (quality) has become a valuable tool in determining the sustainability of land management systems. This work aims to evaluate the sustainability of soil management practices in agricultural extension for vineyards in Robertson, South Africa based, on the current approach of the concept of soil health and soil quality, as well as to briefly explore the present reservations regarding the definition of the concept. The soil management treatments include a mechanical weed control, chemical weed control, annual addition of straw mulch, annual cover crop and perennial cover crop. The objective of study is to (i) identify suitable soil health (quality) indicators for vineyards in the study area; (ii) analyze the soil health (quality) indicators for different soil management treatments; (iii) evaluate the effect of various soil management treatments on the overall soil functionality, by comparing measured indicators to the soil property threshold values, for optimal vine growth; iv) establish a more consistent understanding and use of the terms health and quality, as understood and used in the general science community, with particular reference to the public health system. The soil physical, chemical and biological properties which were selected as indicators of soil health (quality) based on specific criteria similar to previous work done on the concept. The properties selected include soil texture, gravimetric water content, bulk density, soil aeration, water aggregate stability, soil pH, EC, available N,P,K , soil organic matter content, soil microbial biomass, potential mineralizable nitrogen and soil respiration. The study makes use of methods of analysis previously used for soil health and soil quality assessments, as well as soil analytical methods as accepted by experienced soil scientist within the study area. The soil was sampled on three separate events to depths of 0-200 mm for initial characterization of soil and 0-50 mm to compare soil health (quality) Between tracks and In tracks of treatment plots. The values obtained for each property were compared with the optimum for vineyards and ranked accordingly. The treatment that resulted in the most desirable soil health (quality) was the straw mulch and perennial cover crop treatments. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die toestand of gesondheid van natuurlike hulpbronne is aanvaar as `n waardevolle aanduiding van volhoubare grondgebruik. Die assessering van grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) is 'n waardevolle hulpmiddel in die bepaling van die volhoubaarheid van grond bestuur stelsels. Hierdie werkstuk poog om die volhoubaarheid van grond bestuurs praktyke te evalueer vir wingerde in Robertson, Suid-Afrika wat baseer is op die huidige benadering van grond gesondheid en kwaliteit. Die tesis dek ook die huidige onsekerhede oor die konsep en definisies van terme wat gebruik word in die konsep. Die grond bestuur praktyke sluit in 'n meganiese onkruidbeheer, chemiese onkruidbeheer, jaarlikse toevoeging van `n strooi deklaag, jaarlikse en meerjarige dekgewas dekgewasse. Die doel van die studie was om (i) die geskikte grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) indikators vir wingerde in die studie area te identifiseer, (ii) die grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) indikators vir verskillende bogrond bestuur praktyke te identifiseer; (iii) die effek van verskillende grond bestuur praktyke op die algehele grond funksies te evalueer, deur dit te vergelyk met die gemete indikators vir drempelwaardes vir optimale wingerd groei; iv) 'n meer konsekwente begrip en gebruik van die terme “gesondheid” en “kwaliteit” vas te stel, soos dit verstaan en gebruik word in die algemene wetenskaplike gemeenskap, met spesifieke verwysing na die openbare gesondheidsisteem. Die grond fisiese, chemiese en biologiese eienskappe wat as indikators van grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) geselekteer was, word gebaseer op spesifieke kriteria soortgelyk aan dié wat in vorige werk op die konsep gedoen was. Die eienskappe wat geselekteer is sluit in grondtekstuur, gravimetriese waterinhoud, bulk digtheid, grond deurlugting, totalle water stabiliteit, grond pH, electriese geleiding, toeganklike N, P, K, grond organiese materiaal inhoud, grond mikrobiese massa, potensiële mineraliseerbare stikstof en grond respirasie. Die studie maak gebruik van analitiese metodes wat voorheen gebruik was vir grond gesondheid en kwaliteit, sowel as die grond analitiese metodes soos gebruik deur ervare grondkundiges binne die studie gebied. Die grondmonsters was geneem op drie afsonderlike geleenthede oor dieptes van 0-200 mm vir die aanvanklike karakterisering van grond en 0-50 mm, om grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) Tussen trekkerspore en In trekkerspore van die persele te vergelyk. Die waardes verkry vir elke eienskap was vergelyk met die optimum vir wingerde en verdeel volgens kwaliteit. Die behandeling wat die mees optimale grond gesondheid (kwaliteit) getoon het, was die strooi deklaag en meerjarige dekgewas behandelings.

The research contained in these papers embodies both results from direct archaeological investigation and also the development of techniques (geophysical, chronological and geoarchaeological) in order to understand long-term settlements and their associated landscapes in Orkney and Shetland. Central to this research has been the study of soil management strategies of arable plots surrounding settlements from the Neolithic to the Iron Age. It is argued that this arable system provides higher yields in marginal locations. The ability to enhance yield in good years and to store surplus can mitigate against shortage. Control and storage of this surplus is seen as one catalyst for the economic power of elite groups over their underlying or 'client' population. The emergence of a social elite in the Iron Age, building brochs and other substantial roundhouses of near broch proportions, is seen as being linked to the control of resources. Evidence at the site of Old Scatness indicated that there was a continuity of wealth and power from the Middle Iron Age through the Pictish period, before the appearance of the Vikings produced a break in the archaeological record. The Viking period saw a break in building traditions, the introduction of new artefacts and changes in farming and fishing strategies. Each of the papers represents a contribution that builds on these themes.

O terraceamento é uma prática de conservação do solo que visa reduzir a perda de água e solo pela interceptação de enxurradas que ocorrem quando a intensidade da chuva supera a capacidade de infiltração de água no solo. Atualmente, o dimensionamento dos terraços tem sido feito com base em conhecimento empírico; no entanto, um conhecimento mais detalhado da física dos processos que regem o funcionamento dos terraços possibilitaria otimizar o dimensionamento dos terraços. No presente estudo foi avaliada a capacidade de infiltração de água no canal de um terraço em nível pelos métodos da densidade de fluxo e da armazenagem de água em diferentes condições de manejo agrícola (solo nu, solo gramado e solo sob preparo convencional e plantio direto para a implantação da cultura de milho) num Latossolo vermelho com declividade média de 0,08 m m-1. Em cada tratamento foram instaladas sondas de TDR em três pontos de observação no centro do canal do terraço (distanciados de 4 m entre si e considerados como repetições), nas rofundidades de 0,05, 0,10, 0,20, 0,40, 0,60 e 0,80 m. Nestas mesmas profundidades amostras indeformadas de solo foram retiradas para determinação da densidade e curva de retenção de água no solo. As leituras das guias de onda do TDR foram feitas automaticamente e a intensidade de chuva monitorada por um pluviômetro automatizado. Ao final de cada evento de chuva erosiva a deposição de solo foi medida por meio de 14 pontos de observação dispostos ao longo do centro do canal do terraço de cada tratamento. Durante a estação seca (julho-agosto), a condutividade hidráulica do solo não saturado foi determinada em cada repetição nas mesmas profundidades, utilizando o método do perfil instantâneo. Os resultados demonstraram que os manejos agrícolas influenciam na deposição de água e solo sobre o canal do terraço e estas na formação de selo superficial e na capacidade de infiltração de água do canal. Conclui-se que a alta variação comumente obtida entre as repetições de determinação da condutividade hidráulica implica em dificuldades quando se objetiva detectar pequenas diferenças nas densidades de fluxo entre tratamentos. Assim, mostrou ser inviável utilizar densidades de fluxo calculadas pela equação de Darcy-Buckingham para encontrar diferenças em taxas de infiltração em terraços em nível. Essa conclusão reforça-se devido às condições superficiais altamente variáveis encontradas em canais de terraços em nível devido a deposições irregulares do material erodido. Uma metodologia para se realizar medições da umidade nas deposições sobre o canal deve ser desenvolvida para aumentar a acurácia da medida da armazenagem. A taxa de infiltração de água no canal do terraço não pode ser estimada pela variação da armazenagem da água no solo somente, devido ao papel importante da drenagem profunda e, possivelmente, da absorção de água pela camalhão do terraço. Uma adequada estimativa da taxa de infiltração no canal do terraço, imprescindível para seu dimensionamento, deve aliar um grande número de repetições, além da medição da umidade no interior da camada de material depositado sobre o canal ao longo do tempo. / Terracing is a soil conservation practice that aims to reduce water and soil loss by interception of runoff that occurs when rainfall intensities exceed infiltration capacity. Actually, dimensions of terraces are being determined in an empirical way; however, a more detailed understanding of the physics behind the hydrological functions of terraces would allow an optimized dimensioning of terraces. In this study the infiltration capacity of a level terrace was evaluated by the methods of flux density and water storage, under different management conditions (bare soil, pasture, conventionally tilled maize and zero-tillage maize) on an oxisol with a slope of 0.08 m m-1. In each treatment TDR sensors were installed at three observation points in the middle of the terrace canal (distance between points: 4 m; considered to be repetitions) at the depths of 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 m. At the same depths, undisturbed soil samples were taken to determine soil density and soil water retention curve. TDR readings were made automatically and a rainfall gauge automatically monitored rainfall intensity. At the end of each rainfall event, soil deposition was measured at 14 locations in the terrace canal in each treatment. During the dry season (July-August), unsaturated hydraulic conductivity was determined at each repetition at the same depths by the instantaneous profile method. The results showed that agricultural management influenced water and soil deposition in the terrace canal and these affected surfaced sealing and infiltration capacity. It was concluded that the high variation usually obtained between repetitions of the hydraulic conductivity determinations makes the detection of small differences between flux densities difficult. Therefore, it showed to be impossible to use flux densities calculated by Darcy-Buckingham equation in the order to prove existence of different infiltration rates in level terraces. This conclusion was reinforced due to the highly variable surface conditions in the terrace canal. A methodology to measure water contents within the depositions in the canal should be developed to increase the precision of water storage estimation. Infiltration rates in the terrace canal cannot be estimated by storage variation alone, due to the important role of drainage and, possibly, ascension of water in the terrace hill. A correct estimate of the infiltration rate in the canal, necessary for its dimensioning, should combine a high number of repetitions with the measurement of water content within the layer of deposits over the terrace canal surface along time.

Orientador: Alan Rodrigo Panosso / Resumo: A cultura do eucalipto fornece insumos para a indústria madeireira, siderúrgica e de celulose e papel, tendo um enorme potencial para estocar carbono atmosférico na biomassa aérea e no solo ajudando a mitigar o efeito estufa. Porém, poucos trabalhos têm estudado como as emissões de CO2 do solo (FCO2) em áreas de plantio de eucalipto variam no espaço. Sendo assim objetivou-se caracterizar os padrões de variabilidade espaço temporal da FCO2 em área de floresta plantada de eucalipto no baixo cerrado no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, por meio de técnicas geoestatísticas. O estudo foi conduzido em área de Eucalipto na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (UNESP), localizada no município de Selvíria-MS, durante os meses de outubro e novembro de 2015. A FCO2 foi registrada por meio do sistema LI-COR (LI-8100), a temperatura do solo (Ts) foi registrada por meio de termômetro de haste e a umidade do solo (Us) foi determinada por meio de um equipamento de TDR. O experimento foi conduzido em uma malha amostral de 100  100 m contendo 102 pontos amostrais. Os resultados indicaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre as médias de FCO2 do mês de outubro (4,21 mol m-2 s-1) e novembro (6,16 mol m-2 s-1), devido maior condição de umidade do solo proporcionado pelas precipitações pluviais mais frequentes durante o mês de novembro. Aproximadamente 73% da variação temporal da FCO2 foi explicada pelo modelo: FCO2= 13,23 ˗ 0,48Ts ˗ 0,039 Us2 + 0,037... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The eucalyptus crop provides inputs for the timber, steel and pulp and paper industries, and has an enormous potential to store atmospheric carbon in the aerial biomass and soil, helping to mitigate the greenhouse effect. However few works have studied how soil CO2 emissions vary in space in areas of eucalyptus plantations. The objective of this work was to characterize spatiotemporal variability patterns of soil CO2 emission in eucalyptus plantation forest in cerrado in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, using geostatistical techniques. The experiment was conducted in the Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa, da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira (UNESP), located in the Selvíria city -MS. The soil CO2 emission was measured by the LI-COR system (LI-8100), the soil temperature was recorded using a stem thermometer and the soil moisture was determined using a TDR equipment. The experiment was conducted in a 100  100 m grid containing 102 sample points. The results indicate a significant difference (p<0.05) between the mean of FCO2 of the month of October (4.21 mol m-2 s-1) and November (6.16 mol m-2 s-1), due to the greater soil moisture condition provided by the more frequent precipitations during the month of november. Approximately 73% of the temporal variability of FCO2 was explained by the model: FCO2= 13.23 ˗ 0.48Ts ˗ 0.039 Us2 + 0.037 Ts×Us (F=5.40; p=0.039). The fitted models to the variograms for FCO2 were predominant spherical and Gaussian. Range values ranged from 18.... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-05-18T12:54:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Carlos Henrique Antunes.pdf: 1490715 bytes, checksum: 395b47451425b08679ea95cbb4e672d7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-18T12:54:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Carlos Henrique Antunes.pdf: 1490715 bytes, checksum: 395b47451425b08679ea95cbb4e672d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O aporte de N na forma assimilável pelas plantas (NH4+) em diversos ecossistemas é realizado principalmente pelos organismos diazotróficos, e os mesmos vêm sendo pesquisados amplamente em todo o mundo. O N se configura como um dos nutrientes que apresenta grande importância no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas devido a sua função estrutural, pois faz parte da molécula de compostos orgânicos,como os aminoácidos e proteínas, sendo ainda ativador de muitas enzimas. Os adubos amoniacais são os mais comumente utilizados como fonte de nitrogênio nas atividades agrícolas. Contudo, a sua utilização acarreta em aumentos significativos da acidificação do solo, provenientes dos processos de nitrificação. O solo é um sistema complexo e as práticas de manejo podem afetar significativamente as comunidades microbianas que realizam muitos processos de suma importância para a produtividade e sustentabilidade. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o impacto na comunidade microbiana de um solo com a adição de N e calagem sob cobertura na aveia preta em um sistema de plantio direto de longa duração. As coletas de solo foram realizadas em cinco tratamentos distintos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em triplicatas na área experimental: SC (sem cobertura de inverno); CC (com cobertura de inverno); CC+ N (com cobertura de inverno + nitrogênio); CC+C (com cobertura de inverno + calcário) e CC+C+N (com cobertura de inverno + calcário + nitrogênio). Avaliaram-se os atributos químicos do solo, o carbono da massa microbiana, a respiração basal, o quociente metabólico, o NMP dos diazotrofos, o número de nódulos, a massa seca dos nódulos, a massa seca da raiz e parte aérea da soja, bem como utilizou-se a técnica da Biolog Ecoplate para analisar o consumo de fontes de carbono entre os tratamentos, a fim de verificar suas similaridades e diferenças. Constatou-se que as condições químicas como o pH influenciaram diretamente o crescimento e o desenvolvimento da comunidade microbiana em vários parâmetros estudados. Os níveis de carbono da massa microbiana do solo, bem como a respiração basal e o quociente metabólico variaram entre os tratamentos, sendo o tratamento CC+ N o que apresentou um maior distúrbio na biomassa microbiana causado pelo seu manejo. Em relação às bactérias diazotróficas do solo, ficou evidente que a população teve forte influência da aplicação de N e de calcário, se mostrando nula no tratamento CC+C+N, contudo a população de bactérias noduladoras não teve influência negativa nos diferentes tratamentos.Observou-se que o houve um consumo diferente pelas comunidades de para determinados subgrupos de fontes de carbono. É notável a importância do estudo acerca das características e potenciais das bactérias diazotróficas, a fim de promover um avanço nas tecnologias para maximizar a produtividade de culturas que apresentam grande valor econômico para os produtores. / The contribution of N in the form assimilable by the plants (NH4 +) in several ecosystems is carried out mainly by the diazotrophic organisms, and they have been researched widely around the world. N is one of the nutrients that has great importance in the growth and development of plants due to its structural function, since it is part of the molecule of organic compounds, such as amino acids and proteins, being still activator of many enzymes. Ammoniac fertilizers are most commonly used as a source of nitrogen in agricultural activities. However, their use leads to significant increases in soil acidification from nitrification processes. Soil is a complex system and management practices can significantly affect microbial communities that perform many processes of paramount importance for productivity and sustainability. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact on the microbial community of a soil with the addition of N and liming under cover in black oats in a long - term no - tillage system. Soil samples were collected in five different treatments, randomly distributed in triplicates in the experimental area: SC CC (without winter cover); CC (with winter cover); CC + N (with winter + nitrogen coverage); CC + C (with winter cover + limestone) and CC + C + N (with winter cover + limestone + nitrogen).Soil chemical, microbial mass carbon, basal respiration, metabolic quotient, diazotrophs NMP, number of nodules, nodule dry mass, dry mass of the root and shoot of the soybean were evaluated, as well as using the Biolog Ecoplate technique to analyze the consumption of carbon sources between treatments in order to verify their similarities and differences. It was found that chemical conditions such as pH directly influenced the growth and development of the microbial community in several parameters studied. The carbon levels of the soil microbial mass, as well as the basal respiration and the metabolic quotient varied among the treatments, being the treatment CC + N that presented a greater disturbance in the microbial biomass caused by its handling. In relation to the diazotrophic bacteria of the soil, it was evident that the population had a strong influence of the application of N and limestone, if it was null in the treatment CC + C + N, however the population of nodulating bacteria did not have negative influence in the different treatments. It was observed that there was a different consumption by the communities of for certain subgroups of carbon sources. The importance of the study of the characteristics and potentials of diazotrophic bacteria is remarkable in order to promote an advance in the technologies to maximize the productivity of crops that present great economic value to the producers.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-07T13:36:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wendson de Moraes Silva.pdf: 987908 bytes, checksum: 4fcf02e96752efd0c4080412468aca99 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-07T13:36:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wendson de Moraes Silva.pdf: 987908 bytes, checksum: 4fcf02e96752efd0c4080412468aca99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The use of biochar in agriculture is a practice widely used, in order to improve soil characteristics, being of great importance and contributing to soil structure, increase the carbon content in the soil, it is becoming an increasingly important tool in soil conditioning. Several studies are being conducted throughout in Brazil and in the world using the application of biochar in order to find management alternatives to increase the content of soil organic matter. Thus, this study aimed to characterize two biochars produced from two types of waste (peel and coffee grounds), and to evaluate the effect of these in the chemical and biological characteristics of an Entisol cultivated with corn and beans. The work was conducted in the experimental area of the Academic Unit of Garanhuns Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UAG/UFRPE). Initially it was conducted to produce the two biochar a coffee pods (CC) and other coffee grounds (BC), which was carried out by means of combustion heat in a small home oven. After production of these were determined specific surface area (SSA), the adsorption capacity and desorption of phosphorus by colorimetric and performed the analysis of chemical composition of each biochar. For implementation of the experiment in greenhouse was collected soil at 0-20 cm in an area from native forest, the farm Riacho kite in mesoregion South Agreste of Pernambuco, São João, which is classified as Entisol typical eutrophic. Also analyzes were performed to characterize the chemical and physical properties of the soil. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) at random. Treatments consisted of soil with mineral fertilizers (NPK) and organic fertilization with cattle manure, both according to the recommendations indicated for each crop, and two types of Biochar, with 4 repetitions. Four seeds of maize and beans were placed on vessels, five days after emergence (DAE) was carried out thinning, leaving one plant per pot. The pH and conductivity were measured (EC) soil water drainage and held measuring evapotranspiration (ET). And at the end of the experiment, 45 DAE was held to determine the production of fresh biomass (BF) and dry (BS) of the shoot. On the ground it was determined carbon analysis of soil microbial biomass (CBM), the basal respiration (RBS), total organic carbon (TOC), soil organic matter (OM), metabolic quotient (qCO2) and the quotient microbial (QMIC). Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) by F test and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability, and the data were subjected to multivariate principal component analysis (PCA). The biochar BC was more effective in releasing the CC P, which may be related to the lower ASE BC with respect to DC, since higher SEA can cause the P becomes adsorbed to the particles of CC. Whatever type of biochar (CC or BC), the highest dose (16 Mg ha-1) promoted changes in the microbiological properties of the soil, increasing the CBM, TOC and qMIC and decreasing qCO2. Treatment with coffee grounds of biochar (16 Mg ha-1 dose) promoted greater efficiency in water use, consuming 45.6 and 47% less water in crops of corn and beans, respectively. The use of biochar coffee waste (CC and BC) promoted changes in soil properties, increasing pH, P and K levels. / Vários estudos estão sendo realizados em todo no brasil e no mundo utilizando a aplicação de biochar, com a finalidade de se encontrar alternativas de manejo para aumentar o teor de matéria orgânica do solo. Dentre essas alternativas, o uso do biochar na agricultura vem se tornando cada vez mais uma técnica bastante interessante para mitigar os efeitos das mudanças climáticas, sendo uma importante ferramenta no sequestro de carbono que também tem potencial de proporcionar diversas melhorias nas propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. Assim, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de caracterizar dois biochars, produzidos a partir de dois tipos de resíduos (casca e borra de café), além de avaliar o efeito destes nas características químicas e biológicas de um Neossolo Regolítico cultivado com milho e feijão. O trabalho foi conduzido na área experimental da Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UAG/UFRPE). Inicialmente foi realizado a produção dos dois biochar um de casca de café (CC) e outro da borra de café (BC), que foi realizada por meio da combustão em um pequeno forno térmico caseiro. Após a produção destes, foram determinadas a superfície específica (ASE), a capacidade de adsorção e dessorção do fósforo por colorimetria, e realizada a análise da composição química de cada biochar. Para implantação do experimento em casa de vegetação foi coletado solo na camada de 0-20 cm numa área proveniente de mata nativa, na fazenda Riacho do Papagaio, na mesorregião do Agreste Meridional do Estado de Pernambuco, município de São João, sendo este classificado como Neossolo Regolítico eutrófico típico. Também foram realizadas análises para caracterizar as propriedades químicas e físicas do solo. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) ao acaso. Os tratamentos consistiram de solo com adubação mineral (NPK) e adubação orgânica com esterco de curral, ambas segundo a recomendação indicada para cada cultura, e dois tipos de Biochar, com 4 repetições. Quatro sementes de milho e de feijão, foram colocadas por vasos, sendo que cinco dias após a emergência (DAE) foi realizado um desbaste, deixando-se uma planta por vaso. Foram medidos os valores de pH e de condutividade elétrica (CE) da água de drenagem do solo, e realizada a medição da evapotranspiração (ET). E no final do experimento, 45 DAE, realizou-se a determinação da produção de biomassa fresca (BF) e seca (BS) da parte aérea. No solo foram determinadas as análises do carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo (CBM), da respiração basal (RBS), do carbono orgânico total (COT), da matéria orgânica do solo (MO), do quociente metabólico (qCO2) e do quociente microbiano (qmic). Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) por meio do teste F e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, e os dados foram submetidos à análise multivariada de componentes principais (ACP). O biochar de BC foi mais efetivo em liberar P que o CC, o que pode estar relacionado com a menor ASE do BC em relação ao CC, uma vez que maior ASE pode fazer com que o P fique adsorvido às partículas do CC. Independentemente do tipo de biochar (CC ou BC), as maiores doses (16 Mg ha-1) promoveram alterações nas propriedades microbiológicas do solo, aumentando o CBM, o COT e o qMIC e diminuindo o qCO2. O tratamento com biochar de borra de café (dose de 16 Mg ha-1) promoveu maior eficiência no uso de água, consumindo 45,6 e 47% menos água nas culturas do milho e feijão, respectivamente. O uso de biochar de resíduos de café (CC e BC) promoveram mudanças nas propriedades químicas do solo, aumentando o pH e os teores de P e K.

Orientador: Morel de Passos e Carvalho / Banca: Rafael Montanari / Banca: Marcelo Andreotti / Resumo: A cana-de-açúcar tem importância incontestável no Brasil, tanto por ser matéria-prima para a produção de etanol e açúcar, como para o seqüestro de carbono atmosférico mundial. A correta intervenção espacial na administração da lavoura, decorrente das zonas específicas de manejo do solo, aumenta sua produtividade e a lucratividade agrícola. No ano de 2010, em Suzanapólis, estado de São Paulo, Brasil (20°27' lat. S; 51°08' lon. W) foram empregadas correlações, de Pearson e espaciais, entre atributos da cana-de-açúcar e alguns atributos físico-químicos do solo, visando encontrar aquele que pudesse definir zonas específicas de manejo do solo. Para tanto, instalou-se a malha irregular para a coleta de dados do solo e da planta, numa área 10,5 ha, num talhão contendo a variedade de cana-de-açúcar RB 85 5453, no terceiro corte e bisada. Nela foram alocados aleatoriamente 118 pontos amostrais georreferenciados, de forma a cobri-la amplamente, num ARGISSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico (Typic Tropudult). Os atributos da planta foram a produtividade de plantas, a população de plantas, os açúcares totais recuperáveis e o percentual de sólidos solúveis, de sacarose, de pureza e de fibras. Enquanto que os do solo foram o teor e o estoque de carbono orgânico, a densidade global, a resistência à penetração, a umidade gravimétrica e volumétrica, a macroporosidade, a microporosidade e a porosidade total do solo. Dessa forma, para obtenção de máxima produtividade, para a variedade pesquisada, a população de plantas ideal é 16 plantas por metro. O teor de carbono orgânico e o seu estoque, por terem apresentado apreciáveis correlações lineares e espaciais de forma direta com a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar, revelaram-se como atributos potencialmente aptos para a definição de duas zonas específicas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sugar cane is nowadays very important for Brazil as it is the raw material for the ethanol and sugar production, and also because it contributes to the sequestration of the world atmospheric carbon. The correct spatial intervention in the crop management, as a consequence of specific management zones of the soil, increases both soil productivity and yields. In 2010, Pearson and spatial correlations for sugar cane attributes and for some physical and chemical soil attributes were used, in Suzanápolis, São Paulo state, Brazil (20°27' S; 51°08' W), aiming at finding the one that would allow the definition of specific management zones of the soil. In order to achieve that, an irregular grid for collecting soil and plant data was installed in an area 10.5 ha, in a lot where the sugar cane variety RB 85 5453 had been growing, at the third cut and 24th month. 118 georeferenced sampling spots were randomly determined in order to cover all the area in a Typic Tropudult. The plant attributes were stems productivity, plants population, recoverable total sugars and soluble solids percentage, of sucrose, of purity and of fibers. Whereas the soil attributes were organic carbon level and stock, bulk density, penetration resistance, gravimetric and volumetric water contents, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity. Therefore, in order to achieve maximum productivity, for the studied variety, the ideal plants population is of 16 plants per meter. The organic carbon level and stock proved to be potentially efficient attributes when it comes to defining two specific management zones of the soil, as some remarkable linear and spatial correlations were observed to be strongly linked to sugar cane productivity. In these zones, the sugar cane productivity varied from... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Sérgio Hugo Benez / Banca: Maria Helena Moraes / Banca: Luiz Malcoln Mano de Mello / Banca: Edgard Jardim Rosa Junior / Banca: Rubens Siqueira / Resumo: O uso do sistema plantio direto tem proporcionado uma série de transformações nas cadeias produtivas devido ao planejamento e à diversificação das atividades agrícolas com as ráticas racionais, o que vem aumentando a produção de grãos e carne no país. Devido à sua grande extensão territorial, as condições climáticas são irregulares, algumas regiões caracterizam-se por elevadas temperaturas, com chuvas de grande intensidade no verão e inverno frio e seco, ocasionando dificuldades na formação de cobertura morta com baixo custo. Uma das espécies utilizadas para esta finalidade são as gramíneas, que, integradas no sistema de rotação e sucessão de culturas, garantem a cobertura do solo por períodos mais prolongados. Este trabalho objetivou analisar o desempenho energético dos sistemas de manejo do solo e da cobertura com a otimização do número de culturas em sucessão para a produção de grãos e feno, e obtenção de cobertura de solo para região de inverno seco. O experimento foi instalado e conduzido em condições de campo, nos anos agrícolas de 2002/2003 e 2003/2004, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Campus de Botucatu/ UNESP, num Nitossolo Vermelho Distrófico, cultivado há 7 anos com os mesmos tratamentos de preparo do solo: arado de disco + 2 gradagens leves; escarificador com disco de corte e rolo destorroador; sistema plantio direto no verão; semeadura direta das culturas de inverno com aveia preta e sorgo e tratamento testemunha composto por pousio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (3x3), com quatro repetições. Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar que, independente das espécies utilizadas, a porcentagem de cobertura do solo mostrou-se superior no sistema plantio direto quando comparado aos demais...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The use of the no-tillage system has been providing a series of transformations in the productive chains because of the planning and diversification of the agricultural activities with rational practices, comes increasing the production of grains and meat in the country. Due to your large territorial extension, the climatic conditions are irregular, some areas are characterized by high temperatures, with rains of intensity in the summer and cold and dry winter, causing difficulties in the formation of dead covering with low cost. One the species used for this purpose they are grasses that, integrated in the rotation and succession crops systems, give security to soil coverage for more lingering periods. The objective of this research was to analyze the energy acting of planting systems and soil coverage with the optimize of the number of cultures in succession for the production of grains and hay, and obtaining soil covering for area of dry winter. The experiment was installed and led in field conditions, in the agricultural years 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, in The Lageado Experimental Farm, Unesp, Campus of Botucatu, on an Alfisol , cultivated 7 years ago with the same treatments planting: disk plow + 2 leveling disk harrowing; chisel plow with cut disk and roll; system no-tillage in the summer; no-tillage in the winter with dark oat and sorghum and testifies treatment composed by winter fallow. The experimental design was the split plot in factorial outline (3x3), with four replications. Results showed that, independent of the used species, the percentage of soil coverage was superior in the system no-tillage when compared to the others. The soybean planting prepared with minimum tillage it provided larger integrated force of traction, potency demand, fuel consumption, slip of traction wheel and smaller displacement speed...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Dentre os ecossistemas terrestres, o solo constitui um dos principais reservatórios de carbono (C). As práticas de preparo agrícola alteram esse compartimento, acelerando o processo de oxidação da matéria orgânica do solo, o que favorece a emissão de gases do efeito estufa. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em um experimento de longa duração localizado na Fundação ABC em Ponta Grossa (PR) sob diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo: plantio convencional (PC), preparo mínimo (PM), plantio direto (PD) e plantio direto escarificado (PDE), dispostos em blocos ao acaso. Os objetivos foram, determinar: a) os estoques de C e nitrogênio (N) do solo; b) a quantidade e qualidade dos resíduos culturais; e c) quantificar as trocas gasosas de CO2 e N2O entre o solo-atmosfera. As amostragens foram realizadas de outubro de 2003 a novembro de 2004 na sucessão aveia branca/soja/trigo. Os estoques de C e N do solo foram determinados após a colheita das culturas e não apresentaram diferença estatística entre épocas de cultivo e tratamentos. O PD apresentou os maiores estoques médios de C e N, e o PC os menores valores. As taxas de seqüestro de C, na camada 0-20 cm nos tratamentos estudados em comparação ao PC (15 anos de implantação), foram de: 0,55; 0,66 e 0,46 Mg ha-1ano-1 para PM, PD e PDE, respectivamente. As massas secas e os estoques de C e N dos resíduos culturais foram maiores na época da colheita das culturas, e superiores nos tratamentos PD e PDE. Os teores de C dos resíduos não tiveram diferença estatística entre as médias dos tratamentos. Os resíduos de soja apresentaram, em todos os tratamentos, maior teor de N e menor de hemicelulose. As variações no Quociente holocelulose/lignocelulose (QCL), Índices ligno-celulósico (ILC) e de decomponibilidade (ID) foram pequenas, evidenciando pouca variação entre os resíduos da rotação. As médias diárias das emissões de CO2 do solo variaram de 24 a 248 mg m-2 h-1 aumento progressivo, de novembro/03 (semeadura da soja) a fevereiro/04, devido ao crescimento das raízes que incrementou a taxa de respiração do solo. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre as emissões de CO2 e N2O com o ciclo diário da temperatura. As médias anuais de emissão de CO2 e N2O foram iguais nos horários 8:00, 12:00h e 17:00h. Os fluxos de N2O variaram de 3 a 53 &#181;g m-2, e a maior freqüência observada com saturação de água no solo em torno de 60%, após as adubações nitrogenadas em junho/2004 no PC e PM e em julho/2004 no PD e PDE. O revolvimento do solo pela gradagem e incorporação dos resíduos culturais no PC e PM, não alteraram significativamente as emissões de CO2 e N2O. Os tratamentos estudados não apresentaram diferença nas médias anuais de emissão de CO2 e N2O do solo. Dentre todas as variáveis estudadas, comparando os tratamentos PC, PM, PD e PDE, o PD destacou-se por apresentar maior estoques de C e N no solo em relação aos demais tratamentos. / Between the terrestrial ecosystems, the soil is one of the most important pools of carbon (C). Agricultural tillage practices alter the contents of this element, accelerating the process of organic matter oxidation, inducing greenhouse gases emissions. The present research was carried out in a long-term experiment located at Fundação ABC in Ponta Grossa (Paraná State, Brazil) under different soil management systems: conventional (CT), minimum (MT), no-till (NT) and no-till harrowed (NTH), randomly displayed in blocks. The objectives were to determine: a) soil C and nitrogen (N) stocks; b) quantity and quality crop residues; c) quantify the CO2 and N2O gasses fluxes from the soil to the atmosphere. Sampling activities were performed between October 2003 and November 2004 in the succession white oat/soybean/wheat. Soil C and N stocks were determined after the crops were harvested and showed the same distribution of soil C and N for all treatments, no significant statistically difference among cultural seasons and treatments was observed. NT system presented the highest mean soil C and N stock values, and the CT had the smaller values. Soil C sequestration rates in the 0-20 cm, in the treatments in comparison with the CT with 15 years of adoption, were 0,55; 0,66 and 0,46 Mg ha-1year-1 for MT, NT and NTH, respectively. Dry matter and C and N stocks of crop residues were higher in the harvest season, and presented high values for NT and NTH. Carbon contents in crop residues were maintained in the same magnitude and showed no significant statistically difference. Soybean residues just presented, in all treatments, higher N concentration and smaller hemicelulose contents. The holocelulose/lignocelulose quotient (HLQ), ligno-celulosico (LCI) and decomposition (DI) indexes were small, evidencing in this work, little variation between the crop residues analised. The soil CO2 CO2 daily average emissions varied from 24 to 248 mg m-2 h-1 and presented a progressive increase of November/03 (sow of the soy) to February/04, indicating that the soil respiration passed to be constituted of the organism soil and root plants. Correlation was not observed between the emissions of CO2 and N2O with the daily cycle of the temperature. The same annual averages of emission of CO2 and N2O were observed in the schedules 8:00, 12:00 and 17:00 hours. The N2O flow varied from 3 to 53 g m-2, and the largest frequency observed with water filled pore space around 60 %, and after the nitrogen fertilization in June 2004 in CT and MT and in July 2004 in NT and NTH. Soil tillage with plow and incorporation of the cultural residues in CT and MT, didn&#39;t alter the emissions of CO2 and N2O significantly. The studied treatments didn\'t present difference in the annual averages of emission of CO2 and N2O of the soil during 2003 and 2004 years. Between the studied variables, comparing the treatments CT, MT, NT and NTH, NT system stranded out from the other treatments by present higher soil C and N stocks.