• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 46
  • 17
  • 5
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 71
  • 71
  • 37
  • 18
  • 16
  • 14
  • 13
  • 12
  • 9
  • 8
  • 8
  • 7
  • 7
  • 7
  • 6
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Atributos biológicos como indicadores de qualidade do solo em Floresta de Araucária nativa e reflorestada no Estado de São Paulo / Biological attributes as soil quality indicators in Foresty with native Araucaria and reflorestation in São Paulo State

Jamil de Morais Pereira 10 August 2012 (has links)
A conservação da biodiversidade edáfica na Floresta Ombrófila Mista favorece os processos de decomposição e ciclagem de nutrientes, melhorando as propriedades físicoquímicas e biológicas do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o potencial dos atributos da macrofauna edáfica, Fungos Micorrízicos Arbusculares (FMA) e de variáveis ambientais explicativas (físico-químicas e microbiológicas) como indicadores de qualidade do solo em duas épocas contrastantes (inverno e verão) em Floresta de Araucária do Estado de São Paulo. Foram avaliadas florestas com Araucaria angustifolia nativa (NF) e reflorestada (RF) em três regiões distintas do Estado de São Paulo. Cada floresta teve três repetições verdadeiras, nas quais, foram coletadas, ao acaso, quinze amostras de solo para avaliação dos atributos físicos (densidade, macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total e umidade), químicos [pH, teores de carbono orgânico (C-org), P, Ca, Mg, K, Al e H+Al] e biológicos [macrofauna, FMA, carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM), respiração basal, quociente metabólico (qCO2) e atividade da desidrogenase (Desi)]. Nos mesmos pontos de amostragem, foram avaliadas a macrofauna edáfica, a densidade de FMA e a colonização micorrízica em raízes de araucária. Na serapilheira foi avaliada a massa seca (MSS) e foram determinados os teores de C, N e S. Os atributos físico-químicos e microbiológicos do solo e químicos da serapilheira foram submetidos à análise de variância (Two-way ANOVA). A abundância da macrofauna e de espécies de minhocas foram submetidas à Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e as variáveis microbiológicas, MSS, físico-químicas do solo e da serapilheira foram usadas como variáveis explicativas (VE). A abundância de espécies de FMA foi submetida à ACP e as variáveis físico-químicas do solo e da serapilheira foram usadas como VE. Adicionalmente, a abundância da macrofauna e as VE foram submetidas à Análise Canônica Discriminante (ACD) e a uma Análise de Correlação Canônica (ACC). A macrofauna apresentou maior riqueza de grupos no verão, sendo que a NF proporcionou a maior diversidade de grupos. A umidade, porosidade total, teor de S na serapilheira, pH, teor de K, CBM e respiração basal foram os atributos edáficos mais importantes para separar as áreas. O grupo Oligochaeta, principamente as espécies Ponthoscolex corethrurus e Amynthas spp., foram boas indicadoras de qualidade do solo e/ou de distúrbio na Floresta de Araucária. Encontraram-se 36 táxons de FMA, sendo os gêneros Glomus, Acaulospora e Scutellospora os mais abundantes. A espécie Ambispora appendicula apresentou a maior abundância relativa. No inverno, observou-se alta correlação da Desi e C-CO2 com pH e H+Al, enquanto que no verão, o C-org, umidade, Mg, pH e C da serapilheira se correlacionaram com a atividade da Desi e C-CO2. Os atributos H+Al, P, porosidade total, S da serapilheira e umidade do solo foram os mais importantes na separação das áreas, independente de épocas de coleta. / The conservation of edaphic biodiversity in Araucaria Forests favors the processes of decomposition and nutrient cycling, improving the physico-chemical and biological soil properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of the macrofauna, mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and environmental explanatory variables (physico, chemical and microbiological) as indicators of soil quality in two different contrasting seasons (winter and summer) in Araucaria Forests. We evaluated forests with native Araucaria angustifolia (NF) and reforested areas (RF) in three different regions in the State of São Paulo. Each forest had three true replicates, in which we collected at random, fifteen soil samples for evaluation of physical attributes (density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and moisture), chemical attributes [pH, organic carbon (org-C), P, Ca, Mg, K, Al and H+Al] and biological attributes [macrofauna, AMF, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (CO2-C), metabolic quotient (qCO2) and dehydrogenase activity (Desi)]. At the same sampling points we evaluated the edaphic macrofauna, the density of AMF and root colonization in Araucaria. We evaluated the litter dry matter (MSS) and analyzed the contents of C, N and S. The physico-chemical and microbiological soil attributes and the chemical litter attributes were submitted to analysis of variance (Two-way ANOVA). The abundance of macrofauna and of earthworm species were submitted to a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the microbiological variables, litter dry weight, physico-chemical attributes of soil and litter were used as explanatory variables (EV). The abundance of AMF species was submitted to the PCA and the physico-chemical variables of soil and litter were used as EV. Additionally, the abundance of macrofauna and EV were submitted to a Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) and to one Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). The macrofauna showed greater richness of groups in the summer, and the NF provided the highest diversity. Moisture, total porosity, S litter content, pH, K, MBC and basal respiration were the edaphic attributes most important to separate the areas. The group Oligochaeta, especially the species Ponthoscolex corethrurus and Amynthas spp., were good indicators of soil quality and/or disturbance in these Araucaria forests. We found 35 AMF taxons, and the genera Glomus, Acaulospora and Scutellospora were the most abundant. The species Ambispora appendicula showed the highest relative abundance. In winter, a high correlation of the microbiological attributes Desi and CO2-C with pH and H+Al was found, while in the summer, the org-C, moisture, Mg, pH and Carbon of the litter were more correlated with Desi activity and C-CO2. The attributes H+Al, P, total porosity, S of the litter and soil moisture were the most important attributes to discriminate the areas, regardless of the season.
52

Avaliação dos efeitos de agrotóxicos sobre a fauna edáfica por meio de ensaios ecotoxicológicos com Eisenia andrei (Annelida, Oligochaeta) e com comunidade natural de solo / Assessment of pesticides effects on soil fauna through ecotoxicological tests with Eisenia andrei (Annelida, Oligochaeta) and natural soil fauna community

Maria Edna Tenório Nunes 10 December 2010 (has links)
Os impactos ambientais relacionados ao uso de agrotóxicos em áreas agrícolas vêm sendo considerados como preocupantes nas últimas décadas, verificando-se efeitos adversos em diferentes níveis de organização biológica nos ecossistemas terrestres e aquáticos e, consequentemente, com elevados riscos à saúde humana. No municipio de Bom Repouso, MG, com economia baseada na produção de batata e morango, a situação é similar, evidenciando-se a utilização intensiva e inadequada de agrotóxicos (mais de 80 produtos), muitos com alta periculosidade ambiental e toxicológica, entre eles o Vertimec® 18 EC. No sentido de verificar os impactos do uso deste agrotóxico, estudos experimentais foram conduzidos para avaliação de efeitos agudo, crônico (reprodução) e comportamental (rejeição) com Eisenia andrei (Annelida, Oligochaeta), além da realização de ensaio multi-espécies, com populações da fauna edáfica extraidas de área do CRHEA/SHS/EESC/USP, Itirapina, SP. Por meio dos resultados obtidos, verifica-se que para E. andrei a CL50, 14dias foi de 7,64 mg/kg, sendo que a sobrevivência dos organismos nos ensaios crônicos (28 dias) só diferiu significativamente (p<0,05) do controle na maior concentração (10,5 mg/kg). Os sobreviventes apresentaram alterações morfológicas (afilamento e descoloração da parte posterior; estrangulamentos em diferentes regiões do corpo; fragmentação e perda de segmentos, principalmente posteriores), comportamentais (letargia ou lentidão na resposta a estímulos mecânicos) e diminuição do peso corporal, correlacionadas ao aumento das concentrações do agrotóxico. Em relação à reprodução, o número médio de juvenis (n = 4) passou de 33 (Controle) para 3 (0,875 mg de abamectina/kg SAT), não ocorrendo reprodução nos demais tratamentos. Nos ensaios de comportamento, houve rejeição, com diferença significativa (p<0,05) em relação ao controle, a partir de 1,75 mg abamectina/kg. Nos ensaios com multi-espécies verificou-se efeito significativo na densidade (p<0,05), sendo maior no controle, no qual também foram registrados os maiores índices de diversidade e riqueza para fauna edáfica, e menor índice de dominância, em relação à dose recomendada (DR). / Environmental impacts of pesticides use in agricultural areas have been a matter of worry in the last decades, with adverse effects on different levels of biological organization of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and, consequently, denoting high risks to human health. At Bom Repouso, MG, Brazil, where economy is based on potato and strawberry production, the situation is similar, with intensive and inappropriate pesticide use (more than 80 products), many very dangerous and toxic to the environment and humans, such as Vertimec® 18 EC. Aiming to verify the impacts of the use of this pesticide, experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the acute, chronic (reproduction) and behavioral (avoidance) effects on Eisenia andrei (Annelida, Oligochaeta), in addition to an multi-species assay, with edaphic fauna populations extracted from an area at CRHEA/SHS/EESC/USP, Itirapina, SP. The LC50, 14d for E. andrei was 7.64 mg/kg and the survival of earthworms on chronic test (28 days) differed significantly (p<0.05) from control only at the highest concentration (10.5 mg abamectin/kg soil). Survivors showed morphological (threadlike and colorless posterior region; constrictions on different body regions; fragmentation and loss of segments) and behavioral (lethargy or slowness o respond to mechanical stimuli) alterations and weight loss correlated to increasing pesticide concentrations. Respecting to reproduction, average (n = 4) number of juvenile was 33 (Control); 3 (0.875 mg de abamectin/kg soil) and 0 (other treatments). Earthworms avoided contaminated soils, with significant difference (p<0.05) from control, from 1.75 mg abamectin/kg soil. Multi-species tests showed significant effect (p<0.05) on density, higher on control, which showed higher diversity and richness indexes for edafic fauna, and small dominance index, compared to recommended dose (DR).
53

Réponse de la flore, de la faune du sol et de leur substrat à l'introduction d'espèces exotiques envahissantes végétales. / Response of native flora, soil fauna and their habitat to the introduction of invasive alien species

Abgrall, Corentin 17 September 2019 (has links)
Les espèces exotiques envahissantes végétales sont des plantes introduites et naturalisées hors de leur aire de répartition native et capables de maintenir et d’accroitre leur population. Certaines sont considérées comme transformatrices de par leur effet sur les écosystèmes : leur structure, leur fonctionnement ainsi que leur communauté végétale et animale. Ces transformations peuvent rendre certaines de ces espèces nuisibles de par leurs impacts écologiques et économiques important. Les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse et présentés ici ont pour objectif d’approfondir les connaissances sur l’impact des invasions biologiques. La faune du sol, la végétation native et leur substrat ainsi que son fonctionnement ont été étudiés à différentes échelles spatiales. Deux espèces exotiques, envahissantes en Europe, ont été considérées comme modèles pour ces travaux : le robinier faux-acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia) et la renouée du japon (Reynoutria japonica). Premièrement, une méta-analyse globale a permis de démontrer l’effet positif des invasions biologiques végétales sur l’abondance de certains groupes de la faune du sol, notamment les consommateurs primaires, en fonction de la structure de l’habitat (ouvert ou fermé). Ensuite, une étude à large échelle sur le robinier faux-acacia a permis d’illustrer les différences qui peuvent exister dans la réponse des écosystèmes forestiers aux invasions le long d’un gradient latitudinal. Ce gradient, composé de quatre régions distinctes en Europe de l’Ouest présente des différences de climat et de végétation dominante, ces différences modifiant l’impact du robinier faux-acacia. Une étude approfondie sur le robinier faux-acacia en Normandie a permis de mieux comprendre l’effet du robinier faux-acacia sur les communautés animales et végétales ainsi que sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes par comparaison avec deux essences natives dominantes. Finalement, une manipulation expérimentale en laboratoire a démontré l’impact des composés allélopathiques de la renouée du Japon sur une partie de la faune du sol. Cette étude a montré que certaines espèces exotiques envahissantes sont susceptibles d’influencer la faune, et les réseaux trophiques, du sol par leur métabolisme secondaire. Ces travaux illustrent l’intérêt, dans le contexte des invasions biologiques végétales, de l’étude simultanée des compartiments aériens et souterrains à différentes échelles spatiales. / Invasive alien plants are species introduced and naturalized outside of their native distribution range and which have the capacity to maintain and expand their population. Some of these species are considered to be ecosystem transformers by altering their structure, functioning as well as resident animal and plant communities. These induced alterations make some of these species undesirable through their ecological and economical impacts. The work presented in this thesis aimed at a better understanding of the impact of biological invasions by alien plants. The soil fauna, native vegetation and their substrate, as well as ecosystem functioning, were studied at different spatial scales. Two exotic alien species, invasive in Europe, were considered as biological models for this work: the black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and the Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica). Firstly, a global meta-analysis demonstrated the positive impact that plant invasions can exert on the abundance of some groups within the soil fauna, notably primary consumers, within different types of habitats (open or closed). Then, a large-scale study on the black locust revealed the differences that can can occur in the response of forest ecosystems to invasions along a latitudinal gradient. Study sites along this gradient, distributed amog four distinct regions in western Europe, exhibit differences in climate and dominant native vegetation which can alter the impact of the black locust. A detailed study on black locust impact in Normandy demonstrated the impact of R. pseudoacacia on native plant and soil fauna communities, as well as some ecosystem functions, in comparison to two native tree species. Finally, a laboraty experiment demonstrated the impact that allelopathic compounds extracted from Japanese knotweed rhizomes can have on some organisms within the soil fauna. This study showed that some invasive alient plants can influence the soil fauna, and soil food webs, through their secondary metabolism. This thesis illustrates that simultaneous study of both aboveground and belowground ecosystem compartments at different spatial scales is of interest in the context of biological invasions.
54

Effet d'un prélèvement de biomasse ligneuse accru et d'une compensation minérale par apport de cendres sur la biodiversité des sols forestiers. / Effect of increased export of forest biomass and wood ash compensation on soil fauna and associated function

Elie, François 05 April 2019 (has links)
Dans le contexte énergétique actuel, les pouvoirs publics s’engagent à réduire la consommation des énergies fossiles et à développer le marché des énergies renouvelables afin de diminuer les émissions de CO2 et de faire face à la raréfaction des sources d’énergie fossile. La demande en bois-énergie, notamment de plaquettes forestières, est appelée à s’accroître dans les années à venir. Afin d’augmenter la production forestière une exploitation des résidus de coupe de diamètre inférieur à 7 cm, appelés rémanents forestiers, est envisagée. De plus, pour compenser la perte de matière organique exportée avec les rémanents, une compensation minérale sous forme de cendres provenant des chaufferies est envisagée. Cependant, l’impact de telles pratiques de gestion sur les écosystèmes forestiers tempérés ne sont que très peu étudiés. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient donc d’étudier l’impact d’un export des rémanents forestiers et d’une compensation par les cendres sur la biocénose du sol à différentes échelles et de tenter d’identifier des indicateurs biologiques pouvant mettre en lumière les perturbations de l’écosystème créées par ces gestions. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la macrofaune et de la mésofaune du sol à une échelle régionale puis nationale a permis de mettre en avant l’importance de l’essence dominante (hêtre ou chêne) dans la réponse du macrofaune à l’export de rémanents. Cette partie a aussi montré que l’export de la totalité des rémanents et de la litière a un impact négatif sur toute la communauté de la faune du sol et que l’apport de cendres ne compensait pas, voire aggravait, l’effet de l’export de rémanents. Dans un second temps, une étude en mésocosme d’un double gradient de quantité de rémanents et de cendres a mis en avant l’importance de la fertilité minérale du sol dans la réponse de l’interface sol-végétation. Dans un sol neutre, l’export des rémanents ou l’apport de cendres ne présentait pas d’impact sur l’interface sol-plante au contraire du sol acide. De plus, dans le sol acide, une importante modification structurelle de la communauté microbienne a été mise en avant lors du mélange entre les rémanents et les cendres. Pour finir cette étude a permis de mettre en lumière les ordres des Lithobiomopha et des Geophilomorpha comme potentielles sources de bioindicateurs des perturbations des réseaux trophiques dans le cadre d’une gestion des rémanents ou d’un apport de cendres / In the current contextof energetic transition, public policies commit to reduce fossil fuel consumption and develop renewable energies in order to reduce CO2 emission. Woody biomass can be one of the solutions in order to increase the share of renewable energu ressources in energetic mix. In order to increase woody biomass production, an export of logging residues (under 7 cm of diameter) is investigated. Furthermore, in order to offset th export of organic matter with logging residue, mineral compensation by wood ash application is investigated. Nevertheless, the effect of such management practices on temperate forest ecosystem were understudied. The aims of this thesis were to study the impact of logging residues management intensity and wood ash offset on soil biota and to investigate potential bioindicators of disturbance led by these practices. First, the study on macrofauna and mesofauna at various scales (regional then northen French) highlited the importance of tree species (oak or beech) the response of soil biota to logging residue export. Furthermore, this first part showed a strong negative impact on the whole soil community when logging residues and litter were exported and wood ash application did not compensate the impacts of logging residues export on macro and mesofauna. Second, a mesocosm study with a cross-gradient of logging residue and wood ash input highlighted the importance of mineral fertility in the response of soil-plant interface. In neutral soil, logging residue export or wood ash application did not impact soil-plant interface, conversely to acidic soil. Furthermore, in acidic soil, a strong structural disturbance of microfloral assemblage was showed when logging residue and wood ash were added together. Third, this thesis highlighted Litobiomorpha and Geophilomorpha orders as potential sources of bioindicators of disturbance of trophic networks in logging residue export and wood ash offset context of forest management practices
55

Forest floor dynamics across a chronosequence in the coastal western hemlock zone

Klinka, Karel January 1997 (has links)
The forest floor represents the uppermost organic and organicenriched mineral soil horizons. They have been formed by the deposition of organic material and the subsequent biologically mediated decomposition. The forest floor influences rooting-zone temperature, aeration, moisture, and nutrient conditions, and hence, forest productivity. Considering the importance of the forest floor, and the fact that it is exposed to disturbance (being the surface layer), we need to assess the potential impacts our logging practices may have. Clearcutting, one of the contentious silvicultural practices used in British Columbia, is imputed to most adversely affect ecosystems and sustainability. We assessed the long-term impact of clearcutting on the forest floor by documenting changes in the thickness, chemical and biotic properties of the humus form across a chronosequence of forest stands. The study was located in the largest and most representative portion of the coastal rainforest the Very Wet Maritime Coastal Western Hemlock (CWHvm) subzone.
56

Impact of green manure on soil organisms : with emphasis on microbial community composition and function /

Elfstrand, Sara, January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
57

Diversidade de morfotipos e famílias de coleoptera em sistemas agrícolas e florestais do planalto catarinense / Coleoptera morphotypes and families diversity in farming and forestry systems of highlands, Santa Catarina - Brazil

Pompeo, Pâmela Niederauer 15 July 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2017-12-08T12:47:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF16MA063.pdf: 2212915 bytes, checksum: 04fbb20d7aa662e3ea47bf30ae5ba4c3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-08T12:47:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF16MA063.pdf: 2212915 bytes, checksum: 04fbb20d7aa662e3ea47bf30ae5ba4c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-15 / PROMOP / The beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) are distributed in different environments and soil depths and are important executors of ecosystem services. To study their community contribute to elucidate the effects of human disturbance on functions and environments biodiversity. The aim of this research was to relate the effects of land-use systems (LUS) on Coleoptera diversity, as well their relationship with soil properties. The LUS evaluated were no-tillage crops (NT), integrated crop-livestock (ICL), pasture (PA), Eucalyptus plantation (EP) and native forest fragments (NF). Samples were collected from a 3 × 3 grid giving nine points at a distance of 30 m from each other, in winter and summer, in three municipalities in the southern Santa Catarina highlands, Brazil. The beetles were collected by methods of soil monoliths excavation following the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) and Pitfall traps. The same points were collected samples for evaluation of physical, chemical and microbiological soil attributes, abundance and diversity of families and eco-morphological groups of Coleoptera (morphotypes). The last followed the Eco-morphological index methodology (EMI), for obtaining the Biological Quality of Soil index (QBS) modified. We used multivariate statistical analysis, and the environmental variables (physical, chemical and microbiological of soil) considered as explicative for the Coleoptera distribution. Were found, regardless of collection method and LUS, 13 morfotypes and 32 families, being the beetles with epigean morphologic adaptation were more abundant than hemi-edaphic and edaphic respectively. The Coleoptera families Staphylinidae, Carabidae and Scarabaeidae were the most representative, regardless of LUS. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, was higher in NF, RE and PA systems to Coleoptera morphotypes. As for families, RE and PA showed higher diversity. The reduction of QBS index did not follow a gradient of land use intensification (NF>EP>PA>ICL>NT), with generally higher values for NF, PA, ICL, NT and EP, respectively. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated distinction in the distribution of invertebrates between different LUS. The edaphic Coleoptera, more adapted to life in the soil, demonstrated relationship with the NT and ICL systems, because the best conditions of pH, Ca and P, when sampled by TSBF and with NF when by Pitfall traps in the summer. NF showed association with greater amount of morphotypes when assessing their PCAs to the methods separately or together, and the attributes connected to dynamics of C in the soil contributed to explain this distribution. The Coleoptera families were also more abundant in the NF due to attributes porosity and organic matter, conditions favoring the occurrence of representative groups Staphylinidae, Scarabaeidae and Leiodidae. The separation to Coleoptera morphotypes level, considering their adaptation for life in the soil, proved to be an efficient alternative to discriminate LUS, besides the taxonomic analysis, mainly in combination with other explicative environmental variables / Os coleópteros (Insecta: Coleoptera) se distribuem em diferentes ambientes e profundidades do solo e são importantes executores de serviços nos ecossistemas. Estudar sua comunidade contribui para elucidar os efeitos da perturbação antrópica sobre a funcionalidade e biodiversidade dos ambientes. O objetivo da pesquisa foi relacionar os efeitos dos sistemas de uso do solo (SUS) sobre a diversidade de Coleoptera, bem como a relação destes com os atributos do solo. Os SUS avaliados foram: culturas sob plantio direto (PD), integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), pastagem (PA), reflorestamento de eucalipto (RE) e fragmentos de floresta nativa (FN). As amostras foram coletadas em uma grade de amostragem de 3 × 3, totalizando nove pontos, distanciados entre si em 30 m, no inverno e verão, em três municípios do Planalto Sul-catarinense. Os coleópteros foram coletados pelos métodos de escavação de monólitos de solo seguindo o Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) e armadilhas do tipo Pitfall traps. Nos mesmos pontos foram coletadas amostras para avaliação dos atributos físicos, químicos e microbiológicos do solo, além da abundância e diversidade de famílias e grupos eco-morfológicos de coleópteros (morfotipos). Esta última seguiu metodologia do Eco-morphological index (EMI), para a obtenção do índice de Qualidade Biológica do Solo (QBS) modificado. Utilizou-se análise estatística multivariada, sendo, as variáveis ambientais (físicas, químicas e microbiológicas do solo) consideradas como explicativas para a distribuição dos coleópteros. Foram encontradas, independente do método de coleta e SUS, 13 morfotipos e 32 famílias, sendo que os coleópteros com adaptações morfológicas epígeas foram mais abundantes que os hemi-edáficos e os edáficos, respectivamente. As famílias de Coleoptera Staphylinidae, Carabidae e Scarabaeidae foram as mais representativas, independente do SUS. O índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, foi mais elevado nos sistemas FN, RE e PA para morfotipos de Coleoptera. Já para famílias, RE e PA apresentaram maior diversidade. A redução do índice QBS não seguiu um gradiente de intensificação de uso do solo (FN>RE>PA>ILP>PD), apresentando em geral valores mais elevados para FN, PA, ILP, PD e RE, respectivamente. A análise de componentes principais (ACP) indicou distinção na distribuição dos invertebrados entre os diferentes SUS. Os coleópteros edáficos, mais adaptados a vida no solo, demonstraram relação com PD e ILP, devido as melhores condições de pH, Ca e P, quando amostrados por TSBF e com FN quando por armadilhas no verão. A FN apresentou associação com maior quantidade de morfotipos quando avaliadas as ACPs para os métodos separadamente ou em conjunto, sendo que os atributos ligados a dinâmica do C no solo contribuíram para explicar essa distribuição. As famílias de Coleoptera também foram mais abundantes na FN devido aos atributos porosidade e matéria orgânica, condições estas que favorecem a ocorrência de grupos representativos como Staphylinidae, Scarabaeidae e Leiodidae. A separação ao nível de morfotipos, considerando suas adaptações à vida no solo, se mostrou uma eficiente alternativa para discriminar os SUS, além da análise taxonômica, principalmente em conjunto com outras variáveis ambientais explicativas
58

Produção e decomposição da serrapilheira em um ecossistema semiárido do nordeste brasileiro: variação temporal e espacial e efeito da fauna de solo sobre a serrapilheira / Litter decomposition in a Northeastern Brazil semiarid ecosystem: spatial and temporal variation and microarthropods fauna effect

Araújo, Virginia Farias Pereira de 23 August 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:55:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4002692 bytes, checksum: 85600be9b689a4e4048b5414df434ab6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Studies related to litter dynamics are important to comprehend decomposing deciduos material, nutrients cycling, succession patterns, ecological disturbance and environmental variables interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. In opposition to Caatinga's degradation speed, a lack of studies related to litter production dynamics is observed. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate climatic factors (rainfall and evapotranspiration) and vegetation effects over temporal and spatial dynamics of litter production in Brazilian Northeastern's semiarid. A phytosociologic survey was performed in Paraiba's Cariri in 12 sampling areas. Two 1 m2 collectors (with 0,15 m3) were placed about 50 m distant from each other in order to estimate litter monthly production between November 2009 and 2011. Litter deposition values observed in this study varied between 3430 and 4600 kg.ha-1.year-1. Litter production was significantly bigger in the second year of survey and it varied between months in both years. Intra-annual variation was positive to total litter production, showing peaks of litterfall in dry period about three or four months after the greatest rates of monthly rainfall. While reproductive structures and branches corresponded to 14% and miscellany from 3% to 5%, leaves, which represented more than 60% of the total, corresponded to the predominant part of litter. Litter production was significantly different between areas so as each of its parts. The density of plant species, vegetation height and trunk diameter at ground were responsible for 79% of annual litter production in those different areas. Results reveal that litter production in Caatinga have a spatiotemporal heterogeneity, which is related to climate and vegetation and must provide effects over substratum in edaphic microorganisms activities and, consequently, in edaphic conditions and nutrients availability. Therefore, in Caatinga, associations of spatial variations in microhabitats conditions and inter-annual variations could interfere in the offering period of floral resource, substrate nutrients availability and, possibly, in the behavior of substrate-using animals. / Apesar do reconhecimento de que a fauna seja importante na ciclagem de nutrientes, as suas relações com a decomposição da serrapilheira ainda são pouco conhecidas em ambientes semiáridos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito espacial e temporal das condições do habitat e dos microartrópodes do solo sobre a decomposição na Caatinga. No Cariri paraibano, entre novembro de 2009 e outubro de 2011, a taxa de decomposição foliar foi avaliada através de dois transectos com 30 bolsas de serrapilheira, com 10±0,5 g de folhas de Caesalpinia pyramidalis e Croton blanchetianus, em igual proporção, distribuídos em 12 áreas de amostragem. No transecto denominado controle, as bolsas foram preenchidas apenas com folhas, enquanto no segundo transecto, denominado fauna-reduzida, além das folhas, as bolsas de serrapilheira apresentavam cerca de 30 bolas de naftalina (~33,2 g), para avaliação do efeito da fauna sobre a decomposição. No primeiro ano, a taxa de decomposição foi menor independentemente do período de exposição, sendo decomposto cerca de 32%, 47% e 63% em 120, 240 e 360 dias, respectivamente. Enquanto, no segundo ano, a perda de massa foi de 45%, 54% e 73%, respectivamente. A taxa de decomposição correlacionou-se com a precipitação (acumulada) e a evapotranspiração (acumulada). Analisando os efeitos da fauna de microartrópodes e de cada área de amostragem sobre a taxa de decomposição, verificou-se que estes fatores tanto atuam isoladamente, quanto de forma conjunta sobre esse processo, entre os diferentes períodos de exposição (120, 240, 360 dias). A riqueza de espécies, densidade, altura da vegetação e o diâmetro do tronco à altura do solo (DTS), a serrapilheira produzida e o efeito da fauna, juntas, explicaram 91% da taxa de decomposição anual da serrapilheira, porém o DTS foi à única variável não significativa neste modelo. A precipitação e ETR tem efeito chave sobre a decomposição, pois além de atuarem sobre as perdas por lixiviação de compostos lábeis solúveis em água, estes fatores influenciam a vegetação, a produção de serrapilheira e a fauna decompositora e, portanto, desencadeiam estímulos sobre diferentes fatores, que atuam sobre o processo de decomposição. Este experimento mostrou que a decomposição de plantas pode ser influenciada por fatores bióticos em uma Floresta Tropical Seca, como a Caatinga, e que a decomposição não pode ser explicada apenas pelo clima e pela qualidade do substrato, visto que no sistema solo-serrapilheira, a vegetação e os organismos edáficos são fatores críticos na manutenção e disponibilidade de nutrientes.
59

Arthropoda de solo em um ecossistema semi-?rido da regi?o neotropical: composi??o, variabilidade temporal e estratifica??o / Arthropoda of soil in a semi-arid exosystem of the neotropical region: composition and temporal variability

Ara?jo, Virg?nia Farias Pereira de 17 February 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:10:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VirginiaFPA.pdf: 3161205 bytes, checksum: 32bf6716cae52aaaa41494cdf8ac9532 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Caatinga is an important laboratory for studies about arthropods adaptations and aclimatations because its precipitation is highly variable in time. We studied the effects of time variability over the composition of Arthropods in a caatinga area. The study was carried out at a preservation area on Almas Farm, S?o Jos? dos Cordeiros, Para?ba. Samples were collected in two 100 m long parallel transects, separated for a 30 m distance, in a dense tree dominated caatinga area, between August 2007 and July 2008. Samples were collected in each transect every 10 m. Ten soil samples were taken from each transect, both at 0-5 cm (A) and 5-10 cm (B) depth, resulting in 40 samples each month. The Berlese funnel method was used for fauna extraction. We registered 26 orders and the arthropods density in the soil ranged from 3237 to 22774 individuals.m-2 from January 2007 to March 2008, respectively. There was no difference between layers A and B regarding orders abundance and richness. The groups recorded include groups with few records or that had no records in the Caatinga region yet as Pauropoda, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Protura and Araneae. Acari was the most abundant group, with 66,7% of the total number of individuals. Soil Arthropods presented a positive correlation with soil moisture, vegetal cover, precipitation and real evapotranspiration. Increases in fauna richness and abundance were registered in February, a month after the beginning of the rainy season. A periodic rain events in arid and semiarid ecosystems triggers physiological responses in edafic organisms, like arthropods. Edafic arthropods respond to time variability in the Caatinga biome. This fauna variation has to be considered in studies of this ecosystem, because the variation of Arthropods composition in soil can affect the dynamics of the food web through time / A Caatinga ? um importante laborat?rio para estudos sobre as adapta??es e aclimata??es de Arthropoda, devido a uma alta varia??o temporal da precipita??o. Foram verificados os efeitos da variabilidade temporal sobre a composi??o de Arthropoda em uma ?rea de caatinga. O estudo foi realizado na Reserva Particular do Patrim?nio Nacional (RPPN) Fazenda Almas, S?o Jos? dos Cordeiros, Para?ba. A coleta foi realizada em dois transectos paralelos de 100 m, distantes 30 m entre si, em ?rea de caatinga arb?rea densa, durante o per?odo entre agosto de 2007 e julho de 2008. Em cada transecto, foram determinados 10 pontos de coleta, distanciados 10 m entre si, onde se retiraram 10 amostras do solo entre 0 e 5 cm (A) e 5 e 10 cm (B) de profundidade, totalizando 40 amostras mensais. O m?todo do funil de Berlese foi utilizado na extra??o da fauna. Foram registradas 26 ordens e a densidade de Arthropoda do solo variou de 3237 a 22774 indiv?duos.m-2 em janeiro de 2007 e mar?o de 2008, respectivamente. N?o houve diferen?a significativa entre as camadas A e B com rela??o a abund?ncia e riqueza de ordens. Grupos com poucos registros ou que n?o haviam sido inventariados na regi?o da caatinga foram registrados, como Pauropoda, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Protura e Araneae. Acari foi o grupo mais abundante com 66,7% do total de indiv?duos. Os Arthropoda de solo apresentaram correla??o positiva com a umidade do solo, cobertura vegetal, precipita??o e evapotranspira??o real. Foram registrados aumento na riqueza e na abund?ncia da fauna em fevereiro, um m?s ap?s o in?cio das chuvas. A ocorr?ncia de chuvas peri?dicas em ecossistemas ?ridos ou semi-?ridos aciona respostas fisiol?gicas em organismos ed?ficos, como os Arthropoda. Portanto, os Arthropoda ed?ficos respondem a variabilidade temporal em ?rea de caatinga. Esta varia??o da fauna tem implica??es potencialmente importantes no estudo do ecossistema, pois as mudan?as na composi??o de Arthropoda do solo podem afetar a din?mica da rede alimentar ao longo do tempo
60

Efeitos das vari?veis ambientais locais sobre a abund?ncia, a riqueza e a biomassa da macrofauna de solo em um ecossistema semi?rido no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste do Brasil

Oliveira, Daniel de 31 August 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanielO_DISSERT.pdf: 1269498 bytes, checksum: 758aaeb33fe30cc21606c68e15b68f35 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The soil macrofauna is influenced to several biotic and abiotic environmental factors, from changes in the physical environment to a variety of interactions among the species involved, affecting the patterns of biodiversity of soil fauna. The power and specificity of the mechanisms that act on soil organisms vary greatly depending on environmental conditions at different scales of space and time. The Caatinga has great spatial heterogeneity of vegetation, climate and soil, so the soil macrofauna would follow this local spatial variation in the environment? This study aimed to investigate the effects of local environmental variables on biological parameters (taxa richness, total abundance and biomass) of soil macrofauna in a fragment of caatinga in Jo?o C?mara, Rio Grande Norte, Northeast Brazil. The study was conducted in the Caua?u farm, where a grid of 2000m x 500m was drawn, and later, 30 sampling points were randomly selected. The methodology used to collect the macrofauna was the TSBF method. We tested the effects of 10 environmental variables on macrofauna across the plots and across the layers of soil. The hypothesis that macrofauna soil responds to changes in the environment was not supported throughout the plots, but was confirmed to soil layers. The soil macrofauna shows a pattern of concentration in the surface layer and decreases considerably in the deeper layers. This pattern had significant and positive relationship with the aerial plant biomass and fine root stock. The aerial plant biomass releases plant necromass that accumulates in the surface layer, providing an important source of resource and shelter for soil macrofauna, explaining their greater abundance in this layer. The roots are used as a means for the arrival of nutrients to the soil from the primary production, thus a greater amount of root conditions higher food intake for macrofauna, especially the herbivores / A macrofauna de solo est? sujeita a diversos fatores ambientais bi?ticos e abi?ticos, desde varia??es no ambiente f?sico ? variedade de intera??es entre as esp?cies envolvidas, afetando os padr?es de biodiversidade da fauna de solo. A for?a e a especificidade dos mecanismos que atuam sobre os organismos de solo variam bastante de acordo com as condi??es ambientais em diferentes escalas de espa?o e de tempo. A Ccaatinga apresenta grande heterogeneidade espacial da vegeta??o, clima e solo, sendo assim, a macrofauna de solo acompanharia essa varia??o espacial local no ambiente? Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos das vari?veis ambientais locais sobre os par?metros biol?gicos (riqueza de t?xons, abund?ncia de indiv?duos e biomassa) da macrofauna de solo em um fragmento de Caatinga no munic?pio de Jo?o C?mara, Rio Grande no Norte, Nordeste do Brasil. O estudo foi conduzido na fazenda Caua?u, onde foi tra?ada uma grade de 2000m x 500m, e posteriormente, foram sorteados 30 pontos de coleta. A metodologia usada para a coleta da macrofauna foi o m?todo TSBF. Foram testados os efeitos de 10 vari?veis ambientais sobre a macrofauna ao longo das parcelas e ao longo das camadas de solo. A hip?tese de que a macrofauna de solo responde as varia??es no ambiente n?o foi corroborada ao longo das parcelas, mas foi confirmada para as camadas de solo. A macrofauna de solo apresenta um padr?o de concentra??o na camada superficial e diminui consideravelmente nas camadas mais profundas. Padr?o esse que teve rela??o significativa e positiva com a biomassa vegetal a?rea e o estoque de ra?zes finas. A biomassa vegetal a?rea libera necromassa vegetal que se acumula na camada de superf?cie, constituindo uma importante fonte de recurso e de abrigo para a macrofauna de solo, explicando sua maior abund?ncia nessa camada. As ra?zes servem como via para a chegada ao solo de nutrientes provenientes da produ??o vegetal, dessa forma, uma maior quantidade de ra?zes condiciona maior entrada de alimento para a macrofauna, principalmente os herb?voros

Page generated in 0.0565 seconds