Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-03-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 chioderoli_ca_dr_jabo.pdf: 1406962 bytes, checksum: 6b143a26068872bbf6c72e1f96952c54 (MD5) / A sustentabilidade do sistema plantio direto está inteiramente ligada ao uso e manejo do solo, com o propósito de utilizar tecnologias que promovam o acúmulo de matéria seca no solo; fato imprescindível para tornar o sistema sustentável e lucrativo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar as variações de alguns atributos físicos e químicos do solo; avaliar a melhor época e modalidade de semeadura de duas espécies de Urochloas em consórcio com o milho, bem como avaliação dos parâmetros operacionais na semedura de soja sobre palhada dos consórcios. O experimento foi instalado nos anos agrícolas de 2010/11 e 2011/12 em área experimental do Laboratório de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola da UNESP/Jaboticabal-SP, em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico típico, textura argilosa, com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 9 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x4+1, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por duas espécies de Urochoas (Urochloa brizantha e Urochloa ruzizienses) e quatro modalidades de consórcio das Urochoas com o milho: MFL- Milho com Urochoa na linha de semeadura do milho; MFE- Milho com Urochoa na entrelinha; MFC- Milho com Urochoa na entrelinha semeada junto ao adubo de cobertura do milho no estádio V4; MFLA- Milho com Urochoa à Lanço no estádio V4 do milho; TESTEMUNHA- Milho exclusivo. Os resultados demonstraram que a consorciação e a sequência de culturas praticadas proporcionaram aumento na macroporosidade, microporosidade e porosidade total do solo nas camadas de 0,0-0,30m, com redução significativa da densidade do solo, principalmente no segundo ano agrícola, bem como aumento significativo dos atributos químicos do solo sob o consórcio de milho com Urochloas ruzizienses ao decorrer dos anos agrícolas. A maior produção de matéria seca... / The sustainability of no tillage system is fully linked to the soil use and management, in order to utilize technologies that promote the accumulation of dry matter in the soil, an essential fact to bring the system sustainable and profitable. The aim of this study was to characterize the variations of some physical and chemical soil properties; evaluate the best time and method of seeding of two species of Urochloas intercropped with maize, as well as evaluation of operational parameters in soybean seeding on the consortiums straw. The experiment was carried in agricultural years of 2010/11 and 2011/12 in the experimental area of the Machinery and Agricultural Mechanization Laboratory of UNESP/Jaboticabal-SP, in typic eutroferric red latossol, clay texture, in complete randomized blocks with 9 treatments in factorial design 2x4+1, with 4 replications.The treatments were constituted by two species of Urochoas (Urochloa brizantha and Urochloa ruzizienses) and four modalities of Urochoas intercroped with maize: MFL (Maize with Urochloa in the maize seeding row), MFE (Maize with Urochloa sowed between rows) MFC (Urochloa sowed between maize rows along with the manure at the V4 stage); MFLA (Maize with Urochloa planted by throwing at the V4 stage) and Control (Exclusive Maize). The results showed that the intercropping systems and sequence of cultivated crops promoted increased on the macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity of the soil in layers of 0.0 to 0.30 m, with a significant reduction in the density of the soil, especially in the second growing season, as well as significant increase of the soil chemical properties under the intercropping maize with Urochloas ruzizienses through the growing seasons. The highest production of straw total dry matter was for maize with Urochloa sowed between rows... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: A cana-de-açúcar aparece atualmente no cenário agrícola brasileiro como uma das principais culturas, apresentando-se em grande expansão não somente no Estado de São Paulo, mas também em vários outros estados brasileiros. Devido a esta expansão e a leis federais que regularizam o fim das queimadas nos canaviais, a colheita da cana-de-açúcar vem passando por um momento de transição, deixando de ser realizada de forma manual e com queima do canavial (cana queimada) e passando a ser colhida com máquina e sem queima (cana crua). Com a mudança na forma de colheita uma grande quantidade de palha tem sido deixada sobre o solo, criando no pedoambiente condições que podem causar alterações nas propriedades químicas, físicas e até mesmo nos óxidos de ferro, que são considerados atributos do solo estáveis por longo tempo. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar as variações dos atributos químicos, físicos e mineralógicos do solo submetido a dois diferentes tipos de colheita de cana-de-açúcar e determinar a variabilidade espacial destes atributos do solo em áreas de colheita de cana crua e cana queimada. Duas parcelas de aproximadamente um hectare cada foram delimitadas em áreas com cana crua e cana queimada. Foram retiradas, em cada área, amostras de solos em 126 pontos, nas profundidades de 0,0-0,25 e 0,25-0,50 m. As amostras foram submetidas às análises químicas, físicas e mineralógicas. Na profundidade de 0,0-0,25 m foram escolhidos 20 pontos em cada área, os quais foram submetidos à análise do grau de humificação da matéria orgânica do solo. Os resultados das análises foram submetidos às análises da estatística descritiva com teste de comparação de médias, à análise estatística multivariada de agrupamentos e ainda à análise de componentes principais. Posteriormente foram realizadas análises geoestatísticas, obtendo-se... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The sugarcane currently appears in the agricultural scenario as one of the main crops, performing in expansion not only in the state of São Paulo, but also in another several states. Duo to this expansion and the federal laws that regulate the end of fire in the cane fields, the sugarcane harvest is going through a transition moment, ceasing to be held manually and with fire in the fields (burnt cane) and going to be harvested with machinery and without fire (green cane). With the change in the way of harvesting, a large amount of cane straw has been left on the soil surface, creating a new pedoenvironment, which has caused changes in the chemical, physical and even in iron oxides, which are considered stable attributes of the soil for a long time. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the variations in the chemical, physical and mineralogical properties of the soil subjected to two different types of harvesting sugar cane and determine the spatial variability of soil properties in areas of green cane harvesting and burnt cane. Two parcels of approximately one hectare each were defined in areas with green cane and burnt cane. Were taken in each area, soil samples at 126 points in the depths of 0.0-0.25 and 0.25-0.50 m. Those samples were subjected to chemical, physical and mineralogical properties analysis. At a depth of 0.0 to 0.25 m were chosen 20 points in each area, which were subjected to analysis of the degree of humification of soil organic matter. The analysis results were submitted to analysis of descriptive statistics with comparison of means test, the multivariate statistical analysis of clusters and also the principal component analysis. Geostatistical analysis were, thus obtaining the spatial dependence, semivariograms and kriging maps of the attributes studied. To analyze the correlation between the attributes, crossed semivariograms were constructed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Nos últimos anos, novas estratégias têm sido desenvolvidas na obtenção de incrementos da produtividade agrícola associados à manutenção da qualidade do solo. No entanto, as terras agrícolas vêm perdendo a sua qualidade física decorrente dos processos de compactação a que estão sendo expostas. A compactação do solo, destaca-se a nível mundial como um dos principais responsáveis pela redução da produtividade das culturas. Pesquisas têm descrito o processo de compressão de solos formados sob a influência de clima temperado, bem como modelos que relacionam esse processo com os atributos intrínsecos dos solos. A informação disponível também demonstra que o processo de compactação depende do sistema de manejo de solo adotado. Entretanto, existe a necessidade de desenvolver estudos que permitam uma melhor compreensão do processo de compactação de solos desenvolvidos sob clima tropical. Nesse sentido, este trabalho testou a hipótese de que o processo de compactação e os indicadores derivados da curva de compressão de solos tropicais são influenciados diferenciadamente pelo sistema de manejo aplicado, devido às alterações que o mesmo induz nas propriedades físicas do solo. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar quantitativamente o processo de compactação e os indicadores “índice de compressão” e “pressão de preconsolidação” de solos submetidos a diferentes intensidades de tráfego em um pomar de laranja e diferentes intensidades de pisoteio animal em uma pastagem irrigada e obter, se possível, relações que permitam estimar esses indicadores a partir de propriedades do solo facilmente mensuráveis. Os objetivos específicos foram: i) determinar a influência de diferentes intensidades de tráfego no processo de compactação e nos parâmetros índice de compressão e pressão de preconsolidação de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo sob pomar de laranja e, a partir desses indicadores, avaliar a heterogeneidade da compactação; ii) avaliar a influência do pisoteio animal na compressibilidade de um Argissolo Vermelho submetido aos sistemas de pastejo rotacionado intensivo: irrigado e não irrigado; e iii) obter funções que permitam estimar a capacidade de suporte de carga do solo a partir de uma propriedade facilmente mensurável e de extrema importância para o crescimento de plantas: a resistência do solo à penetração. Os resultados referentes ao primeiro objetivo indicaram que o processo de compactação foi influenciado pela intensidade de tráfego, visto que os valores de pressão de preconsolidação diferiram nas posições de amostragem entre rodado, rodado e projeção da copa em relação à linha de cultivo. A pressão de preconsolidação resultou ser um indicador mais sensível que o índice de compressão na avaliação da heterogeneidade da compactação em áreas citrícolas. Os resultados obtidos no segundo objetivo revelaram diferenças na compressibilidade do solo, refletindo-se nas curvas de compressão uniaxial dos sistemas de pastejo rotacionado intensivo irrigado e não irrigado. Os sucessivos ciclos de pastejo induziram aumento da pressão de preconsolidação do solo nos dois sistemas de pastejo, sendo significativamente superior no sistema de pastejo rotacionado intensivo irrigado. No que se refere ao terceiro objetivo, foi determinada uma relação significativa, positiva e linear entre a pressão de preconsolidação e a resistência do solo à penetração medida no laboratório e no campo. Estes resultados possibilitam afirmar que a capacidade de suporte de carga do solo pode ser estimada a partir de uma propriedade física facilmente mensurável como a resistência do solo à penetração avaliada no campo. / In the last years new strategies have been developed to obtain increment of the agricultural productivity maintaining the soil quality. However, the agricultural lands quality is decreasing as a consequence of the soil compaction process. Soil compaction is considered as one of the main factors responsible for the reduction of the cultures productivity. Researches related to soils formed under the influence of temperate climate have described the process of soil compression, and developed models that relate this process with the soil intrinsic attributes. Studies have also shown that the soil compression process depends on the soil management practices. However, it is still necessary to develop studies that allow a better understanding the compaction process of soils developed under tropical climate. In this context, this research tested the hypothesis that the soil compaction process is influenced differently by the management practices, due to the alterations that induce on the soil physical properties. The general objective of this study was to evaluate quantitatively the compaction process, and the indicators “compression index” and “preconsolidation pressure” of soils submitted to different traffic intensities in an orchard, and different animal trampling intensities in an irrigated short duration grazing system, and to obtain relationships that allow to estimate these indicators using easily measurable soil attributes. The specific objectives were: i) to determinate the influence of different traffic intensities in the soil compaction process, and in the compression index and preconsolidation pressure of an Haplustox under an orange orchard, and to use these indicators to evaluate the soil compaction heterogeneity; ii) to evaluate the influence of the animal trampling on the soil compressibility of an Hapludalf submitted to two rotation short-duration grazing systems: not irrigated and irrigated; and iii) to obtain functions that allow to estimate the load support capacity using an easily measurable and very important soil property for plant growth; i.e. the soil resistance to penetration. The results related to the first objective indicated that the compaction process was influenced by the traffic intensity, since that the preconsolidation pressure values were different between the sampling positions; i.e., between wheel track, wheel track, canopy projection, and row. The preconsolidation pressure demonstrated to be a more sensitive indicator than the compression index in the evaluation of the soil compaction heterogeneity in an orange orchards. The results related to the second objective have indicated differences in the soil compressibility, which in turn were expressed in the soil compression curves of the irrigated and not irrigated rotation short-duration grazing systems. The successive grazing cycles have induced increases of the soil preconsolidation pressure values of the two grazing systems, being significantly greater in the irrigated rotation short-duration grazing system. The results related to the third objective have demonstrated the existence of a significant, positive and linear relationship between the preconsolidation pressure values and the soil mechanical resistance that were measured in the laboratory and in the field. These results make possible to state that the soil load support capacity can be estimated using an easily measurable soil property; i.e. the soil resistance to penetration.

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Rouverson Pereira da Silva / Banca: Alberto Carvalho Filho / Resumo: A cultura do milho no Brasil tem importante papel sócio-econômico, pois desempenha uma função estratégica na cadeia produtiva. Para a indústria, o milho é uma matéria-prima que possibilita obtenção de subprodutos destinados a alimentação humana e animal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho operacional relacionando o efeito da velocidade de deslocamento de um conjunto trator-semeadora-adubadora combinado com três populações de plantas (número de sementes por metro) na demanda energética do conjunto, na quantificação das características agronômicas referente a cultura do milho e análises físicas e químicas do solo. O experimento foi implantado na área da Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Produção da UNESP/Jaboticabal, SP, o solo da área experimental é classificado como LATOSSOLO Vermelho eutroférrico típico, A moderado, textura argilosa. O experimento foi constituído de um esquema fatorial 2x3 conduzido sob delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com tratamentos sob duas velocidades de deslocamento do conjunto trator-semeadora-adubadora (6,5 km h-1 e 4,5 km h-1), definidas em função da potência do trator a ser utilizado, e três populações de plantas de milho (55.000, 65.000 e 75.000 plantas ha-1), definidas em função do híbrido utilizado, com quatro repetições, perfazendo um total de 24 parcelas. Foram analisadas as variáveis referentes a demanda energética da operação de semeadura como: força e potência na barra de tração, consumo horário e operacional de combustível e capacidade de campo operacional. Variáveis referentes a cultura: número médio de dias para emergência das plântulas de milho, população inicial e final de plantas, altura de inserção da espiga viável, altura de plantas e diâmetro do colmo, número de fileiras, número de grãos na fileira e índice de espigas, produtividade de grãos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The maize crop in Brazil has an important socioeconomic role that it plays a strategic role in the production chain for the industry, corn is a feedstock that allows obtaining products intended for human consumption and animal feed. This study aimed to evaluate the operational performance relating the effect of forward speed of a tractor-planter combined with three plant densities (number of seeds per meter) and the energy demand of the set, the quantification regarding agronomic corn and analysis physical and chemical of soil. The experiment was established in the area of Finance Education, Research and Production, UNESP / Jaboticabal, SP, the experimental area is classified as Typic Eutrudox, moderate, clayey. The experiment consisted of a 2x3 factorial conducted under randomized block design. treatments under two travel speeds of the tractor-planter (6.5 km h-1 and 4.5 km h-1), defined according to the power of the tractor to be used, and three plant populations of maize (55.000, 65.000 and 75.000 plants ha-1), defined depending on the hybrid used, with four replications, a total of 24 plots. We analyzed the variables of energy demand in the sowing operation such as strength and power at the drawbar, fuel consumption and fuel and operating performance in field operations. Variables related to culture: the average number of days to emergence of corn seedlings, initial and final population of plants, height of ear insertion viable, plant height and stem diameter, number of rows, number of grains in the row index and cob, yield and mass of cornstalks and weeds. The speed of movement influence on power, operational field capacity and fuel consumption, increasing these variables and consumption reducing operating this variable, the population of corn plants in the affected stem diameter, with the smallest population in the highest diameter The combination of higher speed of seeding... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Renato Levien / Banca: Luiz Malcolm Mano de Mello / Banca: Marcílio Vieira Martins Filho / Banca: Teresa Cristina Tarlé Pissarra / Resumo: A sustentabilidade do sistema plantio direto está inteiramente ligada ao uso e manejo do solo, com o propósito de utilizar tecnologias que promovam o acúmulo de matéria seca no solo; fato imprescindível para tornar o sistema sustentável e lucrativo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar as variações de alguns atributos físicos e químicos do solo; avaliar a melhor época e modalidade de semeadura de duas espécies de Urochloas em consórcio com o milho, bem como avaliação dos parâmetros operacionais na semedura de soja sobre palhada dos consórcios. O experimento foi instalado nos anos agrícolas de 2010/11 e 2011/12 em área experimental do Laboratório de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola da UNESP/Jaboticabal-SP, em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico típico, textura argilosa, com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 9 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x4+1, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por duas espécies de Urochoas (Urochloa brizantha e Urochloa ruzizienses) e quatro modalidades de consórcio das Urochoas com o milho: MFL- Milho com Urochoa na linha de semeadura do milho; MFE- Milho com Urochoa na entrelinha; MFC- Milho com Urochoa na entrelinha semeada junto ao adubo de cobertura do milho no estádio V4; MFLA- Milho com Urochoa à Lanço no estádio V4 do milho; TESTEMUNHA- Milho exclusivo. Os resultados demonstraram que a consorciação e a sequência de culturas praticadas proporcionaram aumento na macroporosidade, microporosidade e porosidade total do solo nas camadas de 0,0-0,30m, com redução significativa da densidade do solo, principalmente no segundo ano agrícola, bem como aumento significativo dos atributos químicos do solo sob o consórcio de milho com Urochloas ruzizienses ao decorrer dos anos agrícolas. A maior produção de matéria seca... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The sustainability of no tillage system is fully linked to the soil use and management, in order to utilize technologies that promote the accumulation of dry matter in the soil, an essential fact to bring the system sustainable and profitable. The aim of this study was to characterize the variations of some physical and chemical soil properties; evaluate the best time and method of seeding of two species of Urochloas intercropped with maize, as well as evaluation of operational parameters in soybean seeding on the consortiums straw. The experiment was carried in agricultural years of 2010/11 and 2011/12 in the experimental area of the Machinery and Agricultural Mechanization Laboratory of UNESP/Jaboticabal-SP, in typic eutroferric red latossol, clay texture, in complete randomized blocks with 9 treatments in factorial design 2x4+1, with 4 replications.The treatments were constituted by two species of Urochoas (Urochloa brizantha and Urochloa ruzizienses) and four modalities of Urochoas intercroped with maize: MFL (Maize with Urochloa in the maize seeding row), MFE (Maize with Urochloa sowed between rows) MFC (Urochloa sowed between maize rows along with the manure at the V4 stage); MFLA (Maize with Urochloa planted by throwing at the V4 stage) and Control (Exclusive Maize). The results showed that the intercropping systems and sequence of cultivated crops promoted increased on the macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity of the soil in layers of 0.0 to 0.30 m, with a significant reduction in the density of the soil, especially in the second growing season, as well as significant increase of the soil chemical properties under the intercropping maize with Urochloas ruzizienses through the growing seasons. The highest production of straw total dry matter was for maize with Urochloa sowed between rows... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Nos últimos anos, novas estratégias têm sido desenvolvidas na obtenção de incrementos da produtividade agrícola associados à manutenção da qualidade do solo. No entanto, as terras agrícolas vêm perdendo a sua qualidade física decorrente dos processos de compactação a que estão sendo expostas. A compactação do solo, destaca-se a nível mundial como um dos principais responsáveis pela redução da produtividade das culturas. Pesquisas têm descrito o processo de compressão de solos formados sob a influência de clima temperado, bem como modelos que relacionam esse processo com os atributos intrínsecos dos solos. A informação disponível também demonstra que o processo de compactação depende do sistema de manejo de solo adotado. Entretanto, existe a necessidade de desenvolver estudos que permitam uma melhor compreensão do processo de compactação de solos desenvolvidos sob clima tropical. Nesse sentido, este trabalho testou a hipótese de que o processo de compactação e os indicadores derivados da curva de compressão de solos tropicais são influenciados diferenciadamente pelo sistema de manejo aplicado, devido às alterações que o mesmo induz nas propriedades físicas do solo. O objetivo geral deste estudo foi avaliar quantitativamente o processo de compactação e os indicadores "índice de compressão" e "pressão de preconsolidação" de solos submetidos a diferentes intensidades de tráfego em um pomar de laranja e diferentes intensidades de pisoteio animal em uma pastagem irrigada e obter, se possível, relações que permitam estimar esses indicadores a partir de propriedades do solo facilmente mensuráveis. Os objetivos específicos foram: i) determinar a influência de diferentes intensidades de tráfego no processo de compactação e nos parâmetros índice de compressão e pressão de preconsolidação de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo sob pomar de laranja e, a partir desses indicadores, avaliar a heterogeneidade da compactação; ii) avaliar a influência do pisoteio animal na compressibilidade de um Argissolo Vermelho submetido aos sistemas de pastejo rotacionado intensivo: irrigado e não irrigado; e iii) obter funções que permitam estimar a capacidade de suporte de carga do solo a partir de uma propriedade facilmente mensurável e de extrema importância para o crescimento de plantas: a resistência do solo à penetração. Os resultados referentes ao primeiro objetivo indicaram que o processo de compactação foi influenciado pela intensidade de tráfego, visto que os valores de pressão de preconsolidação diferiram nas posições de amostragem entre rodado, rodado e projeção da copa em relação à linha de cultivo. A pressão de preconsolidação resultou ser um indicador mais sensível que o índice de compressão na avaliação da heterogeneidade da compactação em áreas citrícolas. Os resultados obtidos no segundo objetivo revelaram diferenças na compressibilidade do solo, refletindo-se nas curvas de compressão uniaxial dos sistemas de pastejo rotacionado intensivo irrigado e não irrigado. Os sucessivos ciclos de pastejo induziram aumento da pressão de preconsolidação do solo nos dois sistemas de pastejo, sendo significativamente superior no sistema de pastejo rotacionado intensivo irrigado. No que se refere ao terceiro objetivo, foi determinada uma relação significativa, positiva e linear entre a pressão de preconsolidação e a resistência do solo à penetração medida no laboratório e no campo. Estes resultados possibilitam afirmar que a capacidade de suporte de carga do solo pode ser estimada a partir de uma propriedade física facilmente mensurável como a resistência do solo à penetração avaliada no campo. / In the last years new strategies have been developed to obtain increment of the agricultural productivity maintaining the soil quality. However, the agricultural lands quality is decreasing as a consequence of the soil compaction process. Soil compaction is considered as one of the main factors responsible for the reduction of the cultures productivity. Researches related to soils formed under the influence of temperate climate have described the process of soil compression, and developed models that relate this process with the soil intrinsic attributes. Studies have also shown that the soil compression process depends on the soil management practices. However, it is still necessary to develop studies that allow a better understanding the compaction process of soils developed under tropical climate. In this context, this research tested the hypothesis that the soil compaction process is influenced differently by the management practices, due to the alterations that induce on the soil physical properties. The general objective of this study was to evaluate quantitatively the compaction process, and the indicators "compression index" and "preconsolidation pressure" of soils submitted to different traffic intensities in an orchard, and different animal trampling intensities in an irrigated short duration grazing system, and to obtain relationships that allow to estimate these indicators using easily measurable soil attributes. The specific objectives were: i) to determinate the influence of different traffic intensities in the soil compaction process, and in the compression index and preconsolidation pressure of an Haplustox under an orange orchard, and to use these indicators to evaluate the soil compaction heterogeneity; ii) to evaluate the influence of the animal trampling on the soil compressibility of an Hapludalf submitted to two rotation short-duration grazing systems: not irrigated and irrigated; and iii) to obtain functions that allow to estimate the load support capacity using an easily measurable and very important soil property for plant growth; i.e. the soil resistance to penetration. The results related to the first objective indicated that the compaction process was influenced by the traffic intensity, since that the preconsolidation pressure values were different between the sampling positions; i.e., between wheel track, wheel track, canopy projection, and row. The preconsolidation pressure demonstrated to be a more sensitive indicator than the compression index in the evaluation of the soil compaction heterogeneity in an orange orchards. The results related to the second objective have indicated differences in the soil compressibility, which in turn were expressed in the soil compression curves of the irrigated and not irrigated rotation short-duration grazing systems. The successive grazing cycles have induced increases of the soil preconsolidation pressure values of the two grazing systems, being significantly greater in the irrigated rotation short-duration grazing system. The results related to the third objective have demonstrated the existence of a significant, positive and linear relationship between the preconsolidation pressure values and the soil mechanical resistance that were measured in the laboratory and in the field. These results make possible to state that the soil load support capacity can be estimated using an easily measurable soil property; i.e. the soil resistance to penetration.

Development of the swine and cattle industries has led to an increase of manure application to agricultural lands in Saskatchewan. Studies have been conducted to determine the nutrient benefits of swine manure application. However, a need was also identified for information on the effects of manure application on soil physical and chemical properties. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of repeated applications of manure on soil physical and chemical properties and to relate those effects to early plant growth and development.<p>Four experimental sites were used, representing the Dark Brown (Plenty), Brown (Riverhurst irrigated), Black (Dixon) and Gray (Melfort) Soil Zones of Saskatchewan, where liquid swine manure had been applied for four to seven years. At each site, treatments were 1) a control treatment, 2) a nitrogen based agronomic rate of manure application, 3) a high rate of manure application (2-4x the agronomic rate) and 4) a urea fertilizer treatment. At the Dixon site, the same two manure treatments with cattle manure were also examined.<p>Soil strength, as determined by penetration resistance measurements and barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) emergence were measured at two experimental sites (swine and cattle manure trials at Dixon, SK) in a field study. Penetration resistance was measured at 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm depths, 20, 39 and 123 days after seeding using a recording cone penetrograph. Twenty days after seeding, there were no significant differences among treatments at the 10, 15 and 20 cm depths. But, at the 5 cm depth, the control treatment had soil strength 0.11 MPa lower than the two manure rates. The manure treatments were not significantly different from the urea treatment. Thirty-nine days after seeding, the soil strength of the low rate manure treatment was 1.1 MPa greater than the control at the 10 cm depth, but not significantly different from the urea treatment. One hundred and twenty three days after seeding, the control treatment had greater soil strength than the high rate of manure at 5 and 10 cm depths by 0.28 and 0.71 MPa respectively. At the 20 cm depth, the high rate of manure had the greatest soil strength. Barley emergence on the two manured treatments did not differ significantly from the control. Aggregate size was measured in field samples collected from all sites. Aggregate size for the manured treatments did not differ from the control at any site.<p>Soil crust strength, flax emergence, infiltration rate, salinity, sodicity, coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) and modulus of rupture were measured under controlled conditions in intact cores of soil removed from all five experimental sites. All soils were treated with a simulated rainfall from a Guelph Rainfall Simulator II. Following the simulated rainfall, crust strength was measured with a hand-held penetrometer. Soil crust strength was measured daily for 10 days as the cores dried. Repeated applications of liquid swine manure at either low or high rates decreased soil strength in the Plenty, Riverhurst and Melfort soils, and increased soil strength in the Dixon soil. Repeated applications of liquid swine manure at low rates caused flax emergence to decrease for the Riverhurst soil compared to its control and had no significant effect at the other sites. There were no notable differences in infiltration rates among treatments. Repeated applications of liquid swine manure caused salinity (EC) to increase slightly for the Plenty and Riverhurst soils, and sodicity (ESP) to increase slightly for the Melfort and Dixon soils relative to their control. The COLE and modulus of rupture measurements indicated no significant effects and were inconclusive due to difficulties in measurement. <p>None of the properties measured in any of the treatments exceeded threshold values for soil productivity, or where plant injury might be considered an issue. It is concluded that repeated (four to seven) annual applications of liquid swine or cattle manure would not cause any large alterations in soil strength, aggregation, infiltration, salinity, or sodicity that would affect early plant growth and development. This was supported by field and lab measurements of emergence that showed limited effect.

Development of the swine and cattle industries has led to an increase of manure application to agricultural lands in Saskatchewan. Studies have been conducted to determine the nutrient benefits of swine manure application. However, a need was also identified for information on the effects of manure application on soil physical and chemical properties. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of repeated applications of manure on soil physical and chemical properties and to relate those effects to early plant growth and development.<p>Four experimental sites were used, representing the Dark Brown (Plenty), Brown (Riverhurst irrigated), Black (Dixon) and Gray (Melfort) Soil Zones of Saskatchewan, where liquid swine manure had been applied for four to seven years. At each site, treatments were 1) a control treatment, 2) a nitrogen based agronomic rate of manure application, 3) a high rate of manure application (2-4x the agronomic rate) and 4) a urea fertilizer treatment. At the Dixon site, the same two manure treatments with cattle manure were also examined.<p>Soil strength, as determined by penetration resistance measurements and barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>) emergence were measured at two experimental sites (swine and cattle manure trials at Dixon, SK) in a field study. Penetration resistance was measured at 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm depths, 20, 39 and 123 days after seeding using a recording cone penetrograph. Twenty days after seeding, there were no significant differences among treatments at the 10, 15 and 20 cm depths. But, at the 5 cm depth, the control treatment had soil strength 0.11 MPa lower than the two manure rates. The manure treatments were not significantly different from the urea treatment. Thirty-nine days after seeding, the soil strength of the low rate manure treatment was 1.1 MPa greater than the control at the 10 cm depth, but not significantly different from the urea treatment. One hundred and twenty three days after seeding, the control treatment had greater soil strength than the high rate of manure at 5 and 10 cm depths by 0.28 and 0.71 MPa respectively. At the 20 cm depth, the high rate of manure had the greatest soil strength. Barley emergence on the two manured treatments did not differ significantly from the control. Aggregate size was measured in field samples collected from all sites. Aggregate size for the manured treatments did not differ from the control at any site.<p>Soil crust strength, flax emergence, infiltration rate, salinity, sodicity, coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) and modulus of rupture were measured under controlled conditions in intact cores of soil removed from all five experimental sites. All soils were treated with a simulated rainfall from a Guelph Rainfall Simulator II. Following the simulated rainfall, crust strength was measured with a hand-held penetrometer. Soil crust strength was measured daily for 10 days as the cores dried. Repeated applications of liquid swine manure at either low or high rates decreased soil strength in the Plenty, Riverhurst and Melfort soils, and increased soil strength in the Dixon soil. Repeated applications of liquid swine manure at low rates caused flax emergence to decrease for the Riverhurst soil compared to its control and had no significant effect at the other sites. There were no notable differences in infiltration rates among treatments. Repeated applications of liquid swine manure caused salinity (EC) to increase slightly for the Plenty and Riverhurst soils, and sodicity (ESP) to increase slightly for the Melfort and Dixon soils relative to their control. The COLE and modulus of rupture measurements indicated no significant effects and were inconclusive due to difficulties in measurement. <p>None of the properties measured in any of the treatments exceeded threshold values for soil productivity, or where plant injury might be considered an issue. It is concluded that repeated (four to seven) annual applications of liquid swine or cattle manure would not cause any large alterations in soil strength, aggregation, infiltration, salinity, or sodicity that would affect early plant growth and development. This was supported by field and lab measurements of emergence that showed limited effect.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami dirvožemio temperatūros, drėgnumo, kietumo, pH, humusingumo, azotingumo, fosforingumo, kalingumo įvairių organinių mulčių ir skirtingo storio sluoksnio liekamojo poveikio tyrimų duomenys. Darbo objektas – raudonojo burokėlio (Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris) pasėlis, kuris nuo 2010 m. nebuvo pakartotinai mulčiuotas. Darbo metodai: dirvožemio temperatūra buvo matuojama kas 10 dienų nuo gegužės 20 iki rugsėjo 30 dienos elektroniniu termometru dviejose laukelio vietose 0–10 cm dirvožemio sluoksnyje. Dirvožemio drėgnumas nustatytas taip pat kas 10 dienų, imant dirvožemio ėminius agrocheminiu grąžtu 0–20 cm dirvožemio sluoksnyje. Dirvožemio kietumas nustatytas pavasarį dirvai pasiekus fizinę brandą 0–25 cm sluoksnyje elektroniniu kietmačiu. Dirvožemio agrocheminės savybės nustatytos po burokėlių derliaus nuėmimo, imant ėminius 0–20 cm dirvožemio sluoksnyje. Dirvožemio analizės atliktos maisto žaliavų, agronominių ir zootechninių tyrimų laboratorijoje taikomais metodais. Dirvožemio pH nustatytas potenciometriniu metodu 1 N KCl ištraukoje, suminio azoto kiekis – Kjeldalio metodu, judriojo fosforo kiekis – CAL metodu, naudojant spektrofotometrą, judriojo kalio kiekis CAL metodu, naudojant liepsnos fotometrą. Humuso kiekis nustatytas – Tiurino metodu. Darbo rezultatai. Anksčiau įterpti organiniai mulčiai mažino dirvožemio temperatūrą, drėgmės išgaravimą ir kietumą. Dirvožemio temperatūra buvo esmingai (0,2–0,6 °C) mažesnė, o drėgnumas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master degree research paper provides research data of soil temperature, humidity, bulk density, pH, humusness, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents, residual effect of various organic mulches and different mulch thickness layers. Object of the work – red beet culture (Beta vulgaris var. vulgaris), which has not been repeatedly mulched since 2010. Method of the work: soil temperature was measured every 10 days from May 20 till August 30 by an electronic thermometer in two places of a field at 0-10 cm soil layer. Soil humidity was as well measured every 10 days taking soil samples with agrochemical drill at 0-20 cm soil layer. Soil bulk density was determined in spring, when the soil reached physical maturity at 0-25 cm layer by an electronic hardness meter. Agrochemical properties of the soil were established after beetroot reaping taking samples at 0-20 cm soil layer. Soil analysis was conducted using methods applied in food raw materials, agronomical and zootechnics research laboratory. Soil pH was established by potentiometer in 1 N KCl extract, total nitrogen amount – by means of Kjeldal method, labile phosphorus amount – by means of CAL method using spectrophotometer, labile potassium amount – by means of CAL method using flame photometer. Humus amount was established by means of Tiurin‘s method. The results of work. Earlier introduced organic mulches have decreased soil temperature, humidity evaporation and bulk density. Soil temperature was considerably lower (0... [to full text]

The use of standard soil tests to assess waste materials has become a common practice in waste management. However, the suitability of using standard soil tests on waste materials is questionable. Therefore, this investigation was undertaken to compare commonly used chemical extraction methods for their ability to extract elements from soil, waste, and soil-waste mixtures. This was carried out by: · Assessing the effects of extraction time on the extractability of Al,Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Si, and Zn; · Assessing the comparability between single and sequential extraction. Two manganese rich wastes namely electro-winning waste (EW) and silicate-rich smelter slag (SS) and an acid soil (Inanda, Ia) were used for this study. Waste amended soils were obtained by incubating the EW and SS with Ia soil at field capacity at a rate of 20 g kg-1 and 120 g kg-1 soil respectively, and were sampled at day 0, 7, 28, 56, and 140. The effect of extraction time was assessed on the EW, SS, and Ia soil with carbonated water used in the acid rain test conducted at 16, 20, 30, and 50 hours. The equilibration time was different for different materials and elements. The concentration of Al and Zn did not change appreciably with increasing extraction time in the EW. Similar results were found for Mg, S, and Si in the SS and S in the Ia soil. This was attributed to ‘equilibrium’ being reached before 16 hours. The equilibration time of 20 hours which would release the exchangeable and specifically adsorbed elements was obtained for Co, Mg, Si, S, and Mn in the EW. The concentration of Ca decreased with extraction time in the EW and was attributed to readsorption. The concentration of Ca and Mn in the SS and Al, Fe, and Si in the Ia soil increased with extraction time and the ‘equilibrium’ was not reached even after 50 hours. This was attributed to the release of elements due to dissolution of minerals. In the comparison between Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential and batch extraction, the concentrations of Ca, Co, Mg, Mn, and S were higher in batch extraction than in sequential extraction, particularly for the EW and the EW treated soils. This was possibly caused by the readsorption of released elements during water extraction. On the contrary, sequential extraction had higher concentration of Al and Fe compared to batch extraction for the EW, Ia soil, SS treated soils, and EW treated soils. These were attributed to a continued desorption of elements and dissolution of minerals due to exposed surfaces which occurs in sequential extraction. The comparison between single and sequential extraction for the BCR sequential extraction showed that hydroxylammonium chloride (HAC) applied in sequential extraction had higher concentration of Al, Co, Fe, Pb, and Zn than the single HAC extraction. This was probably due to incomplete dissolution of minerals, precipitation of amorphous minerals, and readsorption of released elements occurring for a single HAC extraction. These were minimised for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) extraction and hence comparability between single and sequential H2O2 extraction was observed. This was probably due to the presence of complexing agent in the extracting reagent which would minimise the formation of secondary precipitates and hence, improved dissolution of minerals was obtained. Similarly, the concentrations of elements were comparable between single and sequential aqua regia extraction. These results indicated that comparability is improved between single and sequential extraction when aggressive conditions are used. The results from this investigation indicated that when chemical extraction methods are applied to wastes, the effects of the waste properties on the results of extraction need to be well understood. Consequently, when the chemical extraction methods are used in waste management scenarios certain modifications might have to be made. These modifications include the use of a high solution:solid ratio and an extracting solution which has high complexing ability / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.