Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-09-13T18:41:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Cristiane Stöcker.pdf: 1279350 bytes, checksum: 3d6d0191f5ab1b919784bddc4279ed78 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-13T18:41:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação_Cristiane Stöcker.pdf: 1279350 bytes, checksum: 3d6d0191f5ab1b919784bddc4279ed78 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em quatro vinhedos familiares localizados no Município de Pelotas, no Território Zona Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo do presente estudo foi construir um diagnóstico, a partir da análise de indicadores da qualidade do solo, da folha e da fruta em propriedades agrícolas familiares produtoras de uva cultivar bordô. Este diagnóstico baseou-se em uma pesquisa descritiva a qual contribuirá para o estabelecimento de um modelo para posterior estudo sobre a dinâmica dos indicadores físicos, químicos e (micro)biológicos no sistema solo-planta-fruto em agroecossistemas com produção de uva. Os indicadores utilizados foram: densidade do solo, porosidade total, microporosidade, macroporosidade, diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados, pH, matéria orgânica, capacidade de troca de cátions, macronutrientes (K, P, Ca, Mg, Al), micronutrientes (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu e B), relação de ácaros/colêmbolos, Índice de Shannon, número de minhocas, respiração basal do solo, carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo, análises foliares de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) e micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) e análises físico-químicas da fruta (°Brix, acidez, ratio, pH, antocianinas, atividade antioxidante e fenóis totais), os quais foram mensurados através de análises laboratoriais. Com a interpretação dos dados foi possível verificar que os solos avaliados apresentam condições físicas adequadas. Com relação aos indicadores químicos, os solos avaliados apresentam adequada fertilidade, e com relação às condições biológicas (meso e macrofauna), estão abaixo dos índices considerados como ideais. Levando-se em consideração a análise foliar podemos inferir que os vinhedos apresentam estado nutricional adequado. Os indicadores físico-químicos da uva estão dentro dos parâmetros esperados para a cultivar avaliada. / This study was conducted in four family vineyards located in the municipality of Pelotas, in the South Territory of the Rio Grande do Sul state. The aim of this study was to construct a diagnosis based on the analysis of soil quality indicators, leaf and fruit on family farms grape producers. This diagnosis was based on a descriptive research which will contribute to the establishment of a model for further study on the dynamics of physical, chemical and (micro) biological indicators in the soil-plant-fruit system. The indicators used were: bulk density, total porosity, microporosity, macroporosity, mean weight diameter of aggregates, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, macronutrients (K, P, Ca, Mg, Al), micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B) ratio of mites/springtails, Shannon Index, number of earthworms, soil basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon, leaf analysis macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) and physical-chemical analysis of fruit (°Brix, acidity, ratio, pH, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds), which were measured by laboratory analysis. With the data interpretation was possible to verify that the soil physical indicators present adequate physical conditions. With respect to chemical indicators the vineyards evaluated have adequate soil fertility, but regarding the biological conditions (meso and macrofauna) the results were below the considered ideal. Taking into account the foliar analysis, the vineyards present adequate nutritional status. Lastly, the fruit physical and chemical indicators present expected parameters for this cultivar.

Thesis (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The relationship between various land management practices, soil properties and the soil microbial communities are complex and little is known about the effect of these interactions on plant productivity in agricultural systems. Although it would be advantageous to have a single organism or property that can be used as a measure of soil health, it may not be possible. Soil organisms which include both the microorganisms as well as soil fauna are subjected to the effect of their immediate environment. This microenvironment in turn is determined by the soil properties as well as above ground flora and their interactions. Most soil indicators interact with each other, and these interactions can modify or influence the soil properties. The complexities of the interactions between critical soil indicator values often preclude its practical use by land managers and policy makers. However, soil microbial communities (e.g. diversity and structural stability) may serve as a relative indicator of soil quality. These communities are sensitive to land management practices and changes in the microenvironment. The objective of this study was to gain an understanding of the complex relationships by investigating the effect of conventional, integrated and organic apple production systems on the physical, chemical and biological (particularly soil microbial diversity) properties of the soil. Automated Ribosomal Intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) was used to characterise fungal (F-ARISA) and bacterial (B-ARISA) communities from soil samples obtained from an experimental apple orchard in Elgin, Grabouw. The intergenic spacer (ITS) region from the fungal rRNA operon was amplified using ITS4 and fluorescently FAM (6- carboxylfluorescein) labelled ITS5 primers. Similarly, the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region from the bacterial rRNA operon was amplified using ITSR and FAM-labelled ITSF primers. The sensitivity of the technique allowed us to discriminate between the soil microbial communities of the different treatments. From our results we observed significant increase (p < 0.05) in the fungal community diversity between the February and April samples, while the bacterial community diversity was consistent (p > 0.05). Also, treatments with mulch showed a significantly higher microbial diversity than the other treatments at a 5 % significance level. Fungal communities showed significant correlation with the potassium concentration in the soil, while bacterial communities depicted a significant correlation with the soil phosphorous concentration. Based on the results we concluded that different management practices have a significant effect on the soil microbial communities and that these communities are particularly sensitive to small changes in the environment. However, there is still a need to determine what the composition of the soil microbial communities are to be able to correlate our observations with soil health. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verhouding tussen verskillende landboubestuurspraktyke, grondeienskappe en die mikrobiese gemeenskappe in grond is kompleks en weinig is bekend oor die uitwerking van hierdie interaksies op die produktiwiteit van landboustelsels. Alhoewel dit voordelig sou wees om ‘n enkele organisme of eienskap te kan hê wat die gesondheid van grond kan meet, sal dit dalk nie moontlik wees nie. Grondorganismes wat die mikroörganismes sowel as die grondfauna insluit, is onderworpe aan die invloed van hulle onmiddelike omgewings. Hierdie mikro-omgewings op hulle beurt word weer beïnvloed deur die grondeienskappe sowel as die die oppervlak flora en hulle wisselwerkinge. Meeste van die grondaanwysers toon ook wisselwerkinge met mekaar, en hierdie wisselwerkinge kan die grondeienskappe beïnvloed or selfs verander. Die kompleksiteit van die wisselwerkinge tussen kritiese grond aanwysers is meestal die rede waarom dit nie deur grondbestuurders en beleidsmakers gebruik word nie. Dit is ongeag die feit dat grond mikrobiese gemeenskappe (bv. diversiteit en stukturele stabiliteit) mag dien as ‘n relatiewe aanwyser van grondkwaliteit. Hierdie gemeenskappe is sensitief vir bestuurspraktyke en veranderinge in die mikro-omgewing. Die doel van die studie was om die ingewikkelde verhoudings in die grondgemeenskappe te bestudeer en die uitwerking van konventionele, geïntegreerde en organiese appel produksie sisteme op die fisiese, chemiese en biologiese eienskappe (veral die grond mikrobiologiese diversiteit) te bepaal. Geoutomatiseerde Ribosomale Intergeniese Spasie Analise (ARISA) is gebruik om die fungus (F-ARISA) en bakteriese (B-ARISA) gemeenskappe van grondmonsters wat vanaf ‘n proef appelboord in Elgin (Grabouw) verkry is, te bepaal. Die intergeenspasie (ITS) area van die fungus rDNA operon is vermeerder deur die ITS4 en fluoresserende FAM (6-karboxylfluorescein) gemerkte ITS5 inleiers te gebruik. Soortgelyk is die 16S-23S intergeenspasie area van die bakteriese rDNA operon vermeerder deur ITSR en FAM-gemerkte ITSF inleiers te gebruik. Die sensitiwiteit van die tegniek laat ons toe om te onderskei tussen die grond mikrobiese gemeenskappe vanaf verskillende grondbehandelings. Vanuit die resultate kon ons aflei dat daar ‘n toename (p < 0.05) in die fungus gemeenskap diversiteit vanaf Februarie to April was terwyl die bakteriese gemeenskap ‘n konstante diversteit getoon het (p > 0.05). Behandelings met grondbedekking het ook ‘n beduidend hoër mikrobiese diversiteit getoon as ander behandelings. Fungus gemeenskappe het beduidende korrelasies getoon met kalium konsentrasies in die grond, terwyl bakteriese gemeenskappe ‘n beduidende korrelasie getoon het met grond fosfor konsentrasies. Gebaseer op die resultate kon ons aflei dat verskillende bestuurspraktyke ‘n uitwerking kan hê op die grond mikrobiese gemeenskappe en dat hierdie gemeenskappe sensitief is vir klein veranderinge in die omgewing. Dit sal egter nog nodig wees om die spesifieke samestelling van die grond mikrobiese gemeenskappe te bepaal voor ons hierdie waarnemings kan korreleer met grondgesondheid.

A necessidade de minimizar os impactos ambientais, sem reduções da produtividade, levou à busca por métodos alternativos de produção, visando à manutenção da qualidade do solo (QS) e a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas. Para a avaliação e quantificação da QS, o estudo foi dividido em três capítulos, cada qual com um objetivo específico: avaliação dos atributos do solo para obter um conjunto mínimo de indicadores (MDS, minimum data set) e cálculo de índice aditivo (IQSa) e aditivo ponderado (IQSap); avaliação do desempenho ambiental de sistemas agrícolas na produção de biomassa pela ótica da emergia e; aplicação do modelo de árvore de decisão (AD) para identificar os principais atributos afetados com a mudança do uso da terra. O estudo foi conduzido em São Carlos e São Desidério, Estado de São Paulo e da Bahia, respectivamente. Em São Carlos, as amostras de solo foram coletadas de duas áreas nativas (cerradão e cerrado stricto sensu) e áreas de cana-de-açúcar e pastagem. Em São Desidério, foram avaliadas quatro áreas agrícolas com diferentes tempos de uso (5, 8, 12 e 18 anos) no sistema de rotação soja-milho-algodão e área de Cerrado nativo. No 1º capítulo, o MDS foi obtido por meio da análise de componentes principais, normalizado em escores e integrado em IQSa e IQSap. No 2º capítulo foi quantificada somente a alteração da qualidade do solo (?QS) entre as áreas agrícolas e Cerrado nativo e, aliado à adoção de protocolos de contabilidade ambiental, foram propostos os indicadores emergéticos Input Embodiment in Soil Quality Change (IESQ) e Input Embodiment in Additional Biomass (IEAB). No último capítulo, foi gerada AD com o uso do solo estabelecido como atributo meta, enquanto atributos químicos e físicos do solo foram utilizados como atributos preditores. No 1º capítulo, o MDS foi composto por: soma de bases, pH, matéria orgânica do solo, teor de alumínio (Al), teor de argila, densidade do solo, água na capacidade de campo e carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo. Os valores de IQSa e IQSap para cerradão, cerrado stricto sensu, cana-de-açúcar e pastagem foram de 3,88, 2,24, 4,72 e 3,76 e 0,62, 0,36, 0,57 e 0,54, respectivamente, onde os maiores valores foram observados para o cerradão. No 2º capítulo, a área com 12 anos apresentou o maior ?QS com valores de +29,3. O total de emergia incorporada à soja, milho e algodão foram de 4,68E+15, 5,38E+15 e 7,28E+15 sej ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. A área de 12 anos foi a que apresentou maior eficiência no uso de recursos por acréscimo de QS (IESQ = 0,19E+15 sej unidade-1) e por unidade de biomassa (IEAB = 0,78E15 sej Mg-1), o que equivale a uma demanda de 73% a menos de insumos (em termos de emergia) para obter o mesmo acréscimo de biomassa que a área de 8 anos de cultivo. A AD gerada no 3º capítulo permitiu a identificação dos atributos do solo mais importantes na diferenciação de Cerrado nativo e de cultivos agrícolas. O teor de Al, pH, fósforo e carbono orgânico total foram os atributos selecionados pela AD / The need to minimize environmental impacts without productivity reductions led to the search for alternative methods of production, in order to maintain soil quality (SQ) and the sustainability of ecosystems. This study was divided into three chapters, each one with a specific goal: soil attributes were analyzed in an attempt to obtain a minimum data set (MDS). Then the additive and weighted additive index were calculated, aimed at quantifying the SQ; the environmental performance of agricultural systems in the production of biomass was evaluated from the perspective of emergy; decision tree model (DT) was applied to identify the soil attributes which are affected by the change use from native Cerrado to non-tillage systems. This study was carried out in São Carlos and São Desidério cities, São Paulo and Bahia States, respectively. At São Carlos, topsoil samples were collected from different land uses includes two natural (cerradão and stricto sensu cerrado) and two agricultural areas (sugarcane and pasture). At São Desidério, soil samples were collected from four agricultural areas with different usage periods (5, 8, 12 and 18 years) in the rotation soy-corn-cotton system and native Cerrado area. In chapter 1, MDS was identified through principal component analysis, normalized and integrated into additive and weight additive index. In chapter 2, only the soil quality change (?SQ) between agricultural areas and native Cerrado was quantified, and combined with the adoption of environmental accounting protocols, the emergy indicators Input Embodiment in Soil Quality Change (IESQ) and Input Embodiment in Additional Biomass (IEAB) were proposed. In chapter 3, the data set used was the same from the second chapter. The soil attributes were used as potential predictor in the generation of the DT and the target attribute was land use. In chapter 1, the MDS was composed by sum of bases, pH, soil organic matter, aluminum content (Al), clay, bulk density, water content at field capacity and microbial biomass carbon. The SQI additive and weight additive for cerradão, cerrado, sugarcane and pasture were 3.88, 2.24, 4.72 and 3.76, and 0.62, 0.36, 0.57 and 0.54, respectively, with the highest value for cerradão. In chapter 2, the 12 years area had the highest ?SQ with +29.3 values. The total emergy incorporated into the soybeans, corn and cotton crops were 4.68E+15, 5.38E+15 and 7.28E+15 sej ha-1 year-1, res pectively. The 12 year area was the most efficient on the use of resources (external inputs) by SQ increase (IESQ = 0.19E+15 sej unit-1) and per unit of biomass (IEAB = 0.78E+15 sej Mg-1). This is equivalent to 73% less inputs demand (in terms of emergy) for obtaining the same increase of biomass of area of 8 years of cultivation. The DT model in chapter 3 allowed us to better understand the main attributes responsible for the differentiation of native Cerrado and agricultural areas. The content of Al, pH, phosphorus and total organic carbon were the attributes selected for the DT

A necessidade de minimizar os impactos ambientais, sem reduções da produtividade, levou à busca por métodos alternativos de produção, visando à manutenção da qualidade do solo (QS) e a sustentabilidade dos ecossistemas. Para a avaliação e quantificação da QS, o estudo foi dividido em três capítulos, cada qual com um objetivo específico: avaliação dos atributos do solo para obter um conjunto mínimo de indicadores (MDS, minimum data set) e cálculo de índice aditivo (IQSa) e aditivo ponderado (IQSap); avaliação do desempenho ambiental de sistemas agrícolas na produção de biomassa pela ótica da emergia e; aplicação do modelo de árvore de decisão (AD) para identificar os principais atributos afetados com a mudança do uso da terra. O estudo foi conduzido em São Carlos e São Desidério, Estado de São Paulo e da Bahia, respectivamente. Em São Carlos, as amostras de solo foram coletadas de duas áreas nativas (cerradão e cerrado stricto sensu) e áreas de cana-de-açúcar e pastagem. Em São Desidério, foram avaliadas quatro áreas agrícolas com diferentes tempos de uso (5, 8, 12 e 18 anos) no sistema de rotação soja-milho-algodão e área de Cerrado nativo. No 1º capítulo, o MDS foi obtido por meio da análise de componentes principais, normalizado em escores e integrado em IQSa e IQSap. No 2º capítulo foi quantificada somente a alteração da qualidade do solo (?QS) entre as áreas agrícolas e Cerrado nativo e, aliado à adoção de protocolos de contabilidade ambiental, foram propostos os indicadores emergéticos Input Embodiment in Soil Quality Change (IESQ) e Input Embodiment in Additional Biomass (IEAB). No último capítulo, foi gerada AD com o uso do solo estabelecido como atributo meta, enquanto atributos químicos e físicos do solo foram utilizados como atributos preditores. No 1º capítulo, o MDS foi composto por: soma de bases, pH, matéria orgânica do solo, teor de alumínio (Al), teor de argila, densidade do solo, água na capacidade de campo e carbono da biomassa microbiana do solo. Os valores de IQSa e IQSap para cerradão, cerrado stricto sensu, cana-de-açúcar e pastagem foram de 3,88, 2,24, 4,72 e 3,76 e 0,62, 0,36, 0,57 e 0,54, respectivamente, onde os maiores valores foram observados para o cerradão. No 2º capítulo, a área com 12 anos apresentou o maior ?QS com valores de +29,3. O total de emergia incorporada à soja, milho e algodão foram de 4,68E+15, 5,38E+15 e 7,28E+15 sej ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente. A área de 12 anos foi a que apresentou maior eficiência no uso de recursos por acréscimo de QS (IESQ = 0,19E+15 sej unidade-1) e por unidade de biomassa (IEAB = 0,78E15 sej Mg-1), o que equivale a uma demanda de 73% a menos de insumos (em termos de emergia) para obter o mesmo acréscimo de biomassa que a área de 8 anos de cultivo. A AD gerada no 3º capítulo permitiu a identificação dos atributos do solo mais importantes na diferenciação de Cerrado nativo e de cultivos agrícolas. O teor de Al, pH, fósforo e carbono orgânico total foram os atributos selecionados pela AD / The need to minimize environmental impacts without productivity reductions led to the search for alternative methods of production, in order to maintain soil quality (SQ) and the sustainability of ecosystems. This study was divided into three chapters, each one with a specific goal: soil attributes were analyzed in an attempt to obtain a minimum data set (MDS). Then the additive and weighted additive index were calculated, aimed at quantifying the SQ; the environmental performance of agricultural systems in the production of biomass was evaluated from the perspective of emergy; decision tree model (DT) was applied to identify the soil attributes which are affected by the change use from native Cerrado to non-tillage systems. This study was carried out in São Carlos and São Desidério cities, São Paulo and Bahia States, respectively. At São Carlos, topsoil samples were collected from different land uses includes two natural (cerradão and stricto sensu cerrado) and two agricultural areas (sugarcane and pasture). At São Desidério, soil samples were collected from four agricultural areas with different usage periods (5, 8, 12 and 18 years) in the rotation soy-corn-cotton system and native Cerrado area. In chapter 1, MDS was identified through principal component analysis, normalized and integrated into additive and weight additive index. In chapter 2, only the soil quality change (?SQ) between agricultural areas and native Cerrado was quantified, and combined with the adoption of environmental accounting protocols, the emergy indicators Input Embodiment in Soil Quality Change (IESQ) and Input Embodiment in Additional Biomass (IEAB) were proposed. In chapter 3, the data set used was the same from the second chapter. The soil attributes were used as potential predictor in the generation of the DT and the target attribute was land use. In chapter 1, the MDS was composed by sum of bases, pH, soil organic matter, aluminum content (Al), clay, bulk density, water content at field capacity and microbial biomass carbon. The SQI additive and weight additive for cerradão, cerrado, sugarcane and pasture were 3.88, 2.24, 4.72 and 3.76, and 0.62, 0.36, 0.57 and 0.54, respectively, with the highest value for cerradão. In chapter 2, the 12 years area had the highest ?SQ with +29.3 values. The total emergy incorporated into the soybeans, corn and cotton crops were 4.68E+15, 5.38E+15 and 7.28E+15 sej ha-1 year-1, res pectively. The 12 year area was the most efficient on the use of resources (external inputs) by SQ increase (IESQ = 0.19E+15 sej unit-1) and per unit of biomass (IEAB = 0.78E+15 sej Mg-1). This is equivalent to 73% less inputs demand (in terms of emergy) for obtaining the same increase of biomass of area of 8 years of cultivation. The DT model in chapter 3 allowed us to better understand the main attributes responsible for the differentiation of native Cerrado and agricultural areas. The content of Al, pH, phosphorus and total organic carbon were the attributes selected for the DT

Aux Antilles, dans les plantations de bananes en monoculture mécanisée, l'un des principaux problèmes à résoudre est le contrôle des populations de nématodes phytoparasites. Dans cette thèse, les effets d'apports de différentes matières organiques (MO), brutes ou compostées, sur la régulation biologique des nématodes ont été étudiés, cet effet suppresseur ayant déjà été montré sur d'autres cultures. L'analyse de la littérature sur le sujet montre que les effets d'un apport de MO sur les populations de nématodes phytoparasites et sur leurs dégâts sont complexes et varient fortement en fonction de la nature biochimique du produit et de l'espèce de nématode. Ainsi, les matières organiques qui libèrent beaucoup d'azote minéral en se décomposant favorisent la croissance des racines, ce qui peut augmenter la ressource alimentaire des nématodes phytoparasites et/ou la tolérance des plantes à leurs attaques. La décomposition des matières apportées peut libérer des composés nématotoxiques. Enfin, l'apport de carbone peut entrainer une diversification des communautés de nématodes, une complexification des réseaux trophiques et, par la suite, favoriser la régulation biologique des nématodes phytoparasites par les espèces appartenant aux niveaux trophiques supérieurs et par la microflore. Nous avons, par une étude fine de la structure des communautés de nématodes et le suivi de la croissance des jeunes plants de bananier, cherché à évaluer l'induction de la régulation biologique des nématodes parasites du bananier dans une sole bananière par un apport de MO, au moyen de deux expérimentations en pots conduites pendant 13 semaines. Les MO testées étaient quatre MO brutes et quatre MO compostées. L'expérience sur les MO brutes a montré que trois des quatre MO (bagasse, écumes de sucrerie et déchets verts) ont entrainé une diminution des populations de nématodes parasites dans les racines du bananier, l'intensité de cette régulation dépendant de l'espèce. En revanche, le quatrième type de MO, des boues de station d'épuration, n'a pas permis de diminuer la pression parasitaire. Les différences de croissance des systèmes racinaires n'ont pas été un facteur explicatif des régulations observées et les meilleures conditions de croissance observées n'ont pas réduit les impacts des nématodes phytoparasites sur les racines. Seules les écumes de sucrerie ont entrainé un impact positif global sur la plante, en diminuant la pression parasitaire tout en augmentant sa croissance. La bagasse et les déchets verts, principalement composés de lignines et de cellulose, ont entrainé une modification significative de la structure des communautés de nématodes, avec un fort accroissement des populations de nématodes fongivores et, avec la bagasse, de nématodes carnivores. L'expérience en pot sur les MO compostées a montré que les trois composts commerciaux produits par SITA VERDE (Biogwa, Ecogwa B, Ecogwa D) et l'amendement organique commercial Vegethumus (de Phallipou-Frayssinet) avaient engendré une diminution du parasitisme et que ce contrôle dépendait de l'espèce de nématodes phytoparasites. Dans cet essai, le contrôle des nématodes parasites du bananier est apparu lié à la biomasse racinaire totale des bananiers. L'apport des composts Ecogwa D et Vegethumus a augmenté la taille des populations de nématodes microbivores, mais seul Vegethumus a accru la voie de décomposition fongique. [...] Suite et fin du résumé dans la thèse. / In French West Indies, banana crops are generally managed as an intensive mechanized monoculture, and one of main problems to solve is the control of plant-parasitic nematodes. In this study, the effects of the input of different organic materials, gross or composted, on the biological control of nematodes were investigated. The analyze of the literature showed that the effects of an organic material input on plant-parasitic nematode populations and on their damage on the plant are complex and vary highly according to the biochemical characteristics of the products and the plant-parasitic nematode species. Thus, organic materials that release great amounts of mineral nitrogen during their decomposition promote root growth, which increases the feeding resource for plant-parasitic nematodes and/or plant tolerance to their attacks. Organic material decomposition can also release nematotoxic chemical compounds. Lastly, carbon input can lead to nematode community diversification, soil food web complexification, and, as a result, favoring the biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes by top predators or microflora. We evaluated the induction of the biological control of banana parasitic nematodes by an organic input, using soil nematofauna analyses and measuring the growth of young banana plants. We thus conducted two pot experimentations during 13 weeks. The organic materials tested were four raw and four composted organic materials that were locally available. The raw organic materials trial showed that three amongst the four amendments (sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane refinery sludge and plant residues) led to a decrease of parasitic nematode populations within banana roots, the control efficiency depending on nematode species. In contrast, the fourth type of organic material, sewage sludge, did not induce the decrease of the parasitic pressure. Changes in root growth were not an explanatory factor and the better soil conditions for plant growth did not reduce the impact of plant-parasitic nematode. Only sugarcane refinery sludge engendered overall positive effect on the banana plant, decreasing parasitic pressure and enhancing plant growth. Sugarcane bagasse and plant residues, mainly composed of lignins and cellulose, led to significant changes in nematode community structure, increasing fungivorous nematode populations and, only after bagasse supply, those of carnivorous nematodes. The compost trial showedndment that the three commercial composts produced by SITA Verde (Biogwa, Ecogwa B, Ecogwa D) and the commercial organic amendment Vegethumus (Phallipou-Frayssinet) induced a decrease of plant-parasitic nematode populations and that this control depended on banana parasitic nematode species. In this trial, the control of banana parasitic nematodes was linked to overall biomass of banana root system. The input of Ecogwa D and Vegethumus composts boosted microbivorous nematode populations, but only Vegethumus favored the fungal decomposition pathway. Last and final summary in the thesis.

V poslední době se pozornost polečnosti obrátila k mikroplastům. Jsou produkovány různými odvětvími a šíří se napříč prostředím. Po dlouhou dobu byly považovány za inertní, bez dalšího vlivu na rostliny a jiné živé organismy, avšak jak zjistily nedávné studie, mohly by představovat vážnou hrozbu. Několik vědců, včetně nás, se proto začalo soustředit na jejich transport a transformace v životním prostředí. Většina se však zaměřuje pouze na jejich přítomnost v mořských a sladkých vodách, a proto jejich chování ve vzduchu a půdě zůstává nejasné. Kromě toho byla pozornost soustředěna i na bioplasty. Jsou prezentována jako ekologická alternativa, která má vyřešit všechny dosud zmíněné problémy (a další). Avšak často se zapomíná, že jejich hlavní výhoda může být zároveň nevýhodou. Z tohoto důvodu se tato diplomová práce zaměřuje na negativní účinky spojené s přítomností mikroplastů (konkrétně bioplastu poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrátu) v půdě jako jejich běžný receptor. Kombinovali jsme respirometrii, elementární analýzu, termogravimetrii a enzymatické testy, abychom zkoumali fyzikálně-chemické změny v půdě vyvolané přítomností bioplastu. Naše výsledky ukázaly negativní vliv na půdní organickou hmotu a zadržování vody v půdě. V tomto smyslu byl zkoumán i tzv. "priming effect", jelikož docházelo k urychlení a také zpomalení rozkladu půdní organické hmoty. Zaznamenali jsme rozdílný vliv vybraných koncentrací biopolymeru na půdu a také vliv půdních vlastností na průběh degradace. V neposlední řadě zvýšení enzymatické aktivity jasně naznačovalo vliv přítomnosti biopolymeru na mikrobiální komunitu. Na základě takových zjištění jsme došli k závěru, že přidání biopolymeru vede k dlouhodobému dopadu na řadu funkcí půdního ekosystému.

MENVSC / Department of Environmental Sciences