Ship groundings are a low probability event, but can create severe environmental and financial consequences. The objective of this thesis is to provide knowledge and understanding of the grounded ship condition to salvors and ship owners so they can reduce the possible negative consequences of future ship groundings. There has been very little research on the motions of and loads on a grounded ship in waves. In this thesis, a model of the ground reaction forces due to the steady state motions of a grounded ship is developed. This model is derived from civil engineering applications but tailored to the stranded ship problem. The ground reaction sub-model is part of a ship motion model that predicts grounded ship motions and loads in waves. The model input specifies the static grounded equilibrium condition and static grounded forces. The model calculates steady state motions and loads around the equilibrium condition. This thesis describes a preliminary version of the full six degree of freedom model in which soil reactions are accounted for in two degrees of freedom, heave and pitch, assuming a rectangular shaped hull. Bottom types are categorized as sand, mud, coral and rock. The ship can be embedded or resting on the surface of the bottom. / Master of Science

In this study, the effect of pipe-soil relative stiffness on the behaviour of buried flexible pipes was investigated considering the pipe size, material type, stiffness, pipe-soil and natural soil-backfill interfaces and geometry of the trench using the finite element method. For this purpose, a parametric study was conducted to examine the effect of different variables on the resulting earth loads and deformations imposed on the buried pipes. Various types of trench pipe-soil cases were analysed for a certain natural ground and backfill material by the PLAXIS finite element code which allows simulating non-linear soil behaviour, the stages of construction as well as the pipe-soil interaction aspects of the problem. Loads and deformations obtained by the finite element method were compared with those calculated by the conventional approaches for different pipe-soil stiffness ratios. The finite element results obtained for the deformation of typically flexible Polyethylene pipes were then used to back-calculate the range of modulus of soil reaction, E&#039 / , values for various pipe-soil relative stiffness and they were compared with the suggested value proposed by Howard (1977).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luana Duda.pdf: 960098 bytes, checksum: ff9228de8e87ea8e51a385c5577160a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Researches has been carried out focusing to improve nutrients use efficiency, avoid degradation of environmental resources, increase crop yields and maximize profitability of the agricultural production system. In this sense, integrated crop-livestock systems have been characterized by different dynamics compared to conventional crops systems, mainly because of the more efficient use of inputs due to high nutrient stored in the soil. The no-tillage (NT) associated with integrated crop-livestock (ICL) has been an alternative for intensification of soil use in Southern Brazil. In this issue, there are a lot of farmers have been cropped maize for silage production in the summer and annual ryegrass for various purposes (cover crop and animal feed). The maize due its yield potential, chemical composition and nutritional value, among other factors, constitutes one of the most important cropped and consumed cereal in the world and, moreover, this crop can be used for market manufacturing animal feed and human food. In this work were (i) evaluate the effects of liming on soil management systems (conventional tillage – CT, minimum tillage – MT, no-tillage – NT, and chiseled no-tillage – CNT) about the accumulated nutrients in maize aerial part; (ii) evaluated the dry matter (DM) and silage yields taking into consideration the previous crop annual ryegrass for different uses (cover crop – C, grazing – G, and silage – S) during the winter. The experiment was carried out Field Demonstration and Experimental (CDE) of the ABC Foundation, in the municipality of Castro-PR, in a clayey Haplohumox. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split plots and four replications. In main plots (10 x 30 m), four systems of soil management (CT, MT, NT and CNT) was studied. In subplots (10 x 10 m), the annual ryegrass was cropped for different purposes (C, G and S). The intensification of soil use due pasture or silage production during the winter cannot change macronutrient inputs in systems of soil tillage under high concentration of organic matter and acidity controlled. This can be state if the winter pasture to be adequately managed. The high DM and macronutrients accumulated in aerial part of maize show the ability of annual ryegrass for nutrient recycling on the systems of production with different tillage and conditions of lime reactivity. / Pesquisas vêm sendo direcionadas no sentido de aprimorar a eficiência de utilização de nutrientes pelas plantas, evitar a degradação dos recursos ambientais, aumentar o rendimento das culturas e maximizar a lucratividade no sistema de produção agrícola. Nesse sentido, os sistemas integrados de produção têm sido caracterizados por dinâmica diferenciada em relação aos cultivos isolados, principalmente por apresentarem maior eficiência na utilização dos insumos. O sistema plantio direto (SPD), aliado à integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) tem se destacado como uma das alternativas para a produção mais intensiva e sustentável de alimentos no Sul do Brasil. Nesse caso, o milho tem sido cultivado em sucessão ao azevém anual que pode ser destinado na forma de pastejo e/ou silagem pré-secada consumida pelos animais e também como cobertura do solo. O milho por seu potencial produtivo, sua composição química e seu valor nutritivo, entre outros fatores, constituí em um dos mais importantes cereais cultivados e consumidos no mundo, assumindo grande importância em âmbito mundial devido a suas inúmeras finalidades, como atender ao mercado de fabricação de ração animal e alimentação humana. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (i) avaliar os efeitos da calagem em sistemas de manejo do solo (sistema convencional – SC, cultivo mínimo – CM, sistema plantio direto – SPD, e SPD com subsolagem – SPD+S) sobre o acúmulo de macronutrientes na parte aérea do milho; (ii) avaliar o rendimento de massa seca/silagem, decorrente de diferentes formas de uso (planta de cobertura do solo, pastejo animal e produção de silagem) do azevém anual durante o inverno. O experimento foi instalado no Campo Demonstrativo e Experimental (CDE) da Fundação ABC, no município de Castro, PR, em um solo Latossolo Bruno argiloso. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Nas parcelas (10 x 30 m) foram estudados quatro sistemas de manejo do solo (SC, CM, SPD e SPD+S). Nas subparcelas (10 x 10 m) foram estudadas três formas de uso do azevém anual (cobertura, pastejo e silagem). A intensificação de uso do azevém anual mediante pastejo ou silagem pré-secada, desde que leve em consideração os critérios de altura (para pastejo/corte e resíduo) e nutricionais (com base na exportação e rendimento de massa seca) não alteram os aportes dos macronutrientes em sistemas de preparo de solo com alto teor de MO e acidez corrigida. Os altos rendimentos de MS e acúmulos de macronutrientes na parte aérea do milho evidenciam a capacidade do azevém anual proporcionar a reciclagem de nutrientes no sistema de produção, independentemente do manejo de solo adotado e condições de reatividade do calcário.

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-10-27T13:00:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SamuelMMM_TESE.pdf: 595119 bytes, checksum: bab3072258fc4909ad7b6a964f7989a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-10-27T13:05:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SamuelMMM_TESE.pdf: 595119 bytes, checksum: bab3072258fc4909ad7b6a964f7989a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-10-27T13:09:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SamuelMMM_TESE.pdf: 595119 bytes, checksum: bab3072258fc4909ad7b6a964f7989a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-27T13:09:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SamuelMMM_TESE.pdf: 595119 bytes, checksum: bab3072258fc4909ad7b6a964f7989a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The quality of agricultural soil is constantly influenced by natural causes and anthropic activity. Thereby, two studies were performed, the first with the objective of evaluating soil pH reaction with the use of sulfuric acid in irrigation water and the biological oxidation of sulfur. The second study aimed to evaluate dosages of phosphorus combined with use of acidifying products in the soil with cultivation of melon in a greenhouse to evaluate the growth and production variables. The study in the incubation condition occurred with three types of soils: Argissolo Vermelho "woods", Argissolo Vermelho "cultivated" and Cambissolo Háplico, five doses of sulfur (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1) and three volumes of bacteria (1, 2 and 3 ml). Another soil incubation experiment, was carried out using five doses of sulfuric acid in the irrigation water (0, 30, 50, 70 and 90%) in the same soils of the sulfur incubation. Two soils were used in the greenhouse: Argissolo Vermelho "woods" and Cambissolo Háplico, four doses of phosphorus (0, 49.4, 77.9 and 106 kg ha-1 of P2O5) and three treatments for soil pH (no correction, sulfuric acid and sulfur plus A. thiooxidans). The incubation experiment showed that sulfur inoculated with the bacteria and the use of sulfuric acid were efficient in soil pH control. Among the evaluated soils, the Cambissolo Háplico presented lower variation in relation to Argissolo Vermelho. In both treatments there was increase in pH regarding to its initial value. The sulfur inoculated with the bacteria and the use of sulfuric acid are efficient in the control of the soil pH. The soil pH correction methods not affect the commercial production of the melon. In order to meet the commercial production of fruits it is recommended apply no control methods to correct soil pH, and the dose of 44.9 kg ha-1 of P2O5. Soils no recently cultivated and under the fertility conditions meet in this research, can be cultivated with melon irrigated without loss for growth and production, by a cycle. The soil pH control methods had no influence the biometric characteristics and production characteristics of both soils. The ideal phosphorus dose to meet growth and production conditions in the melon cultivation was 49.4 kg ha-1 of P2O5 jointly with no soil pH correction / A qualidade do solo agrícola é constantemente influenciada por causas naturais e pela atividade antrópica. Desse modo, foram realizados dois estudos, o primeiro com o objetivo de avaliar a reação de solos quanto ao pH com o uso de ácido sulfúrico na água de irrigação e a oxidação biológica do enxofre. O segundo estudo objetivou avaliar doses de fósforo combinado com o uso de produtos acidificantes no solo com o cultivo de meloeiro em casa de vegetação visando avaliar as variáveis de crescimento e de produção. O estudo na condição de incubação ocorreu com três tipos de solos: Argissolo Vermelho “mata”, Argissolo Vermelho “cultivado” e Cambissolo Háplico, cinco doses de enxofre (0, 25, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1) e três volumes de bactéria (1, 2 e 3 ml). Um outro experimento, também com incubação de solos, testou o uso de cinco doses de ácido sulfúrico na água de irrigação (0, 30, 50, 70 e 90%) nos mesmos solos da incubação com enxofre. Em casa de vegetação foram utilizados dois solos: Argissolo Vermelho “mata” e Cambissolo Háplico, quatro doses de fósforo (0, 49,4; 77,9 e 106 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e três manejos para o pH do solo (sem correção, ácido sulfúrico e enxofre mais A. thiooxidans). O enxofre inoculado com a bactéria e o uso de ácido sulfúrico foram eficientes para o controle do pH no solo incubado e ao final do cultivo. Os métodos de correção do pH do solo não afetam a produção comercial do meloeiro. Para atender a produção comercial dos frutos é recomendado o método sem correção do pH do solo e a dose de 44,9 kg ha-1de P2O5. Os solos não cultivados recentemente, e com as condições de fertilidade existentes nesta pesquisa, podem ser cultivados com meloeiro irrigado por um ciclo sem perdas para o crescimento e a produção dos frutos. Os métodos de controle do pH dos solos, com enxofre e com ácido, não diferem nos parâmetros de crescimento e produção, para ambos os solos. A combinação ideal para atender às condições de crescimento e produção no cultivo do meloeiro são 49,4 kg ha-1 de P2O5 juntamente com a não correção do pH do solo / 2017-10-19

During 1967-68 experiments to determine the comparative effect of various nitrogenous fertilizers on soil reaction and soil aggregation of the Fox sandy loam, the Lincoln loam and the Lincoln clay loam were carried out in the pedology Laboratory of the Department of Geography, McMaster University. The soil samples were taken from the Horticultural Experiment Station, Simcoe, Ontario. A review of literature is presented in Chapter II. Chapter III discusses experimental techniques, results and a discussion of problems encountered. Chapter IV summarizes the results of the survey and analyses. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Soil characterization provides the basic information necessary for understanding the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. Knowledge about soils can in turn be used to inform management practices, optimize agricultural operations, and ensure the continuation of ecosystem services provided by soils. However, current analytical standards for identifying each distinct property are costly and time-consuming. The optimization of laboratory grade technology for wide scale use is demonstrated by advances in a proximal soil sensing technique known as portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF). pXRF analyzers use high energy Xrays that interact with a sample to cause characteristic reflorescence that can be distinguished by the analyzer for its energy and intensity to determine the chemical composition of the sample. While pXRF only measures total elemental abundance, the concentrations of certain elements have been used as a proxy to develop models capable of predicting soil characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate existing models and model building techniques for predicting soil pH, texture, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C:N ratio from pXRF spectra and assess their fittingness for California soils by comparing predictions to results from laboratory methods. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest (RF) models were created for each property using a training subset of data and evaluated by R2 , RMSE, RPD and RPIQ on an unseen test set. The California soils sample set was comprised of 480 soil samples from across the state that were subject to laboratory and pXRF analysis in GeoChem mode. Results showed that existing data models applied to the CA soils dataset lacked predictive ability. In comparison, data models generated using MLR with 10-fold cross validation for variable selection improved predictions, while algorithmic modeling produced the best estimates for all properties besides pH. The best models produced for each property gave RMSE values of 0.489 for pH, 10.8 for sand %, 6.06 for clay % (together predicting the correct texture class 74% of the time), 6.79 for CEC (cmolc/kg soil), 1.01 for SOC %, 0.062 for TN %, and 7.02 for C:N ratio. Where R2 and RMSE were observed to fluctuate inconsistently with a change in the random train/test splits, RPD and RPIQ were more stable, which may indicate a more useful representation of out of sample applicability. RF modeling for TN content provided the best predictive model overall (R2 = 0.782, RMSE = 0.062, RPD = 2.041, and RPIQ = 2.96). RF models for CEC and TN % achieved RPD values >2, indicating stable predictive models (Cheng et al., 2021). Lower RPD values between 1.75 and 2 and RPIQ >2 were also found for MLR models of CEC, and TN %, as well as RF models for SOC. Better estimates for chemical properties (CEC, N, SOC) when compared to physical properties (texture), may be attributable to a correlation between elemental signatures and organic matter. All models were improved with the addition of categorical variables (land-use and sample set) but came at a great statistical cost (9 extra predictors). Separating models by land type and lab characterization method revealed some improvements within land types, but these effects could not be fully untangled from sample set. Thus, the consortia of characterizing bodies for ‘true’ lab data may have been a drawback in model performance, by confounding inter-lab errors with predictive errors. Future studies using pXRF analysis for soil property estimation should investigate how predictive v models are affected by characterizing method and lab body. While statewide models for California soils provided what may be an acceptable level of error for some applications, models calibrated for a specific site using consistent lab characterization methods likely provide a higher degree of accuracy for indirect measurements of some key soil properties.

O ensaio SPT (Standard Penetration Test), é o ensaio de campo geotécnico mais usado no Brasil e grande parte do mundo. A ampla utilização deste ensaio no âmbito da engenharia geotécnica deve-se à sua simplicidade, baixo custo, grande experiência prática e facilidade de aplicação dos seus resultados. Os principais objetivos do ensaio são a determinação do índice de resistência do solo (NSPT) e amostragem. Apesar de ser muito utilizado na estimativa da capacidade de carga de fundações, o ensaio SPT tem sido questionado pelo fato de que o índice NSPT é utilizado em correlações empíricas baseadas em observações práticas, sem nenhum fundamento científico. Além do mais, seus resultados apresentam significativas dispersões. Para analisar racionalmente os resultados do ensaio e de possibilitar a comparação dos diferentes resultados de distintas equipes, é necessário conhecer as quantidades de energia envolvidas na penetração do amostrador no solo. Tais análises requerem o conhecimento da eficiência do equipamento (η) e a força de reação dinâmica do solo à cravação do amostrador (RD). Neste cenário, o presente trabalho aborda a interpretação racional dos resultados de ensaios SPT a partir de simulações numéricas realizadas com o software Abaqus/Explicit®. Esse programa fornece os deslocamentos do amostrador (Δρ), força de reação dinâmica do solo (RD), e as forças de reação nas paredes laterais externa e interna do amostrador (R1 e R2). Baseando-se nos resultados dos modelos numéricos, foi possível calcular a eficiência do equipamento, a partir da força de reação dinâmica do solo, as resistências unitárias de atrito atuantes nas paredes e a resistência unitária na ponta do amostrador. Também foi possível determinar a relação entre as resistências unitárias de atrito desenvolvidas no interior e exterior do amostrador (fator de atrito a). Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com resultados de trabalhos experimentais e valores teóricos determinados com base no Princípio de Hamilton da conservação da energia. Também foi possível simular uma prova de carga dinâmica com energia crescente no amostrador, variando a altura de queda do martelo. Isso confirmou que a resistência mobilizada do solo para certa energia aplicada pode estar bem abaixo da ruptura e apenas representar um ponto na curva de resistência mobilizada versus deslocamento. / The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is one of the most used geotechnical tests in the world. The wide use of this test in the context of geotechnical engineering is due to its simplicity, low cost, large practical experience and its ease of application of results. The main objectives of the test are the determination of soil resistance index (NSPT) and sampling. Despite being widely used in estimating the bearing capacity of foundations, the SPT test has been questioned by the fact that the NSPT index is used in empirical correlations based on practical observations, with no scientific basis. Furthermore, its results show significant dispersions. To analyze rationally the test results and to make possible to compare different results obtained from different equipment, it is necessary to know the amounts of energy existing during the penetration of the sampler into soil. Such analyses require information about the equipment efficiency (η) and the dynamic soil reaction force during the sampler penetration (RD). In this scenario, this work addresses the rational interpretation of SPT test results from numerical simulations performed with the Abaqus/Explicit software. This program provides the sampler displacements (Δρ), the dynamic soil reaction force (RD) and the external and internal reaction forces acting on the sampler walls (R1 e R2). Based on the results of the numerical models, it was possible to calculate the efficiency of the equipment, from the dynamic soil reaction force, the unit friction resistance acting on the sampler walls and the unit resistance at the sampler tip. In addition, it was possible to estimate the relationship between the unit friction resistance acting on the internal and external walls of the sampler (friction factor a). The numerical results were compared with experimental results and theoretical values, obtained using the Hamilton\'s principle of conservation of energy. Furthermore, it was possible to simulate a dynamic load test with increasing energy applied to the sampler, by varying the height of fall of the hammer. It was obtained the confirmation that resistance mobilized for a certain level of energy applied to the sampler may be below the failure load and represent only a point on the graph curve mobilized resistance versus displacement.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:19:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Souza.pdf: 360141 bytes, checksum: 6bf9d8f9ce30fb6fa717ad9798736d1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The competition of water in different regions of the world, between agriculture and the human needs, has led to restrictions in the increase of food production, resulting in search for alternative sources. The use of effluent from secondary treatment of sewage (ETSE) has been a common practice in several seasonal situations. The aims of this work were: (i) create regression models to assist in the understanding of the dynamics of acidity (current, exchangeable and total), the exchangeable bases and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in the soil, through the use of multiple linear regression (RLM), considering variables of soil, soil solution, plant, ETSE, weather and complementary variables, and (ii) compare the generated models with the standard method and the models generated from selecting variables. For the construction of the MLR models, the method of stepwise variable selection, forward and backward were used and compared with the standard method through the index adjusted determination coefficient (R2adj) and the variance inflation factor (VIF). The models developed from the method of variables selection were the most indicated. All the attributes in the scenarios and layers of the studied soils were not explained by the same group of variables. In general the results were consistent as far as the pH increased, the H + Al (total acidity) and Al (potential acidity) concentration decreased and Ca (calcium), Mg (magnesium) were increased. Because of the low-K (potassium) in the soil, the contribution of this nutrient by irrigation with ETSE cause little influence in the concentrations of this element. Due to the high sodium absorption ratio (SAR) in the effluent concentrations of this element, as well as PST were increased over time in soil. The accumulation and export of Na (sodium) by plants was not sufficient to prevent the increase in the concentrations of exchangeable Na and ESP in all studied scenarios and layers. / A concorrência de água entre o setor agrícola e as necessidades humanas em diversas regiões do mundo tem ocasionado restrições no incremento da produção de alimentos, implicando em buscas por fontes alternativas. A utilização de efluente de tratamento secundário de esgoto (ETSE) tem sido uma prática comum em várias situações sazonais. Objetivou-se neste trabalho:(i) criar modelos de regressão para auxiliar no entendimento da dinâmica da acidez (trocável e total), bases trocáveis e percentual de sódio trocável (PST) no solo, através do uso de regressão linear múltipla (RLM), considerando variáveis de solo, solução no solo, planta, ETSE, meteorológicas e variáveis complementares; e (ii) comparar os modelos gerados com método padrão e os modelos gerados com seleção de variáveis. Para construção dos modelos de RLM foram utilizados o método de seleção de variáveis stepwise, forward e backward e comparados com o método padrão, através dos índices de coeficiente de determinação ajustado (R2adj) e do fator de inflação de variância (FIV). Os modelos desenvolvidos a partir do método de seleção de variáveis foram os mais indicados. Todos os atributos nos cenários e camadas de solos estudados não foram explicadas por um mesmo grupo de variáveis. De modo geral, os resultados foram coerentes, pois na medida em que o pH aumentou, as concentrações H+Al e Al diminuíram e as de Ca e Mg foram incrementadas. O baixo teor de K no solo, evidenciou que o aporte desse nutriente pela irrigação com ETSE pouco influência as concentrações desse elemento. Devido à alta razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS) no ETSE as concentrações deste elemento, bem como PST foram aumentadas ao longo do tempo no solo. O acúmulo e a exportação de Na pelas plantas não foi suficiente para evitar o incremento nas concentrações de Na trocável e PST em todos os cenários e camadas estudados.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:30:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jessica Alves dos Santos.pdf: 679249 bytes, checksum: 3ae55a8cf411c25ba8cb319cec75453b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The liming is essential for building soil fertility, enabling exploitation more sustainable of production systems. However, the efficiency and the residual effect of lime used are dependent on the degree of soil disturbance, which has been distinguished in conservation production systems. The objectives of this work are (i) quantify the yields of dry matter (DM) and content crude protein (CP) in maize silage during the years 2008-2014; and (ii) evaluate the changes in soil fertility attributes: active acidity (pH), potential acidity (H+Al), exchangeable acidity (Al3+) and base saturation (V) 24 and 60 months after of liming, in different methods tillage and uses of annual ryegrass during the autumn-winter. The experiment was conducted in Castro (PR) in an Oxisol dystrophic clayey. The design experimental was a randomized complete block design with split plots and four replications. In the plots were studied four methods of soil tillage: conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), no-tillage (NT) and chiseled no-tillage (CNT). In the subplots were studied three purposes of use of annual ryegrass: cover crop (CC), silage (S) and grazing of the dairy heifers in integrated crop-livestock (ICL). In medium-term, the tillage methods (CT, MT, NT, and CNT) do not influence the yield of DM and CP content of maize silage. The uses annual ryegrass for S and ICL not influence yield of DM and provide high CP in corn silage. Using the preceding crop just as CC provides least amount of benefits systems to annual ryegrass production and maize silage. Lower acidity and higher V were observed in layer the 0-5 cm in NT. Compared to the NT, the CNT not improve the acidity and V. The annual ryegrass for the S and ICL provided, over time, decrease in the acidity of the soil in layers below 10 cm depth. The NT combined with ICL provides improvement in soil acidity conditions after 60 months after liming. / A correção da acidez é fundamental para a construção da fertilidade do solo, possibilitando a exploração mais sustentável dos sistemas de produção. Todavia, a eficiência e o efeito residual do corretivo utilizado são dependentes do grau de perturbação do solo, que tem sido distinto nos sistemas de produção. Os objetivos deste trabalho são (i) quantificar os rendimentos de matéria seca (MS) e teor de proteína bruta (PB) no milho silagem durante os anos 2008-2014; e (ii) avaliar as alterações nos atributos de fertilidade do solo: acidez ativa (pH), potencial (H+Al) e trocável (Al3+) e saturação por bases (V) aos 24 e 60 meses após a calagem, em diferentes métodos de preparo do solo e usos do azevém anual durante o outonoinverno. O experimento foi instalado no município de Castro (PR), em um Latossolo Bruno distrófico de textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Nas parcelas (10 x 30 m) foram empregados quatro métodos de preparo do solo: cultivo convencional (CC), cultivo mínimo (CM), plantio direto (PD) e PD com subsolagem bianual (PDS). Nas subparcelas (10 x 10 m) foram estudadas três propósitos de uso do azevém anual: cobertura do solo (CS), silagem pré-secada (SPS) e pastejo animal em sistema integrado de produção agropecuária (SIPA). Em médio prazo, os métodos de preparo do solo (CC, CM, PD e PDS) não influenciam o rendimento de MS e teor de PB de milho silagem. Os usos de azevém anual para SPS e em SIPA não influenciam o rendimento de MS e proporcionam incremento nos teores de PB no milho silagem. O uso da cultura antecessora apenas como CS proporciona menor quantidade de benefícios aos sistemas de produção de azevém anual e milho silagem. No decorrer do período, menor acidez e maior V foram observadas na camada de 0-5 cm no PD. Quando comparado ao PD, o PDS não proporcionou melhoria nas condições de acidez e V. O azevém anual destinado à SPS e SIPA proporcionou, ao longo do tempo, diminuição da acidez do solo nas camadas abaixo de 10 cm de profundidade. O PD aliado ao SIPA proporciona melhoria nas condições de acidez do solo após 60 meses da aplicação do calcário.

O ensaio SPT (Standard Penetration Test), é o ensaio de campo geotécnico mais usado no Brasil e grande parte do mundo. A ampla utilização deste ensaio no âmbito da engenharia geotécnica deve-se à sua simplicidade, baixo custo, grande experiência prática e facilidade de aplicação dos seus resultados. Os principais objetivos do ensaio são a determinação do índice de resistência do solo (NSPT) e amostragem. Apesar de ser muito utilizado na estimativa da capacidade de carga de fundações, o ensaio SPT tem sido questionado pelo fato de que o índice NSPT é utilizado em correlações empíricas baseadas em observações práticas, sem nenhum fundamento científico. Além do mais, seus resultados apresentam significativas dispersões. Para analisar racionalmente os resultados do ensaio e de possibilitar a comparação dos diferentes resultados de distintas equipes, é necessário conhecer as quantidades de energia envolvidas na penetração do amostrador no solo. Tais análises requerem o conhecimento da eficiência do equipamento (η) e a força de reação dinâmica do solo à cravação do amostrador (RD). Neste cenário, o presente trabalho aborda a interpretação racional dos resultados de ensaios SPT a partir de simulações numéricas realizadas com o software Abaqus/Explicit®. Esse programa fornece os deslocamentos do amostrador (Δρ), força de reação dinâmica do solo (RD), e as forças de reação nas paredes laterais externa e interna do amostrador (R1 e R2). Baseando-se nos resultados dos modelos numéricos, foi possível calcular a eficiência do equipamento, a partir da força de reação dinâmica do solo, as resistências unitárias de atrito atuantes nas paredes e a resistência unitária na ponta do amostrador. Também foi possível determinar a relação entre as resistências unitárias de atrito desenvolvidas no interior e exterior do amostrador (fator de atrito a). Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com resultados de trabalhos experimentais e valores teóricos determinados com base no Princípio de Hamilton da conservação da energia. Também foi possível simular uma prova de carga dinâmica com energia crescente no amostrador, variando a altura de queda do martelo. Isso confirmou que a resistência mobilizada do solo para certa energia aplicada pode estar bem abaixo da ruptura e apenas representar um ponto na curva de resistência mobilizada versus deslocamento. / The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is one of the most used geotechnical tests in the world. The wide use of this test in the context of geotechnical engineering is due to its simplicity, low cost, large practical experience and its ease of application of results. The main objectives of the test are the determination of soil resistance index (NSPT) and sampling. Despite being widely used in estimating the bearing capacity of foundations, the SPT test has been questioned by the fact that the NSPT index is used in empirical correlations based on practical observations, with no scientific basis. Furthermore, its results show significant dispersions. To analyze rationally the test results and to make possible to compare different results obtained from different equipment, it is necessary to know the amounts of energy existing during the penetration of the sampler into soil. Such analyses require information about the equipment efficiency (η) and the dynamic soil reaction force during the sampler penetration (RD). In this scenario, this work addresses the rational interpretation of SPT test results from numerical simulations performed with the Abaqus/Explicit software. This program provides the sampler displacements (Δρ), the dynamic soil reaction force (RD) and the external and internal reaction forces acting on the sampler walls (R1 e R2). Based on the results of the numerical models, it was possible to calculate the efficiency of the equipment, from the dynamic soil reaction force, the unit friction resistance acting on the sampler walls and the unit resistance at the sampler tip. In addition, it was possible to estimate the relationship between the unit friction resistance acting on the internal and external walls of the sampler (friction factor a). The numerical results were compared with experimental results and theoretical values, obtained using the Hamilton\'s principle of conservation of energy. Furthermore, it was possible to simulate a dynamic load test with increasing energy applied to the sampler, by varying the height of fall of the hammer. It was obtained the confirmation that resistance mobilized for a certain level of energy applied to the sampler may be below the failure load and represent only a point on the graph curve mobilized resistance versus displacement.