Orientador: Anna Silvia Palcheco Peixoto / Banca: Vagner Roberto Elis / Banca: George de Paula Bernardes / Resumo: A resistividade elétrica vem sendo somada junto aos estudos de investigação geotécnica devido ao seu apelo ambiental, visto que esta técnica se dá por meio da imposição de um fluxo de corrente elétrica em uma amostra de solo, permitindo-se avaliar as condições geológicas locais por um método não destrutivo. A obtenção dessa medida vem sendo somada aos estudos de investigação geotécnica devido ao seu apelo ambiental, otimizando as amostragens e permitindo a avaliação das condições geológicas locais por meio de um método não destrutivo. Dessa maneira, o objetivo dessa dissertação de mestrado é avaliar, em laboratório, o comportamento da resistividade elétrica variando-se o teor de salinidade no fluido de percolação em dois solos tropicais: um arenoso, sedimentar, característico da região de Bauru, e outro argiloso, resultado do intemperismo do Diabásio, proveniente do município de Piracicaba. As análises foram realizadas utilizando-se resultados, dos ensaios de caracterização, compactação, permeabilidade e curva de retenção. o teor de salinidade do fluido foi considerado, tanto na compactação, como na percolação em três concentrações: água destilada, 250 ppm e 500 ppm de NaCI, além de abastecimento, controlando-se o teor de umidade, a compactação, o índice de vazios e o grau de saturação. Os resultados mostraram-se que a resistividade elétrica tende a ser constante no ramo úmido da curva de compactação e também quando o grau de saturação está acima de 80%. Notou-se também que a curva de resistividade versus sucção pode ser divida em dois trechos: o primeiro corresponde às baixas sucções, com a continuidade da água nos poros e resistividade menores; o segundo trecho, que se inicia na primeira entrada de dar, conduz a um nítido aumento nos valores de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The electrical resitivity of a homogeneous material could be defined as the measurements of the difficult of crossing of the electrical current and it depends of the dimension and type of material. However, when that material is soil, composed by three phases (solid, liquid and gas), this measure is influenced by several factors that could be controlled in laboratory tests. The electrical resistivity has been used geotechnical research studies since this technique improve the sampling of environmental works and allowing the evaluation of local geological conditions through a non-destructive method. Thus, the goal of the study was evaluate the behavior of electrical resistivity of two tropical soils varying the salinity concentration in the percolation fluid: a sandy sediment, characteristic of the Bauru city; a clayey soil, Weathered of Diabase from Piracicaba City. Results of soil mechanics laboratory tests as characterization tests, compaction, permeability and soil-water retention curve were used in the analyses. In both, compaction and permeability tests, the procedure were carried out varying the fluid salinity: distilled water, water supply; 250ppm and 500ppm of NaCi. The moisture content, compaction energy, void ratio and degree of saturation. The tests results showed the rsistivity values tend to be constant in the wet density curve and when the degree of saturation is above 80%. It was also noted that the curve of resistivity suction could be divided into two segments: the first corresponds to low suctions where there is continuity of water in the porous leading to low resistivity values; the second segment begins in the first air entrance, with discountinuous state of pore-water and sa sharphy increase in the resistivity values. The formation factors (FF) were obtained during the permeability tests: 7,5 to the sandy soil and... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Soil salinization and sodification are amongst the main land degradation processes. This evergrowing issue reaches worldwide proportions and takes place mostly in arid and semiarid regions of the world, including the Brazilian northeast and the state of Sergipe. It is caused mostly by anthropic activities such as inadequately irrigated agriculture, soil preparation and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers, in combination with weather conditions and soil characteristics. These phenomena have led to the decrease in agricultural productivity, increased soil treatment coss and land abandonment. Solutions to this problem demand integrated approaches that combine knowledge in agricultural, environmental, social and economic sciences. The goal of this work is to investigate predisposing conditions and the presence of soil salinization processes, identifying its inception and manifestation elements on the land reform settlement project Jacaré-Curituba, as well as to test the development of the plant Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty in the settlement soil, analyzing salty soil´s potential for phytoremediation. The study was guided by theoretical frameworks that address the causes, consequences, control and mitigation options for the processes of soil salinization; field research for conduction of interviews; collection and analysis of different soils; and experiments with ten genotypes of the Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Robertyspecies in greenhouse soils with three different salinization levels. The study concludes by identifying, on the settlement project, the existence of salty soil due to pedoclimatic conditions and the adoption of agricultural techniques that foster the salinization process. On the greenhouse experiment there were significant differences of plant development when exposed to increased soil salinity and sodicity. The level of soil salts extraction was low, however, due to the salinity and sodicity tolerance showed by the plant, it was identified promising potential of vetiver for phytoremediation of saline soils by mechanisms related to improving the conditions of soil by growing roots and leaves. / A salinização e sodificação dos solos estão entre os principais processos de degradação da terra. O problema é crescente e tem extensão global, ocorrendo majoritariamente em regiões áridas e semiáridas do mundo, inclusive no Nordeste brasileiro e no estado de Sergipe. São causados em grande parte por atividades antrópicas, a exemplo da agricultura praticada com técnicas inadequadas de irrigação, de preparo de solo e de aplicação indiscriminada de adubos químicos, aliadas a condições predisponentes do clima e das características do solo. Têm causado perda de produtividade agrícola, custos elevados de tratamento e abandono da terra. A solução do problema exige abordagens integradas que envolvem conhecimentos das ciências agronômicas, ambientais, sociais e econômicas. O objetivo deste trabalho é levantar as condições predisponentes e a existência do processo de salinização de solo, identificando sua concepção e forma de ocorrência no assentamento de reforma agrária Jacaré-Curituba e testar, em casa de vegetação, o desenvolvimento da planta Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty, em solos provenientes deste assentamento, que apresentam, em condição de campo, níveis diferentes de salinidade advindas das atividades agrícolas, avaliando seu potencial de fitorremediação de solos salinizados. O estudo foi pautado em referenciais teóricos que abordam as causas, consequências, formas de controle e remediação dos processos de salinização dos solos; em pesquisa de campo com realização de entrevistas; coleta e análise de solos; e experimentos com dez acessos da espécie Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty em solo com três níveis diferentes de salinização, em casa de vegetação. Identificou-se no assentamento Jacaré-Curituba, a existência de processo de salinização do solo devido a uma associação de condições naturais predisponentes e adoção de práticas agrícolas contribuintes. No experimento em casa de vegetação, o desenvolvimento do vetiver foi afetado negativamente quando exposto a um aumento da salinidade e sodicidade do solo. O nível de extração de sais do solo foi baixo, no entanto, devido à tolerância à salinidade e sodicidade apresentada pela planta, foi identificado potencial promissor do vetiver para fitorremediação de solos salinizados através de outros mecanismos relacionados à melhoria das condições de solo ocasionada pela presença das folhas e principalmente das raízes.

Thesis (MScAgric (Agronomy)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / Soil salinity is a serious constrain to crop production in many countries. In the Western Cape canola production area, large variability in soil properties within the same field is a very common feature. Some of this variability may be ascribed to differences in salinity. These saline patches affected the germination and survival of cereal crops like wheat and may therefore also be a reason for the high variability and generally low canola yields obtained in this area. It will therefore be important to quantify the effect of such saline conditions on the germination and seedling establishment of canola in an effort to improve yields. In this study several experiments were conducted under controlled conditions in either Petri dishes in an incubator or pots in a temperature controlled glasshouse to determine the salinity response of canola. Results of the experiments done in Petri dishes, showed that the germination response of canola (Brassica napus L., cv. Tornado) to increasing levels of salinity is very similar to that of wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv SST 88). Although canola germinated more rapidly than wheat at a temperature of 20 ºC, the final percentage germination for both crops decreased severely when NaCl induced salinity exceeded levels of an EC of 8 dS m-1, but less severe responses were obtained with NaCl/CaCl2 induced salinity. Under soil conditions an interaction between soil type and salinity level showed that the responses in sandy soil to an increase in salinity from 0 to 8 iv dS m-1 were less severe than in loamy soil and especially when salinity stress was induced by NaCl. Although cultivar Spektrum showed more tolerance to saline conditions during the germination and seedling stages in pot experiments when compared to other cultivars tested, these results will have to be confirmed in field trails where grain yield and quality can be measured.

The feasibility of predicting porewater salinity based on calibrated surface electromagnetic methods is discussed in a coastal wetland on the southern banks of Tampa Bay in West-Central Florida. This study utilizes a new method to float commercial land based electromagnetic (EM) instruments in shallow marine waters of less than 1.5 meters. The floating EM-31 (Geonics, Ltd.) effectively sensed the magnitude and lateral extent of high and low salinity porewaters within mangrove lined ditches and ponds. Resistivity and EM geophysical methods are merged with direct sampling data to calibrate layers in electromagnetic models to infer shallow (<30m) groundwater salinity patterns. Initial marine resistivity surveys are necessary to discriminate between equivalent EM model solutions for seafloor conductivities beneath shallow (0.1-1.5m) marine (~30 ppt) waters. Using formation factors computed from nearby resistivity surveys, porewater conductivity predictions based on surface EM-31 and EM-34 measurements are successful at distinguishing overall porewater salinity trends. At the Tampa Bay study site, the most distinctive terrain conductivity anomalies are associated with mangroves bordering marine waters. Highly elevated porewater conductivities are found within 5m of the mangrove trunks, falling sharply off within 10m, presumably due to saltwater exclusion by mangrove roots. Modeling indicates the shallow water EM-31 measurements probably lack the resolution necessary to image more subtle porewater conductivity variations, such as those expected in association with diffuse submarine groundwater discharge. However, the technique has potential application for locating high contrast zones of freshwater discharge and other salinity anomalies in shallow and nearshore areas not accessible to conventional marine resistivity or land-based arrays, and hence may be useful for interdisciplinary studies of coastal wetland ecosystems.

Non-dilute salt strength solutions occur in many near surface geologic environments. In order to better understand the occurrence and movement of the water and salt, mathematical models for this non-ideal fluid need to be developed. Initial boundary value problems may then be solved to predict behavior for comparison with observations. Using the principles of equilibrium reversible and irreversible thermodynamics, relationships describing the thermo-physics of non-dilute saline solutions in variably saturated porous media are investigated. Each of four central chapters investigates a particular aspect of the flow of saline solutions through porous media. The first chapter derives the general relationships describing the effects of salt on the vapor content in the gas phase and also on the liquid pressure. The second chapter summarizes an example using the new theory for sodium chloride (NaCl) from zero to saturated strength. Additional terms beyond the dilute approximation are shown to be more important in very dry, fine textured soils with significant salt content. The third chapter derives the salt corrections for Darcy-type flow laws for variably saturated porous media, and an example for NaCl is given. Agreement between theory and experimental data is good, though there appear to be some unaccounted for effects. These effects may be the result of ionic interaction of the salt with the loamy sand used, and/or the effect of hysteresis of the water content-pressure relationship. The final chapter investigates two fundamental assumptions commonly used in process thermodynamics when considering mixtures described by porous media, saline water, and moist air. The first assumption is that temperature is the generalized intensive variable associated with entropy. The second assumption is that the form of the differential of total energy is known a-priori. It is shown that the first assumption is suspect under some circumstances, and a generalized notion of how to select extensive variables for a given system is introduced for comparison with the second assumption. Examples comparing the "usual" and new theories are accomplished for ideal gases and for isotropic Newtonian liquids, with results being favorable except possibly for the Gibbs-Duhem Relation of the Newtonian liquid for the "usual" theory. / Graduation date: 2005

SILVA, Alexandre Reuber Almeida da Silva. Respostas e adaptações de plantas de coqueiro "anão verde" ás interações entre deficiência hídrica e salinidade do solo. 2015. 237 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-07-08T15:25:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_arasilva.pdf: 4598302 bytes, checksum: dc76917acc87d1d0031e4e0c50eced01 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-07-08T15:25:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_arasilva.pdf: 4598302 bytes, checksum: dc76917acc87d1d0031e4e0c50eced01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-08T15:25:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_arasilva.pdf: 4598302 bytes, checksum: dc76917acc87d1d0031e4e0c50eced01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / In this work morphological, physiological, biochemical and nutritional responses, to elucidate the possible adaptive strategies of young coconut plants, cultivating "Green Dwarf", involved with tolerance to the effects of stress isolated and combined soil salinity and water stress. In the experiment, conducted in a greenhouse, the greenhouse type, in Fortaleza, Ceará, were evaluated under statistical design of randomized blocks in a split plot arrangement, the effects of different levels of water stress by imposing different percentages resets the potential evapotranspiration - ETpc (20; 40; 60; 80 and 100%), related to increasing levels of soil salinity (1.72, 6.25, 25.80 and 40.70 dS m-1) provided by soils derived from the Irrigated Perimeter Morada Nova - PIMN. The effects of treatments on plants were evaluated using the variables: plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, leaf area, biomass production (root, shoot and total), compared root dry biomass of aerial-1, to salinity tolerance indices, leaf gas exchange (stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, instant and intrinsic efficiency of water use), quantum yield of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv Fm-1) level for total chlorophyll (Spad index) , total content of chlorophyll (a + b) and carotenoids, leaf water potential, leaf and root levels of inorganic solutes (potassium ions, sodium and chloride) and organic (total soluble carbohydrates, N - aminossolúveis and free proline) and nutritional state (foliar nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, manganese and zinc). The growth and biomass production of the plants are sharply reduced by the conditions of water stress and high soil salinity, apparently being more critical to fluid restriction culture. The degree of water stress can enhance the susceptibility to salinity. The physiological mechanisms are effectively limited when water stress and salinity act separately and / or together. The effects of water stress are more effective in the reduction of physiological parameters, to the detriment soil salinity. The magnitudes of physiological responses of plants to water supply and salinity depend on the intensity of stress. Adaptive physiological responses of plants are related mainly to stomatal regulation. In conditions of drought and soil salinity, the plants have linear reductions in the total levels of chlorophyll. Carotenoid levels respond to the combined effects of water availability and soil salinity and reflect the antagonism between them. The coconut has a number of physiological adjustments mechanisms that give the species a partial tolerance to drought stress and / or saline. Saline ions K+, Na+ and Cl- accumulate significantly in young coconut plants, to the detriment of organic solutes, both in the leaves and in the roots, evidencing an apparent root retention ions. Salinity did not change the concentration of organic solutes, however, show up increments in leaf and root levels of free proline in response to water stress. Water stress and soil salinity interact, affecting the nutritional status of plants, except for the nutrient P. Leaf contents of nutrients N, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn grow positively with the increase of water availability and are reduced substantially with increasing salinity. The interaction of smaller water deficit levels with the highest saline levels maximizes the leaf contents of Mg and Cu and minimizes K. During the establishment of coconut seedlings, the need for macronutrients follows the descending order: N, K Ca, Mg, S and P and micronutrients: Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The plant nutrition proved to be adequate, except for the imbalances observed in nutrients K, Mg, S and Mn. The coconut seedlings show full capacity of the establishment in saline soils PIMN, corresponding to the level of electrical conductivity to 6.50 dS m-1, but only when the water supply remains adequate. For the higher salinity levels the plants survive, yet the size of the same is reduced by around 50%, even when fully irrigated. / Neste trabalho foram estudadas repostas morfológicas, fisiológicas, bioquímicas e nutricionais, visando elucidar as possíveis estratégias adaptativas de plantas jovens de coqueiro, cultivar “Anão Verde”, envolvidas com sua tolerância aos efeitos dos estresses isolados e/ou combinados, salinidade do solo e deficiência hídrica. No experimento, conduzido em casa de vegetação, do tipo telado, em Fortaleza, Ceará, avaliaram-se, sob delineamento estatístico de blocos casualizados, no arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, os efeitos de diferentes níveis de deficiência hídrica, mediante a imposição de distintos percentuais de reposições da evapotranspiração potencial da cultura - ETpc (20; 40; 60; 80 e 100%), associados à crescentes níveis de salinidade do solo (1,72; 6,25; 25,80 e 40,70 dS m-1), proporcionados pelos solos oriundos do Perímetro Irrigado Morada Nova - PIMN. Os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre as plantas foram avaliados por meio das variáveis: altura de plantas, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, área foliar, produção de biomassa (radicular, parte aérea e total), relação biomassa seca raiz parte aérea-1, índices de tolerância à salinidade, trocas gasosas foliares (condutância estomática, transpiração, fotossíntese, eficiência instantânea e intrínseca de uso da água), rendimento quântico da fluorescência da clorofila a (Fv Fm-1), teores relativos de clorofila total (índice Spad), teores totais de clorofilas (a+b) e de carotenóides, potencial hídrico foliar, teores foliares e radiculares dos solutos inorgânicos (íons potássio, sódio e cloreto) e orgânicos (carboidratos solúveis totais, N - aminossolúveis e prolina livre) e estado nutricional (teores foliares dos nutrientes nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, ferro, cobre, manganês e zinco). O crescimento e a produção de biomassa das plantas são acentuadamente reduzidos pelas condições de restrição hídrica e de elevada salinidade do solo, sendo aparentemente mais crítica à cultura a restrição hídrica. O grau de estresse hídrico é capaz de acentuar a suscetibilidade à salinidade. Os mecanismos fisiológicos são efetivamente limitados quando a deficiência hídrica e a salinidade atuam isoladamente e/ou em conjunto. Os efeitos do estresse hídrico se mostram mais efetivos nas reduções dos parâmetros fisiológicos, em detrimento à salinidade do solo. As magnitudes das respostas fisiológicas das plantas ao suprimento hídrico e à salinidade dependem das intensidades do estresses. As respostas fisiológicas adaptativas das plantas estão relacionadas, principalmente, à regulação estomática. Em condições de déficit hídrico e de salinidade do solo, as plantas apresentam reduções lineares nos teores totais de clorofilas. Os teores de carotenóides respondem aos efeitos combinados da disponibilidade hídrica e da salinidade do solo e refletem o antagonismo entre estes. O coqueiro apresenta uma série de mecanismos de ajustes fisiológicos que conferem à espécie uma parcial tolerância ao estresse hídrico e/ou salino. Os íons salinos K+, Na+ e Cl- acumulam-se significativamente em plantas jovens de coqueiro, em detrimento aos solutos orgânicos, tanto nas folhas quanto nas raízes, sendo evidenciada uma aparente retenção radicular de íons. A salinidade não altera os teores dos solutos orgânicos, todavia, denotam-se incrementos nos teores foliares e radiculares de prolina livre em resposta à deficiência hídrica. A deficiência hídrica e a salinidade do solo interagem, afetando o estado nutricional das plantas, excetuando o nutriente P. Os teores foliares dos nutrientes N, Ca, S, Fe, Mn e Zn crescem positivamente com a ampliação da disponibilidade hídrica e reduzem-se substancialmente com o aumento da salinidade. A interação dos menores níveis de deficiência hídrica com os maiores níveis salinos maximiza os teores foliares de Mg e Cu e minimiza os de K. Durante o estabelecimento das plantas jovens de coqueiro, a necessidade de macronutrientes obedece à ordem decrescente: N, K Ca, Mg, S e P e à de micronutrientes: Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu. A nutrição das plantas mostra-se adequada, excetuando-se, os desequilíbrios observados nos nutrientes K, Mg, S e Mn. As plantas jovens de coqueiro mostram plena capacidade de estabelecimento nos solos salinizados do PIMN, até o nível de condutividade elétrica correspondente a 6,50 dS m-1, porém apenas quando o suprimento hídrico se mantém adequado. Para os níveis de salinidade mais elevados as plantas sobrevivem, contudo o porte das mesmas reduz-se em torno de 50%, mesmo quando plenamente irrigadas.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / In this work morphological, physiological, biochemical and nutritional responses, to elucidate the possible adaptive strategies of young coconut plants, cultivating "Green Dwarf", involved with tolerance to the effects of stress isolated and combined soil salinity and water stress. In the experiment, conducted in a greenhouse, the greenhouse type, in Fortaleza, CearÃ, were evaluated under statistical design of randomized blocks in a split plot arrangement, the effects of different levels of water stress by imposing different percentages resets the potential evapotranspiration - ETpc (20; 40; 60; 80 and 100%), related to increasing levels of soil salinity (1.72, 6.25, 25.80 and 40.70 dS m-1) provided by soils derived from the Irrigated Perimeter Morada Nova - PIMN. The effects of treatments on plants were evaluated using the variables: plant height, leaf number, stem diameter, leaf area, biomass production (root, shoot and total), compared root dry biomass of aerial-1, to salinity tolerance indices, leaf gas exchange (stomatal conductance, transpiration, photosynthesis, instant and intrinsic efficiency of water use), quantum yield of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv Fm-1) level for total chlorophyll (Spad index) , total content of chlorophyll (a + b) and carotenoids, leaf water potential, leaf and root levels of inorganic solutes (potassium ions, sodium and chloride) and organic (total soluble carbohydrates, N - aminossolÃveis and free proline) and nutritional state (foliar nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, manganese and zinc). The growth and biomass production of the plants are sharply reduced by the conditions of water stress and high soil salinity, apparently being more critical to fluid restriction culture. The degree of water stress can enhance the susceptibility to salinity. The physiological mechanisms are effectively limited when water stress and salinity act separately and / or together. The effects of water stress are more effective in the reduction of physiological parameters, to the detriment soil salinity. The magnitudes of physiological responses of plants to water supply and salinity depend on the intensity of stress. Adaptive physiological responses of plants are related mainly to stomatal regulation. In conditions of drought and soil salinity, the plants have linear reductions in the total levels of chlorophyll. Carotenoid levels respond to the combined effects of water availability and soil salinity and reflect the antagonism between them. The coconut has a number of physiological adjustments mechanisms that give the species a partial tolerance to drought stress and / or saline. Saline ions K+, Na+ and Cl- accumulate significantly in young coconut plants, to the detriment of organic solutes, both in the leaves and in the roots, evidencing an apparent root retention ions. Salinity did not change the concentration of organic solutes, however, show up increments in leaf and root levels of free proline in response to water stress. Water stress and soil salinity interact, affecting the nutritional status of plants, except for the nutrient P. Leaf contents of nutrients N, Ca, S, Fe, Mn and Zn grow positively with the increase of water availability and are reduced substantially with increasing salinity. The interaction of smaller water deficit levels with the highest saline levels maximizes the leaf contents of Mg and Cu and minimizes K. During the establishment of coconut seedlings, the need for macronutrients follows the descending order: N, K Ca, Mg, S and P and micronutrients: Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. The plant nutrition proved to be adequate, except for the imbalances observed in nutrients K, Mg, S and Mn. The coconut seedlings show full capacity of the establishment in saline soils PIMN, corresponding to the level of electrical conductivity to 6.50 dS m-1, but only when the water supply remains adequate. For the higher salinity levels the plants survive, yet the size of the same is reduced by around 50%, even when fully irrigated. / Neste trabalho foram estudadas repostas morfolÃgicas, fisiolÃgicas, bioquÃmicas e nutricionais, visando elucidar as possÃveis estratÃgias adaptativas de plantas jovens de coqueiro, cultivar âAnÃo Verdeâ, envolvidas com sua tolerÃncia aos efeitos dos estresses isolados e/ou combinados, salinidade do solo e deficiÃncia hÃdrica. No experimento, conduzido em casa de vegetaÃÃo, do tipo telado, em Fortaleza, CearÃ, avaliaram-se, sob delineamento estatÃstico de blocos casualizados, no arranjo de parcelas subdivididas, os efeitos de diferentes nÃveis de deficiÃncia hÃdrica, mediante a imposiÃÃo de distintos percentuais de reposiÃÃes da evapotranspiraÃÃo potencial da cultura - ETpc (20; 40; 60; 80 e 100%), associados à crescentes nÃveis de salinidade do solo (1,72; 6,25; 25,80 e 40,70 dS m-1), proporcionados pelos solos oriundos do PerÃmetro Irrigado Morada Nova - PIMN. Os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre as plantas foram avaliados por meio das variÃveis: altura de plantas, nÃmero de folhas, diÃmetro do caule, Ãrea foliar, produÃÃo de biomassa (radicular, parte aÃrea e total), relaÃÃo biomassa seca raiz parte aÃrea-1, Ãndices de tolerÃncia à salinidade, trocas gasosas foliares (condutÃncia estomÃtica, transpiraÃÃo, fotossÃntese, eficiÃncia instantÃnea e intrÃnseca de uso da Ãgua), rendimento quÃntico da fluorescÃncia da clorofila a (Fv Fm-1), teores relativos de clorofila total (Ãndice Spad), teores totais de clorofilas (a+b) e de carotenÃides, potencial hÃdrico foliar, teores foliares e radiculares dos solutos inorgÃnicos (Ãons potÃssio, sÃdio e cloreto) e orgÃnicos (carboidratos solÃveis totais, N - aminossolÃveis e prolina livre) e estado nutricional (teores foliares dos nutrientes nitrogÃnio, fÃsforo, potÃssio, cÃlcio, magnÃsio, enxofre, ferro, cobre, manganÃs e zinco). O crescimento e a produÃÃo de biomassa das plantas sÃo acentuadamente reduzidos pelas condiÃÃes de restriÃÃo hÃdrica e de elevada salinidade do solo, sendo aparentemente mais crÃtica à cultura a restriÃÃo hÃdrica. O grau de estresse hÃdrico à capaz de acentuar a suscetibilidade à salinidade. Os mecanismos fisiolÃgicos sÃo efetivamente limitados quando a deficiÃncia hÃdrica e a salinidade atuam isoladamente e/ou em conjunto. Os efeitos do estresse hÃdrico se mostram mais efetivos nas reduÃÃes dos parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos, em detrimento à salinidade do solo. As magnitudes das respostas fisiolÃgicas das plantas ao suprimento hÃdrico e à salinidade dependem das intensidades do estresses. As respostas fisiolÃgicas adaptativas das plantas estÃo relacionadas, principalmente, à regulaÃÃo estomÃtica. Em condiÃÃes de dÃficit hÃdrico e de salinidade do solo, as plantas apresentam reduÃÃes lineares nos teores totais de clorofilas. Os teores de carotenÃides respondem aos efeitos combinados da disponibilidade hÃdrica e da salinidade do solo e refletem o antagonismo entre estes. O coqueiro apresenta uma sÃrie de mecanismos de ajustes fisiolÃgicos que conferem à espÃcie uma parcial tolerÃncia ao estresse hÃdrico e/ou salino. Os Ãons salinos K+, Na+ e Cl- acumulam-se significativamente em plantas jovens de coqueiro, em detrimento aos solutos orgÃnicos, tanto nas folhas quanto nas raÃzes, sendo evidenciada uma aparente retenÃÃo radicular de Ãons. A salinidade nÃo altera os teores dos solutos orgÃnicos, todavia, denotam-se incrementos nos teores foliares e radiculares de prolina livre em resposta à deficiÃncia hÃdrica. A deficiÃncia hÃdrica e a salinidade do solo interagem, afetando o estado nutricional das plantas, excetuando o nutriente P. Os teores foliares dos nutrientes N, Ca, S, Fe, Mn e Zn crescem positivamente com a ampliaÃÃo da disponibilidade hÃdrica e reduzem-se substancialmente com o aumento da salinidade. A interaÃÃo dos menores nÃveis de deficiÃncia hÃdrica com os maiores nÃveis salinos maximiza os teores foliares de Mg e Cu e minimiza os de K. Durante o estabelecimento das plantas jovens de coqueiro, a necessidade de macronutrientes obedece à ordem decrescente: N, K Ca, Mg, S e P e à de micronutrientes: Fe, Mn, Zn e Cu. A nutriÃÃo das plantas mostra-se adequada, excetuando-se, os desequilÃbrios observados nos nutrientes K, Mg, S e Mn. As plantas jovens de coqueiro mostram plena capacidade de estabelecimento nos solos salinizados do PIMN, atà o nÃvel de condutividade elÃtrica correspondente a 6,50 dS m-1, porÃm apenas quando o suprimento hÃdrico se mantÃm adequado. Para os nÃveis de salinidade mais elevados as plantas sobrevivem, contudo o porte das mesmas reduz-se em torno de 50%, mesmo quando plenamente irrigadas.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-06T14:35:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Francisco de Carvalho.pdf: 1032947 bytes, checksum: a57a5dc083d674be160577952ee2fae3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-06T14:35:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Francisco de Carvalho.pdf: 1032947 bytes, checksum: a57a5dc083d674be160577952ee2fae3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The process of soil salinization occurs by several factors such as the litolic origin of their training and application of irrigation handled improperly and the use of lower quality water. In the present study it was assessed the effects of irrigation with saline water and fractions of leaching on the dynamics of distribution, uptake by plants and leaving salts of the soil profile as well as interference in crop productivity in cowpea and maize. The study was conducted at the Experimental Station of Irrigated Agriculture Dr. Ronaldo Freire de Moura, in the Department of Rural Technology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x5 factorial arrangement with four replications, applying two levels of salinity and five fractions leaching. It was analyzed: the balance of salts based on the input of fertilizers, irrigation and salts by leaching out and absorbed by crops. Regarding crop it was rated the number of pods per plant, fresh weight of pods, dry pods, weight of 100 grains, length of pods, yield of grain, number of plants per plot, fresh biomass of plants per hectare, fresh shoot biomass plant, dry shoot biomass plant in cowpea crops; number of ears per plot, diameter of ears without straw, straw diameter with ears, fresh straw ear, fresh weight cobs, grain yield hydrated, dehydrated grain yield in maize cultivation; water use efficiency, harvest index for both cowpea and maize. The fractions of leaching 10%, 15% and 20% removed salts from the soil. These was increment on crop variable, when applying 10% leaching fraction, however, the addition of 20% leaching reduced productivity of crops. / O processo de salinização dos solos ocorre por diversos fatores como a origem litólica da sua formação e pela aplicação de irrigações manejadas de forma irregular bem como a utilização de água de qualidade inferior. Na presente pesquisa avaliou-se o efeito da irrigação com água salina e de frações de lixiviação sobre a dinâmica da distribuição, absorção pelas plantas e a saída de sais do perfil do solo, bem como a interferência na produtividade no cultivo de feijão-caupi e milho. O estudo foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Agricultura Irrigada Doutor Ronaldo Freire de Moura, no Departamento de Tecnologia Rural da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5 com quatro repetições, aplicando dois níveis de salinidade e cinco frações de lixiviação. Analisaram-se: o balanço de sais nos fertilizantes, na água de irrigação, no volume lixiviado e no consumo pelas plantas. Com relação aos cultivos, foram avaliados para a cultura do feijão, o número de vagens por planta, massa fresca de vagens, massa seca de vagens, massa de 100 grãos, comprimento de vagens, produtividade de grãos, número de plantas da parcela, biomassa fresca de plantas por hectare, biomassa fresca da parte aérea por planta, biomassa seca da parte aérea por planta; para a cultura do milho, número de espigas por parcela, diâmetro de espigas sem palhas, diâmetro de espigas com palhas, massa fresca de palhas de espigas, massa fresca de sabugos, produtividade de grãos hidratados, produtividade de grãos desidratado; e para ambas culturas, eficiência de uso da água e índice de colheita. As frações de lixiviação de 10%, 15% e 20% proporcionaram retiradas de sais do solo. Houve incremento das variáveis de cultivo quando se aplicou a fração de lixiviação de 10%, entretanto, a adição de lixiviação em 20% reduziu a produtividade dos cultivos.

Thesis (M.A. (Horticulture)) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / Refer to document / University of Namibia

Australia is experiencing widespread ecosystem degradation, including dryland salinity, erosion and vegetation loss. Approximately 1 million hectares (5.5%) of the south-west agricultural zone of Western Australia is affected by dryland salinity and is predicted to rise to 5.4 million hectares by 2050. Such degradation is associated with many environmental outcomes that may impact on human health, including a decrease in primary productivity, an increase in the number of invasive species, a decrease in the number of large trees, overall decrease in biodiversity, and an increase in dust production. The resulting degradation affects not only farm production but also farm values. This study examines the effects of such severe and widespread environmental degradation on the physical and mental health of residents. Western Australia has an extensive medical record database which links individual health records for all hospital admissions, cancer cases, births and deaths. For the 15 diseases examined in this project, the study area of the south west of Western Australia (excluding the capital city of Perth) contained 1,570,985 morbidity records and 27,627 mortality records for the 15 diseases examined in a population of approximately 460,000. Environmental data were obtained from the Western Australian Department of Agriculture?s soil and landscape mapping database. A spatial Bayesian framework was used to examine associations between these disease and environmental variables. The Bayesian model detected the confounding variables of socio-economic status and proportion of the population identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. With the inclusion of these confounders in the model, associations were found between environmental degradation (including dryland salinity) and several diseases with known environmentally-mediated triggers, including asthma, ischaemic heart disease, suicide and depression. However, once records of individuals who had been diagnosed with coexistent depression were removed from the analysis, the effect of dryland salinity was no longer statistically detectable for asthma, ischaemic heart disease or suicide, although the effects of socio-economic status and size of the Aboriginal population remained. The spatial component of this study showed an association between land degradation and human health. These results indicated that such processes are driving the degree of psychological ill-health in these populations, although it remains uncertain whether this 4 is secondary to overall coexisting rural poverty or some other environmental mechanism. To further investigate this complex issue an instrument designed to measure mental health problems in rural communities was developed. Components of the survey included possible triggers for mental health, including environmental factors. The interview was administered in a pilot study through a telephone survey of a small number of farmers in South-Western Australia. Using logistic regression a significant association between the mental health of male farmers and dryland salinity was detected. However, the sample size of the survey was too small to detect any statistically significant associations between dryland salinity and the mental health of women. The results of this study indicate that dryland salinity, as with other examples of ecosystem degradation, is associated with an increased burden of human disease.