No description available.

Orientador: Reginaldo Guirardello / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T03:13:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_StellaAlonso_D.pdf: 2102940 bytes, checksum: d1db5bc412c8ae0218252291126c501e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O trabalho desenvolvido é de caráter teórico e computacional e tem como objetivo o estudo e aplicação de técnicas de otimização juntamente com análise de convexidade para cálculo do equilíbrio sólido-líquido, utilizando um problema de Programação Não-linear, implementado no software GAMS em conjunto com o software Microsoft Excel, aplicado a misturas graxas binárias e ternárias, de origem natural, compostas por ácidos graxos, triacilgliceróis, ésteres de etila e metila, baseando-se na minimização da energia de Gibbs do sistema. A modelagem das fases foi desenvolvida com dois modelos termodinâmicos, em que a fase sólida foi descrita por uma modificação da equação de Slaughter e Doherty e a líquida, modelada por Margules 2-sufixos. Assim esse trabalho trata da utilização de novas aplicações para a fase líquida, com o Modelo de Margules - 2 sufixos, que passa e ser usado e desenvolvido de dois modos: o primeiro, nomeado Margules Assimétrico, em que os parâmetros de interação de Margules são diferentes, e o outro, chamado Margules Simétrico, neste, os parâmetros são considerados equivalentes; e ainda com aplicação do Modelo de Wilson. Para tal desenvolvimento, a proposta é utilizar dados experimentais de equilíbrio, disponíveis da literatura, em caráter comparativo; e fazer o próprio cálculo dos dados da curva de equilíbrio, com os respectivos ajustes dos parâmetros nos modelos utilizados. Os resultados obtidos são apresentados na forma de diagrama de fases e ajustes de parâmetros dos modelos envolvidos, calculados e comparados pela técnica de minimização dos quadrados dos erros, que por sua vez apresentam-se satisfatória proximidade dos dados experimentais. Os resultados ainda foram comparados entre si e puderam apresentar algumas características de comportamento, para algumas classes de compostos / Abstract: This work has theorical and computational character which objectives are the study and application of optimization technique with convexity analysis to calculate solid-liquid equilibrium. This problem was a non-linear program, that was implemented in software GAMS and software Microsoft Excel, which the case studies are binary and ternary mixtures of fatty acids, triglycerides, ethyl and methyl esters using the minimization of Gibbs energy free of the systems. The description of phases was done based in two thermodynamics models, the solid phase was characterized using a modified Slaughter and Doherty model and liquid phase with Margules 2 - suffixes. In this work the on liquid phase, the Margules model assume two forms: Margules Asymmetric, where the Margules parameters are different and Margules Symmetric, with equal Margules parameters, after was used Wilson Model too. Experimental data was used in comparative mode and new equilibrium dates was obtained and the parameters model also was discovery. The results are described in form of phase diagrams, where the equilibrium data and the parameters model was calculated based in the square errors, that are nearly of the experimental data. Comparing the results with each other, in some classes of compounds, there are some similar ways / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química

Lors de l'extraction de l'uranium par lixiviation acide, AREVA fait face à des phénomènes transitoires de précipitation de phases mal cristallisées entrainant un colmatage des installations. Les analyses de ces précipités ont mis en évidence la formation d'un solide jaune minoritaire et d'un blanc majoritaire composé de sulfate de calcium et d'hydroxysulfate d'aluminium. Afin de comprendre les phénomènes menant à la précipitation et pour prévoir, éviter ou limiter leur apparition, les travaux de thèse ont consisté en l'étude expérimentale des équilibres solides-liquide du système complexe Al–Fe–K–P–S–H2O (± Ca et Mg) en milieu acide à 25°C, avec pour objectif l'identification des solides susceptibles d'apparaître en conditions industrielles. Les résultats permettront ainsi de compléter les bases de données thermodynamiques utilisées pour modéliser le comportement global du milieu lors des opérations. Après la mise au point de techniques analytiques appropriées, le travail s'est porté sur la délimitation des équilibres liquide-solides du système relatif au précipité blanc et particulièrement sur l'analyse des ternaires impliquant les hydroxysulfates d'aluminium. Le colmatage se produisant durant la phase d'acidification, l'évolution de la précipitation de ces hydroxysulfates en fonction du pH a été étudiée, afin de caractériser les solides formés en présence de cations minoritaires (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) et de définir leurs constantes de solubilités à partir d'un modèle de calcul des coefficients d'activités des ions en solution. Des tests dynamiques sur colonne à partir de minerai naturel ont également été effectués et comparés aux résultats statiques / During the uranium extraction by acid leaching, AREVA observed the precipitation of not well crystallized solid phases, leading to the clogging of various equipment. The analyses of these precipitates highlighted the formation of a minor yellow precipitate and a major white precipitate containing calcium sulphate and aluminium hydroxisulphate. To understand the phenomena leading to the precipitation and to predict, prevent or at least limit their formation, this thesis work consisted of the solid-liquid equilibria experimental study of the Al–Fe–K–P–S–H2O (± Ca and Mg) system in an acidic environment at 25°C, with the identification of solid phases which may appear in natural ore as the major goal. The results could complete the thermodynamic database used to model global behaviour of the environment during acid mining. Based on the observed precipitates, two quaternary systems were defined, such as the H2O-Al3+, Ca2+ // O2-, SO42- system. After the development of appropriate analytical techniques, the work focused on the delimitation of the liquid-solid equilibria of the system based on the white precipitate and particularly on the analysis of the ternaries involving aluminium hydroxisulphates. As clogging occurs during acidification, the hydroxisulphate precipitation depending on the pH was studied in the presence of minority cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), in order to characterise the solid phases which were formed, and to define their solubility constants. For the solubility constant determination, a calculation model of the ion activity coefficients in solution was used. A dynamic survey on a column containing natural ore was done and compared to static results

No description available.

The Ph.D. project compiled in this thesis has focused on the role of the solvent in solid-liquid phase equilibria and in nucleation kinetics. Six organic substances have been selected as model compounds, viz. ortho-, meta- and para-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylamide, meta- and para-aminobenzoic acid. The different types of crystal phases of these compounds have been explored, and their respective solid-state properties have been determined experimentally. The solubility of these crystal phases has been determined in various solvents between 10 and 50 oC. The kinetics of nucleation has been investigated for salicylamide by measuring the metastable zone width, in five different solvents under different experimental conditions. A total of 15 different crystal phases were identified among the six model compounds. Only one crystal form was found for the ortho-substituted compounds, whereas the meta-isomeric compounds crystallized as two unsolvated polymorphs. The para-substituted isomers crystallized as two unsolvated polymorphs and as several solvates in different solvents. It was discovered that the molar solubility of the different crystal phases was linked to the temperature dependence of solubility. In general, a greater molar solubility corresponds to a smaller temperature dependence of solubility. The generality of this relation for organic compounds was investigated using a test set of 41 organic solutes comprising a total of 115 solubility curves. A semi-empirical solubility model was developed based on how thermodynamic properties relate to concentration and temperature. The model was fitted to the 115 solubility curves and used to predict the temperature dependence of solubility. The model allows for entire solubility curves to be constructed in new solvents based on the melting properties of the solute and the solubility in that solvent at a single temperature. Based on the test set comprising the 115 solubility curves it was also found that the melting temperature of the solute can readily be predicted from solubility data in organic solvents. The activity of the solid phase (or ideal solubility) of four of the investigated crystal phases was determined within a rigorous thermodynamic framework, by combining experimental data at the melting temperature and solubility in different solvents and temperatures. The results show that the assumptions normally used in the literature to determine the activity of the solid phase may give rise to errors up to a factor of 12. An extensive variation in the metastable zone width of salicylamide was obtained during repeated experiments performed under identical experimental conditions. Only small or negligible effects on the onset of nucleation were observed by changing the saturation temperature or increasing the solution volume. The onset of nucleation was instead considerably influenced by different cooling rates and different solvents. A correlation was found between the supersaturation ratio at the average onset of nucleation and the viscosity of the solvent divided by the solubility of the solute. The trends suggest that an increased molecular mobility and a higher concentration of the solute reduce the metastable zone width of salicylamide. / QC 20100831