Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:38:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 05587.pdf: 8846967 bytes, checksum: 17b7ac7f1b286010165a6ac50ebcf25f (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP / FAPESP:93/04231-1

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:45:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07309.pdf: 6512485 bytes, checksum: da19e05a16a320b11188314140f1865c (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-07-23T11:12:14Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-23T11:12:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho estudou-se as propriedades obtidas em juntas soldadas pelo processo de soldagem a laser do tipo estado sólido de onda contínua guiado por fibra, e os resultados foram comparados com juntas soldadas pelo processo feixe de elétrons. O material utilizado foi o aço maraging 350 - ASTM A 538 Grade C. As soldas realizadas com o processo feixe de elétrons possuem um procedimento de soldagem aprovado. A junta selecionada para a elaboração do trabalho foi do tipo sobreposta com material de base de espessuras diferentes, respectivamente iguais a 1,00 e 0,78 mm. As juntas soldadas foram avaliadas por: ensaio de cisalhamento, dureza Vickers e caracterização microestrutural das diversas regiões das juntas soldadas. Foram realizadas análises por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura usando espectrometria de energia dispersiva (MEV/EDS). Foi realizado o teste de hipótese como técnica para a análise dos dados provenientes dos ensaios experimentais. Nas juntas soldadas com ambos processos não foi verificada a presença de descontinuidades, poros e depressões na superfície do cordão. Os resultados indicam que as condições usadas em ambos os processos de soldagem foram satisfatórias e possibilitaram a soldagem do aço maraging 350 atendendo aos requisitos necessários. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-11-11T16:24:00Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-11T16:24:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A operação dinamicamente estável com zonas conjuntas foi obtida para um ressonador laser contendo dois bastões de Nd:YAG com módulos laser comerciais. O ressonador não polarizado gerou 115 W de potência no modo transversal fundamental TEM00. Quando polarizado por lâmina de Brewster atingiu 100,5W de potência de saída com 91% de polarização. Quando o ressonador foi polarizado com um polarizador de filme fino, obteve-se melhora na qualidade de feixe e um aumento na polarização, com o valor de M2 sendo 1,56 e 1,84 nas direções x e y respectivamente com 95,4% de polarização. A potência de saída foi, ao nosso conhecimento, a mais alta obtida para lasers polarizados operando no modo fundamental e usando módulos lasers comerciais de Nd:YAG bombeados lateralmente por diodos sem nenhuma preparação especial. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Flavio Caldas da Cruz / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T02:45:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira_GiovanaTrevisan_D.pdf: 19393516 bytes, checksum: a3b51900ea17f278fbdc63e608d828d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: No final da década de 90, pentes de freqüências ópticas baseados em lasers de Ti:safira de modos travados tornaram-se uma importante ferramenta na área de metrologia. Eles têm sido usados, por exemplo, em medidas diretas de freqüências de várias centenas de THz e em relógios atômicos ópticos. Para a implementação de dois sistemas de pentes de freqüências ópticas, desenvolvemos neste trabalho dois lasers de Ti:safira de femtossegundos de alta taxa de repetição, que usam espelhos de varredura (chirped mirros) no lugar de prismas para compensar a dispersão em velocidade de grupo. Um dos lasers tem taxa de repetição em 770 MHz que pode ser facilmente ajustada entre 750 MHz and 1 GHz. A dispersão total da cavidade é de -60 fs2 , produzindo um espectro centrado em 780 nm com largura a meia altura em torno de 10 nm e pulsos de 150 fs. Este laser teve seu espectro alargado por duas fibra de microestrutura, cobrindo um intervalo de 510 à 1100 nm. O outro laser possui cavidade com taxa de repetição sintonizável entre 1 e 2,12 GHz, e um espectro que se estender de de 585 até 1200 nm a -20 dB abaixo do máximo em 986 nm sem o uso de fibra de microestrutura.A cavidade do laser tem dispersão total próxima de zero, porém com oscilações entre -50 a +100 fs2 entre 700 nm e 900 nm, que foi medida por interferometria de luz branca. Nós mostramos que cerca de 17 % (76 %) da potência intracavidade (de saída) é gerada basicamente por efeitos não lineares em passagem única no cristal de Ti:safira, observada na região verde do espectro e entre 960 nm e 1200 nm, fora da banda da cavidade laser e onde o ganho do cristal de Ti:safira é baixo. Ambos os lasers tiveram suas taxas de repetição medidas e estabilizadas em relação a osciladores estáveis, podendo ser sintonizados em um intervalo de 30 kHz através do oscilador de referência. Construímos interferômetros de Michelson e Mach-Zender para a medida do deslocamento entre onda portadora e envelope do pulso do sistema do laser cujo espectro é ampliado pela fibra. O batimento entre freqüências do pente próximas a 520 nm e o segundo harmônico da parte do espectro em 1040 nm é medido em um fotodetector rápido. Estes sistemas serão inicialmente utilizado em um relógio atômico óptico baseado na transição de intercombinação de átomos de cálcio frios e aprisionados. Entretando, além de aplicações em metrologia de tempo e freqüência, os pentes de freqüências ópticas podem ser ferramentas atrativas para uso em espectroscopia atômica e molecular de precisão e estudos de dinâmicas rápidas que exploram a combinação de alta resolução e cobertura espectral larga fornecidas pelo pente de freqüências / Abstract: Optical frequency combs based on femtosecond Ti:sapphire lasers and introduced at the end of the 90s have revolutionized the optical metrology field. They have allowed ultraprecise optical spectroscopy, by direct measurement of frequencies of several hundred THz, and the development of optical atomic clocks . To implement optical frequency combs, we have to stabilize both the repetition rate and the carrier-to-envelope oÿset frequency of the femtosecond laser. We have developed two versions of optical frequency combs based on high-repetition rate femtosecond Ti:sapphire lasers, which use chirped mirrors instead of prisms for compensating the group velocity dispersion. The combs will be initially used in an optical atomic clock based on the intercombination transition of cold and trapped calcium atoms. One of our fsec Ti:sapphire lasers has a repetition rate that can be easily adjusted between 750 MHz and 1 GHz. The total dispersion of the cavity is -60 fs2 . It produces pulses of 150 fs with a spectrum centered at 780 nm, with a width of 10 nm. The spectrum of this laser has been broadened with a microstructure fiber, and covers an optical octave extending from 520 and 1040 nm. The other fsec Ti:sapphire laser has a repetition rate that can be changed from 1 to 2.12 GHz, and a spectrum that extends from 585 nm to 1200 nm, without use of microstructure fibers. These wavelengths are points in the spectrum at -20 dB below the maximum at 986 nm. The laser cavity has total intracavity dispersion near zero, but with oscillations from -50 to +100 fs2 between 700 to 900 nm, that have been measured by white light interferometry. We showed that 17 % (76 %) of the intracavity (output) power is generated by nonlinear effects in a single pass through the crystal, and with a spectral distribution concentrated between 960 nm and 1200 nm, thus outside the laser cavity bandwidth and where the Ti:sapphire gain is lower. Emission in the green has also been observed, which is also outside the laser cavity bandwidth and the emission gain profile of the Ti:sapphire crystal. The repetition rate of both lasers have been phase-locked to stable microwave oscillators, and could also be frequency tuned in a range of 30 kHz with respect to the reference oscillator. We have built f-2f interferometers to measure the carrier-to-envelope oÿset frequency of the laser whose spectrum is broadened by the microstructure fiber. Comb frequencies near 540 nm are heterodyned in a fast photodetector with the second harmonic of the comb light at 1080 nm. In addition to applications in optical time and frequency metrology, the optical frequency combs should be attractive tools for use in precision atomic and molecular spectroscopy, coherent control which exploits the coherent accumulation effect, and studies of fast time dynamics that take advantage of the combination of the ultra high resolution and broadband spectral coverage provided by the comb / Doutorado / Ótica / Doutor em Ciências

Les lasers à état solide bi-fréquences constituent des sources de choix pour de nombreux domaines (métrologie, photonique micro-onde, Lidar-Radar, horloges atomiques). Cependant, de tels lasers souffrent d'excès de bruit d'intensité difficiles à supprimer avec les méthodes habituelles. Dans ce contexte, nous développons une nouvelle approche baptisée « buffer reservoir » pour la réduction de l'excès de bruit d'intensité des lasers à état solide. Cette méthode repose sur le changement du comportement dynamique du laser par insertion d'un mécanisme d'absorption non-linéaire faiblement efficace dans la cavité. Tout d'abord, nous étudions cette approche dans des lasers solides mono-fréquence en exploitant deux types d'absorption non-linéaire : l'absorption à deux photons (TPA) et l'absorption par génération de seconde harmonique (SHGA). Nous montrons qu'il est possible de réduire de 50 dB le bruit d'intensité à la fréquence des oscillations de relaxation d'un laser Er,Yb:verre sans en dégrader la puissance de sortie ni le bruit de phase. Nous explorons les mécanismes physiques sous-jacents en développant un modèle analytique décrivant le comportement dynamique du laser. L'effet de l'absorbant non-linéaire sur les pics de bruit à haute fréquence à l'intervalle spectrale libre de la cavité est également étudié. Nous démontrons l'intérêt de telles sources lasers auto-régulées en intensité pour la distribution d'oscillateurs locaux sur porteuse optique. Nous mettons ensuite en application l'approche « buffer reservoir » dans des lasers bi fréquences. En développant un modèle analytique prédictif, nous montrons expérimentalement que l'utilisation de TPA engendre, sous certaines conditions, une réduction de 40 dB de l'amplitude des pics de bruit en-phase et en anti-phase. Nous vérifions en outre les propriétés de couplage des modes dans le milieu actif lorsque les pertes non-linéaires sont présentes. Enfin, nous abordons l'utilisation de SHGA comme ''buffer reservoir'' dans les lasers bi-fréquences. Plus particulièrement, nous explorons expérimentalement et théoriquement le comportement du laser lorsque les pertes non-linéaires ne sont introduites que sur un seul mode propre du laser. Dans cette configuration, nous montrons qu'il est possible d'obtenir pour les deux modes à la fois une forte diminution des pics de bruit d'intensité résonants. / Dual-frequency solid-state lasers are attractive for numerous domains (metrology, microwave photonics, Lidar-Radar, optical clocks). However, such lasers suffer from excess intensity noise which is difficult to cancel with usual methods. In this context, we develop a new approach called “buffer reservoir” for reducing the excess intensity noise. This method relies on the change of the laser’s dynamical behavior by inserting a low efficient nonlinear absorption mechanism in the cavity. First, this approach is studied on single frequency solid-state lasers by using two types of non-linear absorption: two-photon absorption (TPA) and second harmonic generation absorption (SHGA). We show a possible reduction of the intensity noise at the relaxation oscillations frequency of an Er,Yb:glass laser up to 50 dB without degrading neither its power nor its phase noise. We explore the underlying physics by developing an analytical model describing the laser dynamical behavior. The effect of the nonlinear absorber on the noise peaks lying at high frequency at the free spectral range of the cavity is also studied. We demonstrate the relevance of such self-regulated lasers for the distribution of optically carried local oscillators. We then extend the “buffer reservoir” approach to dual-frequency lasers. By developing a predictive analytical model, we show experimentally that the use of TPA enables 40 dB reduction of both in-phase and anti-phase noise under certain conditions. The mode coupling in the active medium is analyzed when the nonlinear losses are present. Finally, we address the use of SHGA as a ''buffer reservoir'' in dual-frequency lasers. In particular, we experimentally and theoretically explore the laser behavior when the nonlinear losses are inserted on one eigen-mode of the laser only. This configuration enables a strong reduction of resonant noise peaks for both modes.

Le nombre croissant d’applications des sources lasers de puissance favorise le développement de solutions techniques innovantes afin d’atteindre des performances inédites. Pour y parvenir, la technologie des lasers solides bénéficie des progrès considérables réalisés pour l’intégration et la montée en puissance des diodes lasers utilisées pour le pompage. Les milieux à gain doivent alors permettre une conversion efficace du rayonnement de pompage en rayonnement laser tout en limitant les phénomènes thermiques et les effets induits par la puissance crête. Au cours de cette thèse, nous proposons d’étudier deux concepts différents afin de dépasser les principaux écueils des systèmes émettant dans le proche infrarouge (1 µm). Dans le cadre d’une collaboration regroupant le Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents, le Laboratoire Charles Fabry de l’Institut d’Optique et l’entreprise Fibercryst, nous avons développé et caractérisé des fibres cristallines dopées Ytterbium élaborées par la technique de croissance micro-pulling down. Cette géométrie combinant les propriétés des cristaux massifs et les avantages des fibres en verre nous a permis d’obtenir des performances laser prometteuses pour la réalisation de systèmes alliant forte énergie, forte puissance moyenne et forte puissance crête. La seconde partie de ce travail de thèse est consacrée à l’étude du concept de pompage direct de cristaux dopés Néodyme dans les niveaux émetteurs. Cette voie, permettant de réduire à l’extrême l’échauffement dans le milieu, est fortement prometteuse pour l’amélioration des performances des systèmes laser utilisant des cristaux dopés Néodyme / The development of innovative technical solutions in high power laser systems is supported by the increasing number of applications. For their realization, solid-state lasers benefit from considerable progress in the integration and the power scaling of high-brightness laser diodes used as pump sources. Gain medium must guaranty an efficient conversion of pump radiation in laser radiation while also preventing the generation of deleterious thermal phenomena and while limiting effects induced by high peak power. In this thesis, two different concepts were studied in order to overcome the major pitfalls of systems emitting in the near infrared (1 µm). The first part of this work was realized in collaboration with the Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Matériaux Luminescents and the company Fibercryst. We have developed and characterized Ytterbium doped crystal fibers elaborated by the micro-pulling down growing technique. This geometry combines the properties of bulk crystals and the advantages of doped fibers. We achieved promising laser performance for the realization of systems of high energy, high average power and high peak power. The second part of this thesis is devoted to studying the concept of direct in-band pumping of Neodymium doped crystals. Thanks to drastic reduction of heating processes inside the laser medium, this solution could allow power scaling of lasers systems based on Neodymium doped gain media

The aim of this thesis is the preparation and characterization of model components for organic thin-film solid-state lasers. The theses focuses on comparing different methods of determining the threshold energy, which leads to an amplified spontaneous emission of the studied derivative diketo-pyrrolo-pyrrole. The theoretical part is devoted to a summary of knowledge on the interaction of light with matter and lasers with a focus on organic solid-state lasers. The practical part is focused on preparation of model components for organic solid-state lasers, modification of apparatus for their characterization, comparison of evaluation methods for determining the threshold energy and study of the effect of different conditions of components preparation.

Para a espectroscopia de alta resolução e metrologia óptica em geral, é desejável um laser com linha espectral estável e de alta potência de saída para bombear diferentes tipos de ressonadores, como osciladores paramétricos óticos (OPO Optical Parametric Oscillator). Os lasers de frequência única disponíveis estão no alcance de potência de saída de 10 Watts, enquanto que, dependendo da aplicação e do tipo de OPO, é desejável uma maior potência (> 20 W). Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um laser de frequência única e alta potência com base em módulos de bombeio por diodos e tendo como meio ativo o granada de alumínio de ítrio dopado com neodímio (Nd:YAG). Dois bastões de Nd:YAG bombeados transversalmente por diodo, foram utilizadas em uma configuração de ressonador em anel com saída polarizada de onda continua (CW continuous-wave), qualidade de feixe modo transversal eletromagnético (TEM00) e potência de saída de 105,2 W. A potência de saída alcançada é, a nosso entender, a mais alta para lasers em anel no modo fundamental transversal polarizado contínuo usando módulos Nd:YAG comuns com bombeamento lateral. O ressonador permitiu a sintonização de potência em uma grande faixa dinâmica e obteve excelente qualidade de feixe, usando uma placa de meia onda entre os dois bastões para compensação de birrefringência. A operação de frequência única foi alcançada usando cristal de granada de térbio-gálio (TGG-Terbium Gallium Garnet), dois imãs e um etalon, com uma potência de saída de 51,60 W e uma largura a meia altura da curva (FWHM) espectral de aproximadamente 17 MHz. / For high resolution spectroscopy, a high power, stable line output laser is desirable for pumping different types of optical parametric oscillator resonators (OPO). Single-frequency lasers are in the range of 10 watts of output power, while, depending on the application and the OPO type, higher power (> 20 W) is desirable. In this work a single frequency high power laser based on diode pumping modules with Nd:YAG as the active medium was developed. Two Nd:YAG bars transversally pumped by diodes were used in a configuration of a CW polarized ring resonator with beam quality TEM00 and output power of 105,2 W. The output power achieved is, to our knowledge, the highest for continuous polarized fundamental mode ring lasers using standard Nd:YAG modules with side pumping. The resonator allowed the tuning power in a large dynamic range and obtained excellent beam quality using a half-wave plate between the two rods for birefringence compensation. The single frequency operation was achieved using a TGG (Terbium Gallium Garnet) crystal, two magnets and an etalon, with an output power of 51.60 W and a 17 MHz full width at half maximum (FWHM) spectral width.

Le contrôle de la différence de fréquence entre deux lasers est un défi transversal à de nombreux domaines de la photonique, que ce soit dans un but de génération hétérodyne d'un battement micro-onde de grande pureté, ou pour des expériences de métrologie ou de télécommunication. L'avancée des connaissances sur la dynamique de lasers soumis à divers couplages a permis le développement de méthodes de stabilisation basées sur l'injection optique. Nous étudions ici théoriquement et expérimentalement un mécanisme appelé réinjection décalée en fréquence (RDF), qui permet dans des situations variées de contrôler précisément la différence de fréquence entre deux lasers. Dans un premier temps, la méthode RDF est appliquée à un laser à état solide bi-polarisation bi-fréquence Nd:YAG afin de verrouiller en phase ses deux modes de polarisation orthogonaux. Le développement d'un modèle type «rate equations» en bonne adéquation avec les expériences a aussi permis de mettre en lumière un certain nombre de régimes de synchronisation partielle dits de phase bornée. De plus, nous montrons que cet état peut subsister en présence d'oscillations chaotiques de l'intensité et de la phase. Le comportement du laser sous RDF est étudié pour différentes valeurs du désaccord de fréquence, du taux d'injection, du retard éventuel, et du couplage inter-modes. Enfin, la nécessité d'inclure un couplage phase-amplitude (facteur de Henry non-nul) dans le modèle a mené au développement d'une méthode pour mesurer ce coefficient habituellement négligé dans les lasers solides. Le mécanisme de stabilisation par RDF est ensuite appliqué à un composant semiconducteur original contenant deux lasers DFB sur InP. Malgré une plus grand complexité du schéma de couplage, et la présence de retards effectifs importants, il reste possible de synchroniser en phase ces lasers. Des bandes d'accrochages liées au retard sont observées, et reproduites à l'aide d'un modèle numérique. Ce dernier permet aussi de déterminer les conditions de fonctionnement minimisant l'influence de paramètres expérimentaux non maîtrisés. Enfin, ce système, permettant de contrôler une phase micro-onde sur porteuse optique, peut être intégré dans une boucle résonante de type oscillateur opto-électronique (OEO) qui ne nécessite pas de référence externe. On réalise un oscillateur micro-onde sur porteuse optique auto-référencé, à bande latérale unique, ayant des performances encourageantes. Dans ce cadre, il semble que la plupart des techniques développées pour les OEO puissent être réinvesties. / The control of the frequency difference between two lasers is a cross-cutting challenge in many fields of photonics, either for the generation of high-purity heterodyne microwave beatnotes, or in metrology and telecommunication experiments. The advances of the comprehension of laser dynamics under various couplings has allowed to develop stabilization methods based on optical injection. We study here theoretically and experimentally a mechanism called frequency-shifted feedback (FSF), which allows to precisely control the frequency difference between two lasers in several situations.First, the FSF method is applied to a dual-frequency dual-polarization solid-state Nd:YAG laser, in order to lock the phases of its two orthogonal polarization modes. A model of rate equations is used to precisely describe the experiment, and allows to highlight partial "bounded phase" synchronization regimes. Furthermore, we show that in some cases this synchronization can subsist even with chaotic oscillations of the intensity and phase. The behavior of the laser under FSF is studied for varying values of the frequency detuning, injection rate, possible injection delay, and mode coupling in the active medium. Finally, we find that the inclusion of a phase-amplitude coupling (non-zero linewidth enhancement factor) is needed in the model to account for experimental observation. This leads to the development of an ad-hoc technique to measure the low value of this usually neglected factor in solid-laser lasers.The FSF stabilization mechanism is then applied to a custom semiconductor component embedding two DFB lasers overs InP. In spite of a more complex coupling scheme and the large effective delays into play, phase locking of the two lasers is possible. Due to the delay, locking bands appear when the detuning changes, and this behavior can be replicated using a numerical model. This model also permit to determine working conditions minimizing the influence of uncontrolled experimental optical feedback phases. Finally, as this system allows to control a microwave phase over an optical carrier, it can be integrated in a resonant loop not unlike an opto-electronic oscillator (OEO). We realized an oscillator generating a self-referenced, single sideband microwave signal over an optical carrier, with encouraging phase noise performances. In this case, it seems that most of the techniques that exist for standard OEO can be reused.