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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Evaluating the Potential of Scaling due to Calcium Compounds in Hydrometallurgical Processes

Azimi, Ghazal 04 August 2010 (has links)
A fundamental theoretical and experimental study on calcium sulphate scale formation in hydrometallurgical solutions containing various minerals was conducted. A new database for the Mixed Solvent Electrolyte (MSE) model of the OLI Systems® software was developed through fitting of existing literature data such as mean activity, heat capacity and solubility data in simple binary and ternary systems. Moreover, a number of experiments were conducted to investigate the chemistry of calcium sulphate hydrates in laterite pressure acid leach (PAL) solutions, containing Al2(SO4)3, MgSO4, NiSO4, H2SO4, and NaCl at 25–250ºC. The database developed, utilized by the MSE model, was shown to accurately predict the solubilities of all calcium sulphate hydrates (and hence, predict scaling potential) in various multicomponent hydrometallurgical solutions including neutralized zinc sulphate leach solutions, nickel sulphate–chloride solutions of the Voisey’s Bay plant, and laterite PAL solutions over a wide temperature range (25–250°C). The stability regions of CaSO4 hydrates (gypsum, hemihydrate and anhydrite) depend on solution conditions, i.e., temperature, pH and concentration of ions present. The transformation between CaSO4 hydrates is one of the common causes of scale formation. A systematic study was carried out to investigate the effect of various parameters including temperature, acidity, seeding, and presence of sulphate/chloride salts on the transformation kinetics. Based on the results obtained, a mechanism for the gypsum–anhydrite transformation below 100°C was proposed. A number of solutions for mitigating calcium sulphate scaling problems throughout the processing circuits were recommended: (1) operating autoclaves under slightly more acidic conditions (~0.3–0.5 M acid); (2) mixing recycled process solutions with seawater; and (3) mixing the recycling stream with carbonate compounds to reject calcium as calcium carbonate. Furthermore, aging process solutions, saturated with gypsum, with anhydrite seeds at moderate temperatures (~80°C) would decrease the calcium content, provided that the solution is slightly acidic.
2

Evaluating the Potential of Scaling due to Calcium Compounds in Hydrometallurgical Processes

Azimi, Ghazal 04 August 2010 (has links)
A fundamental theoretical and experimental study on calcium sulphate scale formation in hydrometallurgical solutions containing various minerals was conducted. A new database for the Mixed Solvent Electrolyte (MSE) model of the OLI Systems® software was developed through fitting of existing literature data such as mean activity, heat capacity and solubility data in simple binary and ternary systems. Moreover, a number of experiments were conducted to investigate the chemistry of calcium sulphate hydrates in laterite pressure acid leach (PAL) solutions, containing Al2(SO4)3, MgSO4, NiSO4, H2SO4, and NaCl at 25–250ºC. The database developed, utilized by the MSE model, was shown to accurately predict the solubilities of all calcium sulphate hydrates (and hence, predict scaling potential) in various multicomponent hydrometallurgical solutions including neutralized zinc sulphate leach solutions, nickel sulphate–chloride solutions of the Voisey’s Bay plant, and laterite PAL solutions over a wide temperature range (25–250°C). The stability regions of CaSO4 hydrates (gypsum, hemihydrate and anhydrite) depend on solution conditions, i.e., temperature, pH and concentration of ions present. The transformation between CaSO4 hydrates is one of the common causes of scale formation. A systematic study was carried out to investigate the effect of various parameters including temperature, acidity, seeding, and presence of sulphate/chloride salts on the transformation kinetics. Based on the results obtained, a mechanism for the gypsum–anhydrite transformation below 100°C was proposed. A number of solutions for mitigating calcium sulphate scaling problems throughout the processing circuits were recommended: (1) operating autoclaves under slightly more acidic conditions (~0.3–0.5 M acid); (2) mixing recycled process solutions with seawater; and (3) mixing the recycling stream with carbonate compounds to reject calcium as calcium carbonate. Furthermore, aging process solutions, saturated with gypsum, with anhydrite seeds at moderate temperatures (~80°C) would decrease the calcium content, provided that the solution is slightly acidic.
3

Procédés de purification du biométhane : étude thermodynamique des équilibres solide-liquide-vapeur de mélanges riches méthane / Biomethane upgrading process : thermodynamic study of solid-liquid-vapor equilibrium form methane rich mixture

Riva, Mauro 09 December 2016 (has links)
Le biogaz est une énergie renouvelable issue de la digestion anaérobique de matières organiques. Sa composition varie en fonction de la source organique et des conditions de production et récolte. Néanmoins on peut distinguer deux types de biogaz :• biogaz de digesteur, issue de la fermentation dans des méthaniseurs des matières organiques provenant de cultures, effluents d'élevages, boues des stations d'épuration d’eaux, effluents des industries agroalimentaires. Il est généralement composé de 35% CO2 et 65% CH4. Il contient aussi des traces de H2S.• biogaz de décharge, créé durant la décomposition anaérobique des substances organiques dans les déchets solides ménagers et déchets commerciaux et industriels. Par rapport au biogaz de digesteur, il peut contenir de l’azote (N2) jusqu’à 20%, de l’oxygène (O2) jusqu’à 5% et des traces d’autres contaminants, comme les siloxanes. Les gaz de l’air sont introduits dans le biogaz après fermentation, lors de la récolte par aspiration, à cause des défauts d'étanchéité du système de captage du gaz. Le rapport CH4/CO2 reste de l’ordre de 1.5.Après avoir enlevé les impuretés tels que l’ H2S, siloxanes etc., le biogaz peut être utilisé pour la production d'énergie électrique et de chaleur, ou être valorisé en appliquent un traitement ultérieur qui le transforme en biométhane. Le biométhane est un mélange gazeux équivalent au gaz naturel, qui peut donc être utilisé comme carburant pour véhicules ou être injecté dans les réseaux de gaz naturel. Le passage du biogaz au biométhane est appelé « upgrading » et consiste en le captage et séparation du CO2 et de l’N2 afin que sa composition puisse satisfaire aux prescriptions techniques du gaz naturel. Le biométhane peut être stocké et utilisé sous forme de Biométhane comprimé à une pression qui dépende de son utilisation: la pression du réseau de transport du gaz naturel varie de 4 à 60 bar, alors que le gaz pour voitures (BioGNV) est stocké à 300 bar pour alimenter les réservoirs des voitures à 200 bar. Une solution pour réduire la taille et cout des réservoirs, ainsi que le transport du biométhane, est la production de biométhane liquide (BioGNL), qui demande une étape de liquéfaction.Le CO2 est un gaz inerte et n’apporte donc pas de pouvoir calorifique au biométhane. De plus il cause des problèmes quand il solidifie, suite, par exemple, à une détente. Pour ces raisons, sa concentration dans le biométhane est soumise à des spécifications. En France, la limite est de 2.5% pour l’injection dans le réseau du gaz naturel. Dans le cas de la liquéfaction du biométhane, la concentration maximale est généralement considérée de 50 ppm, afin d’éviter la formation du solide pendant la liquéfaction.L’N2, comme le CO2 doit être présent en quantité limité dans le biogaz car sa présence baisse le pouvoir calorifique du combustible. La concentration de N2 maximale n’est pas indiquée directement dans la réglementation du réseau, mais à partir des spécifications de l’index de Wobbe on peut en déduire que la quantité de N2 doit être inferieure à 3% molaire.Les enjeux technologiques concernent donc la séparation du CO2, la liquéfaction du biométhane et l’enlèvement de l’N2. / In the field of non-fossil energy sources and exploitation of wasted energies, this PhD project aims to improve the availability of the alternative and renewable resource that is the upgraded biogas, also calledbiomethane. A particular type of biogas is here studied: landfill gas, produced in landfills from the anaerobic digestion of wastes. Depending on the final use, landfill gas need to be treated in order to remove impurities and increase the methane content (upgrading). Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), nitrogen (N2 ) and oxygen (O2 ) need thus to be separated from methane. Because upgrading process is fundamental for further applications of the landfill gas, suitable separationtechniques have to be studied. The objective of the thesis is the study and simulation of an optimized cryogenic technology applied to a landfill upgrading process. The base of the study is the knowledge of the thermodynamic behavior of mixtures constituted of methane and minor compositions of N2 , O2 andCO2 . At this purpose, thermodynamic model will be developed for determining the phase diagrams of methane with the other gases present in the landfill gas. Moreover, in order to validate and calibrate the thermodynamic models, phase equilibrium data involving a CO2 solid phase are needed: an extended bibliographic research on existing data is performed and original measurements are provided where data from literature are missing.

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