Submitted by Cristiane Chim (cristiane.chim@ucpel.edu.br) on 2018-07-16T12:23:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Motta Avila.pdf: 5908666 bytes, checksum: fec1aaf83edeb30b980911d427091061 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T12:23:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Motta Avila.pdf: 5908666 bytes, checksum: fec1aaf83edeb30b980911d427091061 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES# / #2075167498588264571# / #600 / This Master’s Dissertation had as its main goal analyzing and formalizing how Brazilian learners of English language (L2) and Americans identify and discriminate the voicing patterns for plosive consonants under artificial manipulation in English monossilabic words. Americans normally follow the acoustic cue Voice Onset Time (VOT) to differentiate voiced plosives from voiceless ones. The VOT is measured in milisseconds and can be classified into three different categories (LISKER & ABRAMSON, 1964): negative VOT (for /b/, /d/ and /g/ in Portuguese); short-lag VOT (for /p/, /t/, /k/ in Portuguese and /b/, /d/, /g/ in English) and long-lag or positive VOT (for [ph], [th], [kh] in English). Previous studies (ALVES, BARATZ e MOTTA, 2012; SCHWARTZHAUPT, ALVES &FONTES, 2015; ALVES & MOTTA, 2014; MOTTA, 2014; ALVES & ZIMMER, 2015) demonstrated that the manipulation of VOT can result into different types of perceptual behaviour, depending on the group analyzed: Americans tend to follow this cue to attribute voicing patterns to consonants, while Brazilians tend to follow the voicing patters stablished for their L1. In order to analyze the perception in L2, this Dissertation was based on Speech Learning Model (SLM) – (FLEGE, 1995) and Perceptual Assimilation Model – L2 (PAM-L2) – (BEST e TYLER, 2007) studies. To investigate how perception was processed in Americans, explanations in Kent and Read (2015), Gussenhoven and Jacobs (2004), Matzenauer (2015) and Boersma, Escudero and Hayes (2003) were found. The method consisted of two perceptual tests: (a) Identification Test, (b) Discrimination Test. Both tests were designed with artificially manipulated stimuli. The types (pee, pit, tick, tip, kit, kill) were CVC (where V was a high vowel /ɪ/ or /i/). Each one of them was multiply manipulated, generating five tokens from one original type. This manipulation was gradually performed, in 25% layers, aiming to achieve the zero artificial VOT pattern. The Identification Test was designed with 60 target words and 12 distractors, resulting in 72 tokens per participant. The Discrimination Test was designed with 36 target trials and 9 catch-trials, in a total of 45 trials per participant. To summarize, results show that Americans can be considered to be more perceptually sensitive to the multiple VOT manipulation than Brazilians, who normally tend to follow their L1 way of attributing voicing patterns to plosives, regardless their proficiency level in English (basic, intermediate or advanced). In addition, different phonetic tresholds were found in each analyzed group and in each place of articulation observed (bilabial, alveolar, velar). Finally, this study tries to offer a formalization for perceptual grammars in each group, based on Bi-directional Phonology OT Model (BiPhon). It is expected that this study, its detailed data description and theoretical observations can contribute to and makefurther academic studies possible. / Esta Dissertação de Mestrado teve como principal objetivo analisar e formalizar de que forma brasileiros aprendizes de inglês (L2) e americanos identificam e discriminam o vozeamento das consoantes plosivas iniciais da língua inglesa sob múltiplas manipulações em palavras monossilábicas. Na língua inglesa, para a diferenciação de vozeamento, tem-se como principal pista acústica a aspiração, que pode ser medida a partir dos valores de Voice Onset Time (VOT). O VOT é medido em milissegundos e pode ser classificado em 3 diferentes padrões (LISKER & ABRAMSON, 1964): VOT NEGATIVO (que se realiza foneticamente em português em /b/, /d/ e /g/); VOT ZERO, (que se realiza como /p/, /t/ e /k/ no português e /b/, /d/ e /g/ no inglês) e o VOT POSITIVO (encontrado em [ph], [th] e [kh] no inglês). Estudos anteriores (ALVES, BARATZ e MOTTA, 2012; SCHWARTZHAUPT, ALVES &FONTES, 2015; ALVES & MOTTA, 2014; MOTTA, 2014; ALVES & ZIMMER, 2015) demonstraram que a manipulação da pista acústica VOT resulta em comportamentos perceptuais diferenciados de acordo com a natureza do participante: americanos tendem a seguir a pista acústica em questão ao atribuir ou não vozeamento para as consoantes plosivas, ao passo que os brasileiros continuam a seguir os padrões de vozeamento previstos para a sua L1. Para dar conta da percepção em inglês como L2, este trabalho fundamentou-se, basicamente, nos modelos perceptuais Speech Learning Model (SLM) – (FLEGE, 1995) e Perceptual Assimilation Model – L2 (PAM-L2) – (BEST e TYLER, 2007). Para analisar a percepção dos participantes americanos, buscaram-se explicações em Kent e Read (2015), Gussenhoven e Jacobs (2004), Matzenauer (2015) e Boersma, Escudero e Hayes (2003). O método aplicado neste estudo consistiu em dois testes de percepção: (a) Teste de Identificação, (b) Teste de Discriminação. Ambos foram montados com estímulos de palavras monossilábicas da língua inglesa (CVC), sendo V /ɪ/ ou /i/. Cada type (pee, pit, tick, tip, kit, kill) passou por manipulação múltipla da pista acústica VOT, gerando 5 tokens cada um. Tal manipulação se deu de forma gradual em camadas de 25%, objetivando-se alcançar o padrão de VOT zero artificial. O design do Teste de Identificação contou com 60 palavras-alvo e 12 distratoras, somando um total de 72 tokens por participante. O design do Teste de Discriminação, que teve por objetivo contrastar diferentes camadas de VOT entre si, contou com 36 tríades do tipo AxB e 9 catch-trials, somando 45 tríades por participante. Sucintamente, os resultados apresentados demonstraram que os participantes americanos são mais sensíveis ao corte da pista acústica VOT do que os participantes brasileiros, independentemente do nível de proficiência em língua inglesa (básico, intermediário e avançado). Além disso, limiares fonéticos distintos foram encontrados em cada um dos grupos analisados e em cada ponto de articulação observado (bilabial, alveolar, velar). Finalmente, propôs-se uma formalização da percepção de ambos os grupos para cada consoante analisada baseando-se no Modelo de OT Bidirecional (BiPhon), proposto por Boersma (2009) e Boersma e Hamman (2011). Espera-se, com este estudo, que a descrição detalhada dos dados e a reflexão teórica possam contribuir à Academia e possibilitar estudos futuros.

Elie-Paul Cohen est un médecin et un compositeur encore inconnu du grand public. Ses œuvres électroacoustiques sont construites autour d’un matériau sonore physiologique, issu de la captation des vibrations du corps humain. L’étude de ces pièces pose la question de la relation entre le corps et la musique, notion déjà abordée par les humanistes de la Renaissance. Il fait également partie d’un groupe de recherche médicale qui vient de mettre au point des modèles sonores de molécules d’ADN qu’il utilisera dans sa prochaine production musicale. Ces sons de provenance physiologique ont un impact énorme sur la perception que nous avons des sons mais également de la musique ; ceci nous a amené à nous interroger sur la notion même de musique, sur la perception que nous en avons. Une éventuelle universalité de la musique pourrait-elle reposer, depuis toujours, sur la modélisation sonores des vibrations corporelles ? Pour ce faire nos travaux ont abouti à une transversalité de disciplines telles que musique, musicologie, phénoménologie, neurosciences, physiques, recherche médicale de pointe ou biologie. / Elie-Paul Cohen is a doctor and a composer who is relatively unknown by the general public. His electroacoustic works are built around a physiological sound material, resulting from the capturing of human body vibrations. The study of these works raises the question of the relationship between the body and music, a concept which was already being addressed by the Renaissance humanists. He is also part of a medical research group which has developed sound patterns of DNA molecules that he will use in his next musical production. These physiological sounds have a huge impact on our perception of sounds but also of music; this led us to question the very notion of music and the perception we have of it. Could a universal music based on the sound modeling body vibrations exist? This led our work to result in a cross-disciplinary approach including the fields of music, musicology, phenomenology, neuroscience, physics, medical research or advanced biology.

Aujourd'hui, les technologies de captation et de restitution sonore se développent dans le but de diffuser des scènes avec un rendu spatialisé. Avant leur diffusion, les extraits sonores peuvent être évalués en terme de qualité par des méthodes recommandées par I'Union lnternationale des Télécommunications (évaluation des codecs de compression, procédés de prise ou restitution sonore...). Cependant, ces standards d'évaluation montrent certaines faiblesses notamment en ce qui concerne les attributs de qualité à évaluer. La dimension spatiale n'est pas prise en compte spécifiquement. Dans ce travail, une méthodologie dédiée à l'évaluation de la qualité de I'audio spatialisé est mise en place notamment pour répondre aux biais identifiés. De par l'utilisation d'une catégorisation libre et d'une analyse multidimensionnelle, vingt-huit attributs ont été catégorisés en trois familles d'attributs : le Timbre, l'Espace et les Défauts. Ces trois attributs généraux ont été inclus dans un test d'écoute. Celui-ci se déroule en deux phases : l'évaluation de la qualité globale suivie de l'évaluation des trois attributs simultanément sur une même interface. Les tests sont réalisés sans référence explicite, le fichier original constitue une référence cachée. De plus, trois signaux audio, dit ancrages, spécifiques à chacun des trois attributs ont été définis puis superposés pour définir un ancrage unique triplement dégradé. La méthode a été testée à la fois sur un système de restitution au casque avec des contenus binauraux mais également sur un système multicanal 5.1. L'évaluation de stimuli de qualité intermédiaire est préconisée ainsi que des contenus présentant un effet spatial prononcé. L'évaluation multicritère a montré son intérêt dans certaines conditions et permet ainsi d'identifier les caractéristiques qui sont dégradées. Les attributs Défauts et Timbre ont montré un poids influant sur la qualité globale tandis que le poids de I'attribut Espace est plus discutable. / Nowadays, recording and restitution technologies focus on a spatial rendering of sound. Before their broadcast, the quality evaluation of sound excerpts is often necessary. Methods recommended by the international telecommunication union denote some weaknesses about sound attributes to be evaluated.For example, spatial dimension is barely taken into account. A methodology dedicated to the assessment of spatial audio quality is proposed in order to avoid some biases. With a free categorization and a multidimensional scaling, 28 attributes were clustered in three families '. Timbre, Space and Defecfs. These three categories were included in a listening test split into two sessions : first, the assessment of overall quality and then, the evaluation of the three categories presented simultaneously on a same interface.Tests were conducted without explicit reference, but, the original version was considered as a hidden reference. Moreover, three specific anchors, each one associated to dedicated categories, were defined and then were mixed to define a unique anchor impaired in three ways. The method was tested on a 5.1 system and on binaural contents with headphone restitution. lntermediate quality of contents is recommended as well as contents with relevant spatial effects. The interest of a multicriteria assessment is to identify which properties of sound are impaired. Linear regression shows that Defecfs and Timbre attributes have influential weight on overall quality while the weight of Space attribute is more dubious.