Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:28:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_mcj_me_jabo.pdf: 498267 bytes, checksum: 5684a2e5b4a1d6b509590c155a15c96a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Biodiesel é um combustível renovável, biodegradável e produzido a partir de óleo vegetal ou de gordura animal por meio de transesterificação. A viabilidade desse produto como fonte alternativa de energia depende de vários fatores, entre os quais se destacam a proporção de mistura e a estabilidade durante o período de armazenamento, uma vez que a disponibilidade de matéria-prima é sazonal e varia de acordo com a safra de cada cultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho operacional e a opacidade da fumaça de trator agrícola funcionando com biodiesel de mamona, cujos fatores estudados foram o período de armazenamento e a proporção de mistura biodiesel/diesel. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Engenharia Rural, da UNESP/Jaboticabal, em parceria com o LADETEL/USP-Ribeirão Preto. O período de armazenamento do combustível foi de zero, três e seis meses após a data da fabricação, e as proporções de mistura biodiesel/diesel foram de 0% de biodiesel (B0), 5% de biodiesel (B5), 25% de biodiesel (B25), 50% de biodiesel (B50) e 100% de biodiesel (B100). Os resultados evidenciaram aumento no consumo específico a partir da mistura com 25% de biodiesel; entretanto, o período de armazenamento não influenciou no consumo. A opacidade da fumaça reduziu-se a partir da adição de 5% de biodiesel, destacando-se que o período de armazenamento influenciou na referida variável / Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable and made from vegetable oil or animal fat through transesterification fuel. The viability of this product as an alternative energy source depends on several factors, among which stand out the mixing ratio and stability during the storage period, since the availability of raw materials is seasonal and varies due to cropping of each plant. This study aimed to evaluate the operational performance and opacity of smoke tractor running biodiesel from castor beans the factors studied were the period of storage and mixing ratio biodiesel/diesel. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Rural Engineering, UNESP/Jaboticabal, in partnership with the Ladetel/USP-Ribeirão Preto. The fuel storage period was zero, three and six months after the date of manufacture, and the proportions of mixing biodiesel/diesel were 0% biodiesel (B0), 5% biodiesel (B5), 25% biodiesel (B25), 50% biodiesel (B50) and 100% biodiesel (B100). The results showed an increase in specific consumption from the mixture with 25% biodiesel, however, the storage period had no effect on consumption. The opacity of the smoke dropped from the addition of 5% biodiesel, and the storage period influenced by that variable

Orientador: Afonso Lopes / Banca: Teresa Cristina Tarlé Pissarra / Banca: Gilberto Hirotsugu Azevedo Koike / Resumo: Biodiesel é um combustível renovável, biodegradável e produzido a partir de óleo vegetal ou de gordura animal por meio de transesterificação. A viabilidade desse produto como fonte alternativa de energia depende de vários fatores, entre os quais se destacam a proporção de mistura e a estabilidade durante o período de armazenamento, uma vez que a disponibilidade de matéria-prima é sazonal e varia de acordo com a safra de cada cultura. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho operacional e a opacidade da fumaça de trator agrícola funcionando com biodiesel de mamona, cujos fatores estudados foram o período de armazenamento e a proporção de mistura biodiesel/diesel. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Engenharia Rural, da UNESP/Jaboticabal, em parceria com o LADETEL/USP-Ribeirão Preto. O período de armazenamento do combustível foi de zero, três e seis meses após a data da fabricação, e as proporções de mistura biodiesel/diesel foram de 0% de biodiesel (B0), 5% de biodiesel (B5), 25% de biodiesel (B25), 50% de biodiesel (B50) e 100% de biodiesel (B100). Os resultados evidenciaram aumento no consumo específico a partir da mistura com 25% de biodiesel; entretanto, o período de armazenamento não influenciou no consumo. A opacidade da fumaça reduziu-se a partir da adição de 5% de biodiesel, destacando-se que o período de armazenamento influenciou na referida variável / Abstract: Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable and made from vegetable oil or animal fat through transesterification fuel. The viability of this product as an alternative energy source depends on several factors, among which stand out the mixing ratio and stability during the storage period, since the availability of raw materials is seasonal and varies due to cropping of each plant. This study aimed to evaluate the operational performance and opacity of smoke tractor running biodiesel from castor beans the factors studied were the period of storage and mixing ratio biodiesel/diesel. The experiment was conducted at the Department of Rural Engineering, UNESP/Jaboticabal, in partnership with the Ladetel/USP-Ribeirão Preto. The fuel storage period was zero, three and six months after the date of manufacture, and the proportions of mixing biodiesel/diesel were 0% biodiesel (B0), 5% biodiesel (B5), 25% biodiesel (B25), 50% biodiesel (B50) and 100% biodiesel (B100). The results showed an increase in specific consumption from the mixture with 25% biodiesel, however, the storage period had no effect on consumption. The opacity of the smoke dropped from the addition of 5% biodiesel, and the storage period influenced by that variable / Mestre

The renewable sources of energies are shown as an interesting alternative to minimize the problem of the electric power lack faced by the rural man, mainly in the remote places where the difficulties of distribution of the electrification lines, above all in the economical aspect, they are big being shown unviable. The energy eolic besides other purposes, can be taken advantage of in bombs of water for irrigation. Like this, enormous amount of energy consumed for bombeament of water can be saved by the introduction of bombs of Catavento, because it is a consolidated technology, no pollutant and through studies, it was already proven that the bombeament of water using the speed of pumping of Catavento is very economical. This Dissertation intends to present, starting from a concept of maintainable development anchored in seven dimensions of the sustentabilidade (ecological, economical, social, space, cultural, technological and politics), a project of generators eolics of small load, developing to leave of that project, a group of criteria capable to contribute for evaluation of the viability of the same. It is also presented an example of project of energy eolic, that seeks to reduce the energy dependence in the agriculture and to contribute for the superation of the current problems of provisioning of the energy section. Finally, these criteria are tested to analyze the viability of this alternative project and the applicability of this technology, with the purpose of increasing the exploration of that type of alternative energy, promoting the maintainable development and benefitting the small producer. As result, was ended that the volume of water pumped by Catavento is enough for small overhead irrigations, storage in reservoirs for a subsequent use for gravity or to have his/her direct use for the human consumption or of animals always depending on the height manometric and of the amount of water requested by the user. . / As fontes renováveis de energias mostram-se como uma alternativa interessante para minimizar o problema da falta de energia elétrica enfrentada pelo homem rural, principalmente nos locais remotos onde as dificuldades de distribuição das linhas de eletrificação, sobretudo no aspecto econômico, são grandes mostrando-se inviáveis. A energia eólica além de outros propósitos pode ser aproveitada em bombas d'água para irrigação. Assim, enorme quantidade de energia consumida para bombeamento d'água pode ser poupada pela introdução de bombas de Catavento, pois é uma tecnologia consolidada, não poluente e através de estudos, já foi provado que o bombeamento d'água usando a velocidade de bombear do Catavento é muito econômico. Esta Dissertação pretende apresentar, a partir de um conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável ancorado em sete dimensões da sustentabilidade (ecológica, econômica, social, espacial, cultural, tecnológica e política), um projeto de geradores eólicos de pequeno porte, desenvolvendo a partir desse projeto, um conjunto de critérios capazes de contribuir para avaliação da viabilidade do mesmo. É também apresentado um exemplo de projeto de energia eólica, que visa reduzir a dependência energética na agricultura e contribuir para a superação dos atuais problemas de abastecimento do setor energético. Por fim, estes critérios são testados para analisar a viabilidade deste projeto alternativo e a aplicabilidade desta tecnologia, com o propósito de aumentar a exploração desse tipo de energia alternativa, promovendo o desenvolvimento sustentável e beneficiando o pequeno produtor. Como resultado, concluiu-se que o volume de água bombeado pelo Catavento é suficiente para pequenos sistemas de irrigação, armazenamento em reservatórios para uma posterior utilização por gravidade ou ter o seu uso direto para o consumo humano ou de animais dependendo sempre da altura manométrica e da quantidade de água solicitada pelo usuário.

Cette thèse porte sur l’impact du dessin de presse dans le combat des Noirs pour l’obtention de leurs droits, aux États-Unis et en France à des moments-clés entre 1861 et 1965, et ce dans une perspective d’histoire croisée. Suite à leur reddition lors de la guerre de Sécession aux Etats-Unis, les Sudistes dotèrent leur idéologie raciste d’une nouvelle arme de diffusion : le dessin de presse – atout majeur dans la victoire de l’Union. Au XX siècle, les Africains-Américains réagirent à la propagande sudiste : ème la guerre des images éclata. A la même époque, certains artistes noirs s’exilèrent en France pour mieux riposter. En effet Paris, moins hostile, facilitait leur expression artistique. Leur succès à l’étranger démontrait alors la responsabilité et la complicité des institutions américaines dans la discrimination raciale. Pourtant, l’attitude française n’était pas plus enviable vis-à-vis de ses colonies, notamment en Afrique noire. Si le racisme et la discrimination étaient clairement affichés aux Etats-Unis, il s’insinuait de manière plus pernicieuse dans la société française, dont les journaux contribuèrent très largement à cette émulation picturale. L'analyse croisée entre ces deux pays révèle des analogies singulières dans la représentation des Noirs dans les journaux de l’époque, tant dans le système ségrégationniste américain que dans l'empire colonial français. Les stéréotypes développés par la presse raciste archétypes dans l’inconscient collectif. Les partisans de s’imprégnèrent en l'émancipation y opposèrent leur image à différentes phases de leur combat – entre la guerre de Sécession et le mouvement des droits civiques d’un côté, de la France coloniale aux guerres de décolonisation de l'autre. Cette analyse de l’histoire de la presse et des illustrations se propose d’éclairer la convergence progressive des lois américaine et française aspirant à tendre vers une société sans préjugé racial. Elle souligne également l'idée que l'image est porteuse de sens, constitue un langage à part entière et a pleinement contribué, à l’époque, à construire et déconstruire les inégalités raciales. / Within the framework of Histoire croisée, this thesis focuses on the impact of press drawings, in France and in the USA, on the black population’s fight to obtain rights at key moments between 1861 and 1965. Following their surrender at the end of the US Civil War, the Confederates bolstered their racist ideology with a new ideological weapon, the political cartoon, a major asset in the Union’s victory. In the XX century, th the African Americans reacted to the confederate propaganda and a war of images ensued. Simultaneously, some black artists went into exile in France in order to fight back more adequately. France provided an ideal environment for artistic expression due to hostility against them in Paris being lower than in the USA. Their success abroad thus demonstrated the responsibility and the complicity on the part of American institutions in terms of racial discrimination. That said, the French attitude was far from admirable when it came to its colonies, particularly those of black Africa. Though racism and discrimination were clearly visible within the USA, these mindsets were insinuated more perniciously within French society, the country’s newspapers contributing substantially to this pictorial emulation. A focus on the inter-crossings between these two countries reveals unique analogies in the representation of black people in the newspapers of the time, both within the segregationist system of the USA as well as within France’s colonial empire. The stereotypes developed by the racist press pervaded the collective subconscious as archetypes. The partisans of emancipation protested against this propagation through the use of their own image in different phases of their fight – between the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement in the United States; and from colonial France to the African independence movements. This analysis of the history of the press and of its illustrations seeks to shed light on the progressive convergence of American and French laws aiming at a society free from racial prejudice. It also underlines the idea that the image bears meaning, constituting a language in its own right, and that it plays a significant role in the construction and the deconstruction of racial inequality.